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    Nose and Olfaction

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    أياد المشهداني
    The document discusses the anatomy and physiology of olfaction. It describes how odorous molecules are detected by olfactory receptors in the nose, which trigger action potentials that are transmitted to the brain. The nose contains olfactory epithelium containing millions of receptors. It plays a critical role in detecting hazards and in pleasure. The anatomy of the nose, including the nasal septum and turbinates, is described. The neural pathways involving the olfactory and trigeminal nerves are also summarized.

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    Nose and Olfaction

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    أياد المشهداني
    21 views6 pages
    The document discusses the anatomy and physiology of olfaction. It describes how odorous molecules are detected by olfactory receptors in the nose, which trigger action potentials that are transmitted to the brain. The nose contains olfactory epithelium containing millions of receptors. It plays a critical role in detecting hazards and in pleasure. The anatomy of the nose, including the nasal septum and turbinates, is described. The neural pathways involving the olfactory and trigeminal nerves are also summarized.

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    The document discusses the anatomy and physiology of olfaction. It describes how odorous molecules are detected by olfactory receptors in the nose, which trigger action potentials that are transmitted to the brain. The nose contains olfactory epithelium containing millions of receptors. It plays a critical role in detecting hazards and in pleasure. The anatomy of the nose, including the nasal septum and turbinates, is described. The neural pathways involving the olfactory and trigeminal nerves are also summarized.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    21 views6 pages

    Nose and Olfaction

    Uploaded by

    أياد المشهداني
    The document discusses the anatomy and physiology of olfaction. It describes how odorous molecules are detected by olfactory receptors in the nose, which trigger action potentials that are transmitted to the brain. The nose contains olfactory epithelium containing millions of receptors. It plays a critical role in detecting hazards and in pleasure. The anatomy of the nose, including the nasal septum and turbinates, is described. The neural pathways involving the olfactory and trigeminal nerves are also summarized.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pdf or txt
    of 6

    Al-Mustaqbal University College

    Department of Medical Laboratory Techniques

    Nose and Olfaction

    Produced by
    Salwan Ayad Yehya

    Supervised by
    Dr.Ali Shaalan
    Introduction

    The odour that is discerned by the nose is a unique fingerprint composed of volatile
    compounds working in unison to create a particular smell sensation. The human
    olfactory system detects smells with a sensitivity for hundreds of small molecules at
    nanomolar concentrations, which allows the human nose to distinguish thousands of
    different aromas. Odorous substances release volatile compounds into the air, when
    they enter the nose the olfactory organs detect the molecules and produce a scent
    response (1).

    Olfactory receptors (ORs) are proteins bearing affinity for many types of odorant
    molecules. In humans, millions of receptors are clustered inside the nasal cavity
    forming the nasal epithelium. In the case of insects, olfactory receptors are located
    in external parts like antennae (2). When the odour molecule bind a receptor, an
    action potential is produced and transmitted to the brain (3).

    One of the most critical functions of the nasal airway is chemosensation. Although
    human beings are less dependent on chemosensory input than are other mammals,
    reflecting evolutionary changes in sensory and brain development (4), olfactory
    function still plays a critical role in human physiology. The detection of hazards in
    the environment is mediated by the olfactory and trigeminal systems that act as
    surveillance systems over the air as it traverses the upper airway. A second critical
    function is the role that the sense of smell plays in pleasure, including nutrition,
    sexuality, and mood. Last, novel functions for the olfactory system are being
    elucidated. A growing body of evidence has implicated a role for olfaction in such
    diverse physiologic processes as kin recognition and mating (5), pheromone
    detection (6), mother–infant bonding (7), food preferences (8), central nervous
    system physiology (9), and even longevity (10). As with other special senses such
    as audition, olfactory ability declines with age, a phenomenon with enormous
    implications on the population level as our society ages and on the individual in
    terms of a detrimental quality of life. A lack of attention clinically (e.g., compare
    awareness of blindness and deafness with that of olfactory loss) and significant
    challenges to scientific inquiry in humans has limited progress in delineating the
    precise mechanisms of olfaction.

    ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF OLFACTION

    Structure of the Nose

    The anatomy of the nose is discussed in detail elsewhere in this issue. Briefly, the
    nasal passages are divided by the nasal septum in the midline. Each lateral nasal wall
    is formed by four turbinates (inferior, middle, superior, and supreme). The nasal
    valve lies anteriorly at the vestibule of the nose and is formed by the lower border
    of the upper lateral cartilage, the septum, and the anterior portion of the inferior
    turbinate; this cross-sectional area is the point of highest resistance of the respiratory
    tract. Airflow patterns in the nose are affected by these anatomic factors. Alteration
    of the normal laminar airflow through the nose results in turbulence, which not only
    affects the other functions of the nose (humidification and warming of air before its
    arrival in the lower airway by the turbinates (11) but also directs air superiorly
    toward the olfactory epithelium, thus facilitating olfaction (12)

    Neural Pathways for Chemosensation

    Chemosensation in the nose is mediated by the olfactory nerve (cranial nerve I) and
    trigeminal nerve (cranial nerve V). The olfactory neuroepithelium is characterized
    by the presence of olfactory neurons whose axons project across the cribriform plate
    at the roof of the nasal cavity, where they synapse with neurons in the central
    olfactory nervous system. Classically, the distribution of olfactory epithelium has
    been thought to be along the cribriform plate at the superiormost portion of the nose,
    medial to the superior turbinate and along this turbinate itself. However, more recent
    studies have revealed a more extensive distribution that extends farther down the
    nose as far as the anterolateral middle turbinate and also inferiorly from the
    cribriform plate down the posterior and middle nasal septum (13). The location of
    the olfactory epithelium is variable among people and is thought to change with time,
    resulting in conversion to or ingrowth of respiratory epithelium and loss of olfactory
    neurons with age and also, potentially, from environmental insult (toxins, volatile
    chemicals, tobacco smoke, industrial or occupational or airborne pollutants) or
    pathophysiologic processes such as infection or inflammation (14).
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