Introduction to Java

Rajesh Palit, Ph.D.

Electrical and Computer Engineering
North South University

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Computer Programming

• A computer program is a set of instructions to the computer

telling it what to do. Programming is the creation of a program
executable by a computer and performs the required tasks
• Computers do not understand human languages, so we need to
use computer languages in computer programs
• A computer’s native language is a set of built-in primitive
instructions. The instruction set is in the form of binary code and
differs among different types of computers
• Programming in machine language is a tedious process. Moreover,
the programs are highly difficult to read and modify
• To add two numbers, we might have to write an instruction in
binary like this 1101101010011010

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All
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 Assembly Language
• Assembly language is a low-level programming language in
which a mnemonic is used to represent each of the machine
language instructions. For example, to add two numbers, we
might write an instruction in assembly code like this: ADDF3 R1,
R2, R3
• Since the computers cannot understand assembly language, a
program called an assembler is used to convert assembly-
language programs into machine code

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved. 0132130807
 High Level Programming Languages
• As program size grows, assembly program becomes
unmanageable
• The high-level languages are English-like and easy to learn and
program. Here, for example, is a high-level language statement
that computes the area of a circle with radius 5: area = 5
* 5 * 3.1415;

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved. 0132130807
Prominent High Level Programming
Languages
COBOL (COmmon Business Oriented Language)
FORTRAN (FORmula TRANslation)
BASIC (Beginner’s All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code)
Pascal (named for Blaise Pascal)
Ada (named for Ada Lovelace)
C (developed by the designer of B)
Visual Basic (Basic-like visual language by Microsoft)
Delphi (Pascal-like visual language developed by Borland)
C++ (an object-oriented language, based on C)
C# (a Java-like language developed by Microsoft)
Java
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved. 0132130807
Why Java?

 The answer is that Java enables users to develop and deploy

applications on the Internet for servers, desktop computers,
and small hand-held devices
 The future of computing is being profoundly influenced by
the Internet, and Java promises to remain a big part of that
future. Java is the Internet programming language
 Java is a general purpose programming language as well as
the Internet programming language
 Java is purely Object Oriented Programming Language

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved. 0132130807
History of Java

• James Gosling, Mike Sheridan, and Patrick Naughton

initiated the Java language project in June 1991 in Sun
Microsystem
• Java was originally designed for interactive television, but it
was too advanced for the digital cable television industry at
the time
• The language was initially called Oak after an oak tree that
stood outside Gosling's office
• It went by the name Green later, and was later renamed
Java, from Java coffee said to be consumed in large
quantities by the language's creators
• Public in Sun World: May 20, 1995

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved. 0132130807
Java Development Kit (JDK) Versions

• JDK 1.02 (1995)

• JDK 1.1 (1996)
• JDK 1.2 (1998)
• JDK 1.3 (2000)
• JDK 1.4 (2002)
• J2SE 5 (2004), internal version 1.5 or Java 5
• J2SE 6 (2006), internal version 1.6 or Java 6
• J2SE 7 (2011)
• J2SE 8 (2014)
• Java 2 Platform, Standard Edition 12 (March 2019)

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved. 0132130807
JDK Editions

• Java Standard Edition (J2SE)

• J2SE can be used to develop client-side standalone
applications or applets.
• Java Enterprise Edition (J2EE)
• J2EE can be used to develop server-side applications such as
Java servlets and Java ServerPages.
• Java Micro Edition (J2ME).
• J2ME can be used to develop applications for mobile devices
such as cell phones.
• This book uses J2SE to introduce Java programming.

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved. 0132130807
 Application Program and Operating Systems
(OS)
• The operating system(OS) is the
most important program that runs
on a computer, which manages
and controls a computer’s
activities
• OS abstracts the hardware from
the users
• Users do not need to know the
details of the HW
• Using application programs such
as a web browser or a word
processor, users utilize hardware
components through OS
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved. 0132130807
• Write a program
• Compile the program
• Hello.c => compiler => hello.exe
• Hello.exe => Windows 10
byte code

• hello.java
• hello.java => javac => hello.class [is not directly executable on OS]
• hello.class => Java Virtual Machine (software machine on top of
machine)

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• hello.c => after compilation => hello.exe -- execute (Windows)
• hello.c - after compilation  hello.out  execute (Linux)

• hello.java  compile  hello.class  execute anywhere where there

is JVM

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Java Program Execution

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved. 0132130807
Java Bytecode and JVM

 Java source file using any text

editor such as Eclipse, NetBeans,
TextPad or Notepad++
 Compile the source codes javac
source.java, and execute java
source
 Integrated Development
Environment (IDE): Netbeans /
Eclipse
 JVM for every platform
 Compile once, run anywhere
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved. 0132130807
A Sample Java Program

//This program prints Welcome to Java!

public class Welcome {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");
}
}

• The name of the source file must be Welcome.java

• This program prints: Welcome to Java!

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved. 0132130807
Anatomy of a Java Program
• Comments
• Reserved words
• Modifiers
• Statements
• Blocks
• Classes
• Methods
• The main method

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved. 0132130807
Smallest Java Program

public class Smallest

{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
}
}

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved. 0132130807
 Integrated Development Environment (IDE)

• Eclipse
• Command Prompt
• javac program_name.java
• Java program_name

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved. 0132130807