AARSE2010: Qt+SSE

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A A R S E
AARSE2010
8th AARSE CONFERENCE
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
October 25-29, 2010
Earth Observation for Africa's Development Agenda
Scientific Symposium
Exhibition
Workshops
United Nations Conference Centre (UNCC)

United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA)
www.aarse2010.org!
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Economic Commission
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AARSE2010
Themes
Food and Water Security Scientific Presentations

Energy Resources Scientific Presentations
Disaster Risk Reduction Scientific Presentations
Marine and Costal Management Scientific Presentations
Capacity-Building Discussion Session
Spatial Data Infrastructure Discussion Session
National and Regional Programs and Projects Discussion Session
Products Discussion Session
SPONSORS and Partners of AARSE 2010
Platinum
Qastrium
Bronze
Editor and media proprietor: African Association of the Remote Sensing of the Environment, AARSE; Secretariat, P.O. Box ... South
Africa; President: Tsehaie Woldai. Organizer of AARSE 2010: AARSE and ISTD/UNECA. Conference Director: Aida Opoku-Mensah
(Director ISTD/UNECA); Conference Secretariat: ISTD/UNECA, Andre Nonguierma, P.O. Box 3001, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, e-mail:
ANonguierma@uneca.org. Editing, graphic and design: Elisabeth Zeil-Fahlbusch {AARSE Editor)
Table of Contents
Food and Water Security I

Hydro-climatic erodibility modeling for sustainable development within the Lower Benue Trough, Nigeria. 3
Environmental Sensitivity Index Mapping of Atlas Cove, Lagos Nigeria 4
Assessing and modeling the impact of climate variability on the severity of rust diseases and wheat
production over Arsi highlands, Ethiopia 5
The relationship between altimeter lake level data and areal extent of water and vegetation derived from
MERIS optical data in the Lake Chad basin 6
Projected changes in mean and extreme precipitation in Africa under global warming 7
Analysis of the impacts of urban sprawl on urban agriculture: Case study of Ile-Ife town in Osun State,
Nigeria 8
Land Degradation and Food Security in Ghana: Satellite data do not tell the entire story 9
Land Use and Environmental Dynamics in the Rural Settings: The Case of Lake Nyasa Catchments,
Tanzania 10
Identification and Assessment of Potential Fishing Zones Using MODIS Imagery: Case Study of Western
Indian Ocean Region H
Short-term Assessment of Land use Transformation and Shoreline Changes at the Northern Zone of
the Nile Delta Coast, Egypt 12
An Analysis to Determine the Security of Air and Surface Water Quality in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria 13
Seeking Multispatial-multitemporal approach to detect and quantify desertification and food security in
Africa: A case study of the Upper East Region, Ghana 15
Climate Change, Urban Land Use and Water Supply Challenges in Lagos State, Nigeria 17
Feasibility Study for the Analysis of Annual and Inter-Annual Evolution (1998 - 2009) Of Lake Chad
with Spot-Vegetation Satellite Images 18
Indian Contribution to African Food Security - A Geospatial Solution 20
The Use of Remote Sensing For Drought Assessment and Monitoring in Nigerian Drylands 21
Land use land cover Dynamics and Modeling in Gubalafto Woreda using Cellular Automata model 22
Multi-Disciplinary Research on Hydro-Climatic Processes to Advance Water Resource Management

in the Lake Chad Basin (LCB) 23
Remote Sensing Based Modelversus Agro-Meteorological Models for Crop Yield Monitoring and Food
Security Assessment 24
Satellite Remote Sensing for Groundwater Targeting in Basement Complex Rocks of Jos, Plateau 26
Which Satellite Rainfall Products Should We Use for Hydrological Applications in Ethiopia? 27
Geological Application of ALOS Imagery for Mapping and Analysis of Lineaments in Ile-Ife and Environs.... 28
AARSE.2010 International Conference - Earth Observation for Africa's DevelopmentAgenda-Abstract Book

Sustainability of operational processing chains & remote sensing data for crop and rangeland
monitoring in Africa 29
Analyses of East African Vegetation Trends (1982-2008) using NOAA-AVHRR NDVI 30
Coupling GEONETCast and the ESA Data Dissemination System for Food and Water Security
Monitoring in Africa 31
The eStation: a comprehensive processing and analysis system for monitoring natural resources in Africa... 33
National Wetlands Mapping in Uganda 34
Effects of Urban Sprawl on Agricultural productivity in Ile-Ife, Nigeria 35
Modeling Soil Nitrogen Balance Using Geographical Information Systems and Remote Sensing:
The Case of Lower Bilate River Basin, Southern Ethiopia 36
Setup crop growth models in Ethiopia for improvements with earth observation systems 37
Spatio-temporal Trend of Eco-Climatic Characteristics and Food Security in the Sudano-Sahelian

Belt of Nigeria 38
Mapping ofOfada Rice Production Areas 39
Agricultural Landuse Planning Based on Terrain Characteristics Using Remote Sensing and Geographic
Information System in The Lower River Benue Floodplain, Nigeria 40
Projected changes in mean and extreme precipitation in Africa under global warming 41
The Role of Geospatial Information Technology in Decision Support for Rural Agricultural
Development in theNebo Plateau, South Africa 42
Mapping the Crop Production System Zones of the IGAD Region 43
Mapping Variation in Soil Volumetric Shrinkage Using Aster Imagery 44
Satellite-based monitoring of evapotranspiration in the Nile basin 45
Land Cover Response to Changes in Forest Resources Utilisation in South-western Nigeria: GIS
Perspective 46
Land Classification and Mapping: A Guide to Agricultural Development in Adamawa State, Nigeria 47
Growth in precision agriculture based on rapid temporal capability of the DMC satellite constellation 48
Energy Resources 49
Tracking logging roads to assess the impact of commercial logging on the forest above ground biomass:
the case of South East (JENGI) Cameroon 50
Assessment of Solar and Wind Energy Potentials in Nigeria 51
NPP modeling for biomass energy estimation for South Africa 52
Spectral Remote Sensing of Hydrothermal Alteration associated with Volcanogenic Massive Sulphide
Deposits, Gorob-Hope area, Namibia 54
Estimating papyrus (Cyperus papyrus) biomass using narrow band vegetation indices and the random
forest regression algorithm 55
Modelling the Spatial Distribution ofAbove Ground Woody Biomass In Communal Savanna Woodlands .... 56
AARSE.2010 International Conference — Earth Observationfor Africa's Development Agenda - Abstract Book
Disaster Risk Reduction 5
Assessment if Land Degradation for Watershed Management Using Remote Sensing and GIS: Case of
Keleta catchment, Arsi zone Oromia Region, Ethiopia 58
The changing face of the Bale Mountains National Park over 32 years: A study on land cover change 59
Assessing The Impact of Sea Level Rise on Vulnerable Coastal Communities in a Remote Sensing
Environment
The use of Geospatial tools in Gully Erosion Assessment and Monitoring in the Zhulube
Meso-catchment of the Limpopo Basin
Radiometrid and Data Quality characteristics of the 2nd Generation Disaster Monitoring Constellation
(DMC) satellites 62
In-Orbit Results of the Second Generation Disaster Monitoring Constellation 63
Numerical Modelling of Flooding and Erosion Using Cellular Automation 65

Evolutionary Slope and River Model (Caesar) and GIS: A Case Study of Ilaro Town in Ogun State, Nigeria.. 66
Assessment of the vulnerability of water resources to seasonal Hres across the Northern sub-Saharan African
67
region
Spatio-temporal Analysis of Land Degradation in Ibadan, Nigeria 68

Assessing Biomass and Carbon Stocks in War-affected Areas Using Remote Sensing and GIS : Case
Study of Darfur Crises
Wetland Mapping using Geo-Spatial Technology 70

Land Cover (agriculture, pasture, and forest) Societal Economic Zones 71
Modeling the Spatial Distribution of the Anopheles Mosquito for Malaria Risk Zoning using Remote
Sensing and GIS. A case study in the Zambesi Basin of Zimbabwe 72
Risk Assessment of Oil Pipeline Vandalization in the Coastal Areas: A Case Study of Lagos, Nigeria 74
Challenges Presented by Application of Remote Sensing in South Africa: A Proposed Case Study for
Risk Assessment for Sustainable Development '>
An Integrated Evaluation of Eco-Environmental Vulnerability in Efon Alaye Using Remote Sensing

and GIS Techniques
Comparative Analysis of Climate Change Vulnerability in Central Rift Valley and Adjacent Arsi
Highlands Using Remote Sensing and GIS '
Remote Sensing and GIS Application in The Study of Gully Erosion and Landslides in Anambara State,
XT. . 78
Nigeria
Geo-visualization and Spatial Analysis of the Environmental Impacts of Ife - Modakeke Communal
Clash after a Decade
Comparison of remote sensing and meteorological drought monitoring indicators in the Greater Horn
c . r . 80
or Arnca
Detection and Analysis ofVegetation Fire Using Earth Observation Data in the Central Part of Benin
Republic
AARSE.2010 International Conference - Earth Observation for Africa's Development Agenda - Abstract Book
Pre-Dredging and Navigational Potential Analysis of the Niger-Benue Confluence Area, Lokoja,
Nigeria Using Remote Sensing and GIS 83
Automatic Identification of Buildings Demolished by Disasters Using Oblique Images 85

Spatial modelling of vulnerability to floods in Central Mozambique: Integration of community and
expert perceptions in a spatial manner gg
Geospatial Analysis of accident Prone areas on Roads-A pilot study of mararraban jama,a to forest 88
An Assessment of the Suitability OfAbandoned Mine Pits for Solid Waste Management and
Sustainable Development of the Affected Area, Central Nigeria 90
Tropical Forest monitoring using the international DMC satellite constellation 91
Determination of River Channel Morphological Changes Using GIS Techniques 92
Spatial Modelling and Timely Prediction of Salinization using SAHYSMOD in GIS Environment
(acasestudyofNakhonRatchasima/Ihailand) 93
Applications of Integrated Spatial Technologies in Flood Prediction for Abeokuta city Metropolis 94
Geospatial Analysis ofWater Security and Oil Spills in the Niger Delta Area of Nigeria 95
Analysis of Major Threats to Global Warming in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria 96
Applications of Remote Sensing for Hydrological Modeling and Prediction in Africa 97
The future of water availability in the Nile Basin: Decoupling the effects of agricultural land
development from climate change og
Potential terrestrial ecosystem response and feedback to future climate change in western Africa 99
Rapid Response Flood Water Mapping
Space Technology for Disaster Management and Sustainable Development in NE-Africa -

Reconciling Nature With Knowledge
Marine and Costal Management 103

Why the Somali Coast? A Satellite Perspective jq4
Using Meris for Monitoring Eutrophication and Water Quality in Southern African Inland Waters:
Demonstration Products from an Empirical Algorithm J05
A Primary Validation of Meris Case2Water Products in the Natal Bight, South Africa 106
Assessment of Land Degradation Processes for Sustainable Environmental Management of Natural
Resources in the costal Areas, Egypt 107
Identifying potential fishing grounds in the Gulf of Guinea using remote sensing 108
A Multidisciplinary Framework for Assessing the Environmental and Socio Economic impact of
Resource Extraction in the Niger Delta J09
Characterisation of the Dabus Marshes in Ethiopia using optical and SAR data 110
Capacity-building: achievement and challenges \\\

Capacity building issues: Demand, as challenges on the application of Earth Observation Systems
in Ethiopia
VI
AARSE2010 International Conference - Earth Observation for Africa's Development Agenda - Abstract Book
Institutional Capacity Building in Disaster Management: The National Emergency Management
Agency (NEMA) experiment in Nigeria 113
Geoinformation-based Monitoring and Sustainable Management of Secondary Schools in Ife

Central Local Government Area, Osun State, Nigeria 114
Geoinformatics-based Mapping Philippines Higher Education Institutions and Programs 115
GIS: A Spatial Analysis Tool for Electoral Mapping and Planning (Sierra Leone case study) 116
Rectas Capacity Building: Strategies, Achivements and Challenges 117
Spatial Data Infrastructure, SDI 119
Nigeria National Geospatial Data Infrastructure Update: Pilot Implementation Phase 1 120
The African Regional Spatial Data Infrastructure (ARSDI) 121
National and regional programs and projects 123
SERVIR-Afirica: an earth observation platform for collaboration 124
SERVIR-Africa: advancing operational flood prediction and post-event flood mapping 125
Monitoring earth observation sector in Africa 126
Digital Aerial Photography of Shabelle and Juba rivers and associated main irrigated areas 127
Investigating the geometric and radiometric properties of DMC-Nigerisat-1 129
Use of hyperspectral data "SWIR HySpex-320m" for the identification and mapping of minerals and
carbonate rocks in Jurassic formations of the basin of Agadir (South western Morocco) 130
Atlas of African Hydrogeology: a proposal 131
Application of Geospatial Database for Sustainable Mineral Development in Nigeria 132
A Pan-African Space Agency or An African Space Forum? 133
Space Policy in Africa: The Nigerian Space Policy and Programmes 134
The Urban Climate and Land use Change in case of Addis Ababa Ethiopia 135
An analysis of the changing land use of settlements around Abuja Nigeria: Its physical planning
implications 136
GlobWetland II, A regional pilot project of the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands 137
Supporting monitoring of forests, rangelands and natural parks in Kenya with remote sensing 138
African Monitoring of the Environment for Sustainable Development (AMESD) 139
The DevCoCast project - Impact on decision making processes in Africa 141
New estimation of Kibera population using Remote Sensing 143
Land-Use Decision Making and Local Stakeholder Perceptions in the Copperbelt Province of Zambia 144
A GIS Mapping of Farmland in Sabon Gari Local Government Area of Kaduna State-Nigeria 145
AARSE.2010 International Conference - Earth Observationfor Africa's Development Agenda - Abstract Book vii
MiscellaneousThemes 147
Space Technologies to Support HIV/AJDS Treatment in Africa 148
Hyperspectral Analysis of Carbonates in the Moroccan Atlantic High Atlas: Application to the Liasic
Formation of Arigh Ouzla in the Bassin of Essaouira (Western Morocco) 149
The Internet: a new prospect for GIS in Africa 150
Affordable Access to Synthetic Aperture Radar (SARSATS) 151
A Fuzzy Based Decision Support System for Evaluating Land Suitability and Selecting Crops 152
An integrated database for Location Based Service (LBS): A case study of Obafemi Awolowo University He
Ife, Nigeria 153
Sustainable Wetlands Management (In the Wake of Climate Changes) Using Remote Sensing
Techniques: A Case of Usangu Wetlands in Mbeya, Tanzania 154
Accuracy Assessment of Landuse/ Landcover Analyses in South Western Area of Nigeria 155
Crop Intensification Implications for Food Security amongst Rural Households in the Northern
Guinea Savanna of Nigeria 156
The Use of Satellite Data in Detecting and Predicting Climate Change and Desertification in Africa:
Case study of the Sahel Region 157
NigeriaSat-2: Africa's Commercial Earth Observation System 158
Mapping sub-Saharan Africa with the DMC satellite constellation 159
Wetland Utilization and Development in Mayegun Area of Lagos 160
Author's index 161
AARSE.20W International Conference - Earth Observationfar Africa's Development Agenda -Abstract Book
Food and Water Security
Hydro-climatic erodibility modeling for sustainable development
within the Lower BenueTrough, Nigeria
Francis Omokekhai Aitsebaomo
Nigerian Building and Road Research Institute, 3 Gabes Street, Wuse Zone 2, Abuja, Nigeria
ABSTRACT
Soils landscapes oould be achieved by superimposing digital soil maps with slope polygons derived from digital
topographic maps. The digital maps of the factors influencing or causing soil erosion are combined to evaluate the
climate and geo-potential energy to determine erosivity and resistance of soil types and land cover. Soil Erosion is
ravaging most parts of eastern Nigeria and the pressure on the land for infrastructural development is ever increasing
and may not ease in the foreseeable future thus a study was carried out to determine the susceptibility of soils in
some parts of Eastern Nigeria (within the Lower Benue Trough) to erosion with a view to develop regional scale
maps and identify combinations of soils, landforms and land cover that may respond to climate variability. The
factors of vegetation, rainfall, soil types and topography that cause or influence land degradation were studied using
conventional soil survey, remote sensing surveys and the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE). The factors
were digitized within Geographic Information System (GIS) environment to determine the susceptibility of the study
area to soil erosion. Field and laboratory investigations in line with American Standard for Testing and Materials
(ASTM) procedure were carried out as well as interpretations from topographical maps and aerial photographs to
evaluate the landscape in the study area responses to climatic variability using 37 years (1970-2007) rainfall data.
The result of the investigation showed that deforestation is alarming with no reforestation programme, steep slopes
abound and the most erodible soil (silt) accounted for 74.75% of the soils analyzed. Similarly, the soils in the area
were found to be highly erodible, belong to the same formation and thus have the same engineering behavior. The
high Slope-Length factors provide a good plat form for hydro-climatic activities. Similarly, the low values of the Crop
factor are suggestive of good ground cover. The study also found out that the vegetation significantly reduced the
high risk of erosion to moderate and manageable level. This is evident as Moderately Potential Erosion is almost the
same as Actual Erosion. Adequate precaution is therefore necessary if the vegetation is to be disturbed for any form
-»f development especially in the high risk areas where the erosion rate is above 30 tons/ha/year. The total rainfall for
the period under study was 82273.3mm eroding 3.72x1010 tons of soil at a rate of 1725.13t/ha/yr. The equation
derived from this relationship that could be used to predict the amount of rainfall and soil loss at a particular period
for the study area and thus land use utilization is: Annual Soil Loss (t/ha) = 924.6912 + 0.9710*Precipitation (mm).
During the interpretations of the satellite imageries, it was observed that gully erosion existed in the study area but
during the field investigations, the gullies were observed to be mining sites. This is to stress the need for ground
truthing. The spatial relationship between resistance and potential disturbance are the basis for determining the
sensitivity of the landscapes to soil erosion. The study showed that when soil and geological surveys, land cover
data, and digital elevation models are combined in a GIS environment, landscapes can be stratified according to the
dominant controls of hydro-climatic erosion. The homogeneous map units could be created by overlaying digital
soil, topographic and land cover data in a GIS. The information generated will assist in formulating policies and
programmes that will minimize incidences of soil erosion for sustainable development in the study area.
Environmental Sensitivity Index Mapping of Atlas Cove,
Lagos Nigeria
Oyedepo, JA and Adeofun, CO.
University ofAgriculture, Abeokuta Ogun State Nigeria (oyedepoja@unaab.edu.ng)
ABSTRACT
Relative sensitivities to oil spill of the various shorelines around Atlas cove Lagos were investigated. The objective
of the study is to produce an environmental analysis index map of shorelines of Atlas cove. A rapid assessment?
approach was employed for the shorelines and the outcome of the rapid assessment was authenticated by the
standard ESI validation look up table. Results shows that nine categories of shoreline types are in the area and there
are seven ESI types namely; lb, 2a, 3a, 6b, 9b, 10a and 10c and that the area is relatively highly vulnerable and
sensitive to oil spill
KEYWORDS: Environmental Sensitivity Index, Oil spill, Remote sensing
AARSE.20W International Conference - Earth Observationfor Africa's Development Agenda - Abstract Book
Assessing and modeling the impact of climate variability on the
severity of rust diseases and wheat production over
Arsi highlands, Ethiopia
Sisay Eshetu' and Diriba Korecha?
(s. eshetu @yahoo. com)
ABSTRACT
El Nino/Southern oscillation (ENSO) is one of the most important and best-characterized mechanisms of global
climatic variations. It has tremendous impacts on local, regional and global climatic conditions by disordering
the normal patterns. Tropical agricultural practices are very sensitive to climatic anomalies that jeopardize the
performance of crop production by generating water stress or excess during various developmental stages of crops.
The Arsi highland is confined within the tropics. Climate of this region is highly influenced by global circulation
patterns that govern the local climate. Among crop varieties that grow over the Arsi highland, number of wheat
cultivars is widely cultivated both at individual farm levels and mechanized state farmers. Previous studies have
revealed that these cultivars are highly sensitive to seasonal rains, temperature and relative humidity occurring
during the sowing, germination, vegetative, flowering, and seed-filling and harvesting periods.
Attempt is therefore made to examine among others the coherence or lag-time relationships exist between local
climate variables and teleconnection parameters such as ENSO and other prominent atmospheric phenomena.
Besides, this study is trying to see whether there exist any linear association between the severity of rust diseases and
local climatic variables that affect the overall performance of wheat crop and climatic parameters.
The study results revealed that ENSO has played a great role in modulating the seasonal rainfall over the Arsi
highlands, which in turn influences wheat crop performance. In particular, it has induced rust diseases over the
regions that significantly affect the quality and quantity of wheat yield. In view of this, we propose that skillful
early warning can, be well practiced by acquiring appropriate lead-time climate-based forecasting of on the possible
occurrence of both climates and diseases on varieties of wheat crops across the Arsi highland. In addition to this,
on the basis of our findings it will be possible to identify less climatic sensitive wheat cultivars that may give high
productivity over the study region.
AARSE. 2010 International Conference - Earth Observation for Africa's Development Agenda - Abstract Book
The relationship between altimeter lake level data and areal
extent of water and vegetation derived from MERIS
optical data in the Lake Chad basin
A. T. Ibrahim1,J. E. NichoP, C M. Birkett3, M. M. Badamasi1
'Department ofGeography, Bayero University Kano, P.M. B 3011, Kano Nigeria (aibf2005@gmaiicom,
mmbadamasi@gmail.com; Tel: +2348062950591; +2348037051250)
2Department ofLand Surveying and Geo Informatics, Hong Kong Polytechnic University Kowbon, Hong
Kong (lsjanet@inet.polyu.edu.hk)
3Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Centre University ofMaryland (cmb@essic.umd.edu)
3,
ABSTRACT
Seasonal water level fluctuations occurring in the Lake Chad are triggered by the river volume discharges from the
Chari River system. The seasonal inundation is an important economic activity as it provides impetus for fishing
and recessional farming activities. Interannual lake fluctuations lead to dry and wet years with negative and positive
impacts on the economic activities of the area. Monitoring the hydrological dynamics of this remote lake is difficult
using conventional methods. Remote sensing offers an alternative to examining seasonal lake fluctuations. The
feasibility of relating radar altimeter lake height level data to areal extent of water and vegetation is examined using.
TOPEX/POSEIDON (T/P) altimeter data and visible wavelength, medium resolution MERIS images. Since
altimeter data were not available for the MERIS image dates, the altimeter lake level data covering a time series
of five MERIS image dates were estimated from regression analyses of (i) Chari river volume discharge data and
T/P radar altimeter data and (ii) lake height level data and T/P radar altimeter data. Due to the relatively low
resolution of MERIS, the time series MERIS images were spectrally unmixed to three endmember fractions i.e. soil,
vegetation and water. The relationships between (i) the areal extent of water and derived altimeter values and (ii) the
areal extent of vegetation data and derived altimeter values were investigated over a seven month period for both
cultivated and swampy areas of the lake. The coefficients of determination for extent of water and lake level ranged
from 0.0983 to 0.8397, while for extent of vegetation and lake level it was negative in four of the six sub-regions
and ranged from 0.0027 to 0.7288. Generally, the results revealed that different regions of the lake basin exhibit
different relationships between water level and areal extent. The actual relationships are not so apparent when surface
distributions alone are examined with the use of visible remote sensing images such as MERIS since factors such as
the local ground water regime and seasonal climatic conditions can influence the horizontal spread of water. In the
swamp areas, there is no definable relationship between swamp vegetation and water level because the area of swamp
vegetation was found to be constant over time in the lake basin. There was also no definable relationship between
cultivated vegetation and lake level on polder farms located in the interdune depressions, because the timing of the
cropping cycle at the polder farms is influenced by human control of irrigation, rather than the rise and fall of the
level of the lake. But the correlation observed on the small coastal farms along the southwestern shoreline indicated
that in this sub-region, which is occupied by small scale farming families, the timing of the cropping cycle was
influenced by the rise and fall of the level of the lake.
KEYWORDS: Lake Chad, Radar altimeter, MERIS, Lake Level, Areal extent.
AARSE.2010 International Conference - Earth Observationfor Africa's Development Agenda - Abstract Book
Projected changes in mean and extreme precipitation
in Africa under global warming
MxolisiE. Skongwe, Geertjan van Oldenborgh, Bart van den Hurk, Bos de Boer, Caio Coelho and
Maarten vanAalst
ABSTRACT
This paper presents likely changes in mean and extreme precipitation in Africa in response to changes in radiative
forcing using an ensemble of global climate models prepared for the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report (AR4).
Extreme seasonal precipitation is defined in terms of 10-year return levels obtained by inverting a generalised
Pareto distribution fitted to excesses above a pre-defined high threshold. Both present (control) and future climate
precipitation extremes are estimated. The future to control climate ratio of 10-year return levels is then used as an
indicator for the likely changes in extreme seasonal precipitation.
A Bayesian approach to multi-model ensembling is adopted. The relative weights assigned to each of the model
simulations are determined from bias, convergence and correlation. Using this method, the probable limits of the
changes in mean and extreme precipitation are estimated from their posterior distribution.
Over the western parts of southern Africa, an increase in the severity of dry extremes parallels a statistically significant
decrease in mean precipitation during austral summer months. A notable delay in the onset of the rainy season is
found in almost the entire region. An early cessation is found in many parts. This implies a statistically significant
shortening of the rainy season. A substantial reduction in moisture influx from southwestern Indian Ocean during
austral spring is projected. This and the pre-austral spring moisture deficits are possible mechanisms delaying the
rainfall onset in southern Africa. A possible offshore (northeasterly) shift of the tropical-temperate cloud band is
consistent with more severe droughts in the southwest of southern Africa and enhanced precipitation further north
in Zambia, Malawi and northern Mozambique.
This study shows that changes in the mean vary on relatively small spatial scales in southern Africa, and differ
between seasons. Changes in extremes often, but not always, parallel changes in the mean precipitation.
There is substantial evidence in support of a positive shift of the whole rainfall distribution in East Africa during the
wet seasons. The models give indications for an increase in mean precipitation rates and intensity of high rainfall
events, but less severe droughts. Upward precipitation trends are projected from early this (twenty-first) century.
As in the observations, a statistically significant link between sea-surface temperature (SST) gradients in the tropical
Indian Ocean and short-rains (October—December) in East Africa is simulated in the GCMs. Furthermore, most
models project a differential warming of the Indian Ocean during boreal autumn. This is favourable for an increase in
the probability of positive Indian Ocean zonal mode (IOZM) events, which have been associated with anomalously
strong short-rains in East Africa.
On top of the general increase in rainfall in the tropics due to thermodynamic effects, a change in the structure
of the Eastern Hemisphere Walker circulation is consistent with an increase in East Africa precipitation relative to
other regions within the same latitudinal belt. A notable feature of this change is a weakening of the climatological
subsidence over eastern Kenya.
East Africa is shown to be a region in which a coherent projection of future precipitation change can be made,
supported by physical arguments. Although the rate of change is still uncertain, almost all results point to a wetter
climate with more intense wet seasons and less severe droughts.
AARSE.20W International Conference - Earth Observationfor Africa's Development Agenda - Abstract Book
Analysis of the impacts of urban sprawl on urban agriculture:
Case study of Ile-Ife town in Osun State, Nigeria
/. Oloukoi^R. O. OyinUye2; E A Seton
1oloukoi@rectas. org; 2oyinloye@rectas. org

Regional Centrefir Training in Aerospace Surveys (RECTAS), Obafemi Awolowo University Campus, Scince
and Technology Park, OffRoad 1, Ile-Ife Nigeria
ABSTRACT
The present paper aims at assessing the effects of urban expansion on the farmlands in Ile-Ife Township and appraises
the changes that occurred in the landscape from 1986 to 2008. It has been observed that the increase in population
of Ile-Ife has led to the changes in the land cover trough the conversion of the peri-urban vegetation and farmlands
to built-ups in order to meet the accommodation needs of the rapidily increasing population. The conversion is
presently affecting the supply of food stuff thereby making food items to be very expensive. Therefore the land cover
needs to be properly identified and mapped to support meaningful planning for future food security.
To detect the changes, the study made use of information extracted from Landsat TM 1986, ETM+ 2002, and
ALOS 2008. The GPS observations of the existing farmlands around the town were overlaid on the topographic
map and on the satellite imageries in order to appraise the changes in the Landuse and land cover over the period.
The change detection analysis using ILWIS software revealed that buildings have occupied what used to be farmlands.
The demand for land parcel has gone up. This has led to increased value and cost of the land parcels. Land speculators
are fast seizing the opportunity to make brisque business. Many cases of land dispute were noticed during the field
data collection. To curb this situation in the study area, education through awareness programmes will be needed
for the people and local authorities.
Land Degradation and Food Security in Ghana: Satellite data
: do not tell the entire story
; A. B. Owusu
! George Mason University, Fairfax VA, USA

University of Ghana Department of Geography and Resource Development Legon Accra, Ghana (owusuba@
yahoo.com)
ABSTRACT
Remote sensing techniques based on multispectral satellite-acquired data have demonstrated an immense potential
as a means to detect, quantify, monitor and map land degradation. However, much of what satellite sensors can
detect and capture in the form of vegetation index do not tell the entire story about land degradation. Using the
Upper East Region (UER), Ghana as a case study, this research used multispectral remote sensing data from three
sensors (AVHRR, Landsat TM, and ETM+) to detect and quantify spatio-temporal land degradation and to validate
local observations and perceptions. The study also analyzed data on crop production in search of evidence of land
degradation in the study area. Multispectral satellite-acquired NDVI from AVHRR shows that vegetation greenness
is on the ascendancy; Landsat TM &C ETM+ on the other hand shows widespread localized land degradation. Field
evidence suggests that the increasing NDVI was caused by vegetation succession where locally adapted horsetail
grasses have been displaced by environmentally efficient, short-lived, quick maturing and dense grasses due to
excessive burningt rapid population growth, and inappropriate development policies. Local people's perceptions,
supported by crop production data, suggest extensive land degradation. Other evidence gathered includes food
insecurity, diseases, rainfall variability and land use extensification.
Land Use and Environmental Dynamics in the Rural Settings:
The Case of Lake Nyasa Catchments,Tanzania
S.J.NindiI,J.Itanii
1 Centrefor Sustainable Rural Development, Sokoine University ofAgriculture (SCSRD),

Morogoro Tanzania: (nindistephen@yahoo.com; snindi@suanet.ac.tz)
2 Graduate School ofAsian and African Area Studies, Kyoto University Japan
ABSTRACT
Typical to most humid tropics, catchment degradation is common in the Livingston Mountains and Matengo
highlands, which are catchments of Lake Nyasa/Malawi on Tanzania side. Since mid 1980s, these catchments
have been subjected to undue pressure primarily in the form of severe deforestation from extensive slash-and-
burn and uncoordinated farming activities. Despite the significance of the Lake Nyasa, the current situation is not
widely acknowledged especially on Tanzania side. This study examined the changing land use and the environment
along Lake Nyasa and adaptation that people are making to improve their environment and livelihood. Extensive
surveys and former exchange visits were employed to collect diachronic information on livelihood, land use and
environmental dynamics along Lake Nyasa and in the Matengo highlands. Farmers' exchange visits allowed
villagers to share insights and experiences in an attempt to establish mutual strategies for sustainable local resource
management. Satellite image analysis was utilized to determine changing land use, vegetation cover and lake's water
levels in the study area. Local people perceives that, unprecedented degradation of the catchments has appreciably
increased sedimentation in the rivers and the lake itself, thereby disturbing aquatic biomes hence, putting the fishing
ecology, food security and livelihood of the people in the area at jeopardy. To adapt to changing environment,
lowland and upland farmers have formed a network that helps them organize various joint-activities for the purpose
of conserving the lake catchments and diversify livelihoods. Joint-farmer group activities include tree planting, bee
keeping and establishment offish ponds. It was found that this trans-ethnic partnership by resource-poor farmers as
a strategy to livehihood transformation and landscape conservation is a new phenomenon and intriguing. In most
cases livelihood transformations and land conservation are in situ-based due to financial difficulties to handle inter
communities strategies, cultural disparities and differences in local politics. Indeed, the area calls for immediate
integrated adaptive measures to conserve and manage the degraded landscape and tranform livelihood.
KEYWORDS: Livelihood, catchmnent degradation, land use, lowland-upland nexus, farmer groups
Identification and Assessment of Potential Fishing Zones Using
MODIS Imagery: Case Study of Western Indian Ocean Region
Erastus Chege and C. B. Wasomi
Geomatic Engineering and Geospatial Information Systems, JKUAT
ABSTRACT
Potential fishing zones are regions where there is a high likelihood of finding fish. These regions are characterised
by different environmental conditions that are required for development offish species. In this research, sea surface
temperature (SST) and chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) derived from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer
(MODIS) on board the Aqua sensor have been used to delineate areas that are potential for fishing. Image correction
for regions with cloud cover was attempted, with no success. SST isolines were overlaid onto Chl-a distribution,
maps and areas with visible Chl-a and SST fronts in the north-western Indian Ocean identified as potential zones
for fishing. The region off the Somali Coast has been identified as one such section. Various parameters used in the
determination of fishing zones in South China sea, India and the Coast of Java were utilised to obtain potential
zones for finding different types offish species. The Gulf of Aden, bordering Yemen and Somalia to the north, have
been found the richest regions, with many varieties of tuna species. Results obtained for the fishing zones were
validated against fishermen in the region and have been confirmed satisfactory. Different factors contributing to the
spread of these fishing zones have also been studied by comparing Chl-a in 2008 and annual means for the years
2004 to 2008. Besides the seasons as determined by movement of surface monsoons, the 2004 tsunami also had a
bearing on the amount of Chl-a. River deposits have also been shown to influence the fishing zones. Potential sites
for fishing different fish species have been identified on the Gulf of Aden, coincidentally in regions prone to piracy
activity. There is need for proper validation of the fishing sites using fish catch data. Impact of tsunami needs to be
studied further using more data and development of a fish forecasting system is proposed. Other parameters may
also be included to get precise fishing locations.
KEYWORDS: Potential Fishing Zones, Western Indian Ocean, Image Correction, MODIS Aqua, Sea Surface
Temperature, Chlorophyll-a, Assessment of Potential Fishing Zones
AARSE2010 International Conference - Earth Observationfor Africa's Development Agenda -Abstract Book 11
Short-term Assessment of Land use Transformation and
Shoreline Changes at the Northern Zone of the
Nile Delta Coast, Egypt
Elham M. Alt
2Mansoura Univ., Damietta Faculty ofScience, Geology Dept. 3Suez Canal Univ., Department ofBiological
and Geological Sciences, FOE, Al- Arish(Email: elhamali05@yahoo. co. uk)
ABSTRACT
The Nile Delta in Egypt has been subjected to extensive unplanned development projects. To assess the present
environmental status and to detect the short-term adverse impact on the coastal land during the period from 2003
to 2006, high resolution Landsat and Spot images were examined. The study focused on the northern/middle part
of the Delta from Abu Quir to the west and Damietta Governorate to the east. This area shows significant changes
that are mainly attributed to several coastal processes resulted from the unprecedented human activities during
the past few decades. High resolution Landsat and Spot images were used to provide information on coastal land
use changes and provided 5 important classes. GIS technique offered a spatial analysis of the detected changes
that quantified the rate of changes and helped in defining the controlling factors of such highly populated highly
dynamic environment. Results demonstrated a considerable rate of land forms transformation in favor of developing
of urban (+28.1 km2), roads (+1174km.) and fish farms (+20.7 km2). The development ofsuch land use classes was
unfortunately at the expense of the agricultural land (-32.5 km2), along the north and middle section of the Nile
Delta coast. The national economy and the socio-economic status at this highly populated area aided in accelerated
such land us transformation and led to several hazards. A drying area of some inland lakes was one of the consequent
hazards of such human activities.
AARSK2010 International Conference - Earth Observationfor Africa's Development Agenda - Abstract Book
An Analysis to Determine the Security of Air and Surface
Water Quality in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria
R. E. Ekpenyong
Departmentof Geography and Regional Planning, University of Uyo, Uyo (robert_etim@yahoo.com)

i
ABSTRACT
One of the problems facing humanity today is the lack of accurate and up-to-date spatial data for planning and
development. Organizing national surveys to generate baseline datasets can be time consuming and costly. The
challenge now is how to update existing datasets and/or generate new ones. This study is on the EIA as a cheaper
and cost-effective source of spatial data in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria.
Environmental impact assessment (EIA) is an important procedure for ensuring that the likely effects of new
development on the environment are fully understood and taken into account before the development is allowed
to go ahead.
The main steps in the EIA process are: screening, scoping, prediction and mitigation, management and monitoring
and audit. The main output report is called an Environmental Impact Statement. It usually contains among
other things, a lot of detailed information and data on the condition of the project area prior to the project's
implementation.
This study focuses on air and surface water quality because not much is known about the condition of these resources
in the State. This is in spite of their relative importance to mankind's continued existence and comfort. For instance,
the presence of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere is said to be responsible for global warming [IPCC, 2007].
Furthermore, the ocean is a huge carbon sink, holding about 50 times as much carbon as the atmosphere. A "carbon
sink" is a natural system that stores carbon over thousands of years. Ocean ecosystems' ability to sequester carbon
is expected to decline as the oceans warm. This is because warming reduces the nutrient levels of the mesopelagic
zone (about 200 to 1000 m deep), which limits the growth of diatoms in favor of smaller phytoplankton that are
poorer biological1 pumps of carbon. Now scientists are realizing that the increased thermal stratification of the
oceans has caused substantial reductions in levels of phytoplankton, which store CO2. The tiny plants of the ocean,
are suffering from the effects of global warming, which means they are becoming less able to store carbon, further
contributing to climate change. As carbon sinks fail, the amount of carbon in the atmosphere climbs.
The southern part of Akwa Ibom State is where most of all the industries in the area are sited. Because of this,
there are many EIA reports on projects in the area. Unfortunately, these reports are presently gathering dust in the
Ministry of Environment apparently because the necessary approval had been secured.
In this study therefore, the coordinates of air and water sample locations were retrieved from EIA reports. So also
were the results oif air quality measurements and water samples analyzed. These datasets were overlaid on landuse/
land cover maps, soil map, and geological maps of the area to assess the sources of pollutants and the safety/security
of air and surface water quality in the study area.
Furthermore, the GIS based overlay analysis using soil map, landuse/land cover maps and maps showing air quality
measurement locations and water sample location points also reveals the sources of the air and water pollutants
among other things. The paper concludes that because EIA studies and reports are usually based on standardized
procedures/Methodologies carried out by experts/consultants in relevant fields as recommended by the appropriate
institution or required by legislation and paid for by proponents/owners of projects, it is a cheaper and very reliable
source of spatial data for environmental monitoring/management and early warning in countries/regions where there
are many development projects as well as laws stipulating that unless an EIA study is carried out, permission for
AARSE.2010InternationalConference- Earth Observation for Africa's Development Agenda - AbstractBook 13

construction cannot be granted by the local authority. It is recommended that Environmental Agencies especially in
developing countries should setup Environmental Management Information Systems and update it regularly with
data from different sources including EIA reports. This has become necessary because to deal with the problem of
carbon or greenhouse emission and global warming, we need to monitor our surface water [a very important carbon
sink] as well as the condition of the atmosphere to determine the source and quantity of greenhouses gases and how
long they have remained in the atmosphere.
KEYWORDS: Spatial data, Environmental Impact Assessment, surface water and air quality.
Seeking Multispatial-multitemporal approach to detect and
quantify desertification and food security in Africa:
A case study of the Upper East Region, Ghana
A. B. Owusu
Department ofGeography, University of Ghana, Legon (owusuba@yahoo.com)
ABSTRACT
The causes and effects of desertification are complex and multifaceted, varying from local to regional and from
one part of the world to another (Pickup 1998; Veron et al 2006; Prince 2002; Leemans and Kleidon 2002). The
severity of desertification impact also varies on a spatio-temporal scale and is difficult to quantify Remote sensing
techniques based on multispectral satellite-acquired data (AVHRR, LandsatTM and ETM+) have demonstrated an
immense potential as a means to detect, quantify monitor and map these changes. However, much of what satellite
sensors can detect and capture, especially in the form of vegetation index (NDVI), do not tell the entire story
about land degradation due to sensor spatial and temporal deficiencies. This research used multidata, multispatial-
multitemporal approach to analyze data from three sensors (AVHRR, LandsatTM, and ETM+ and IKONOS) to
detect and quantify the spatio-temporal extent of desertification in Africa, Sahel West Africa and the Upper East
Region (UER), Ghana. Analysis of NDVI data over the continent ofAfrica shows that the mean annual NDVI from
1982-2007 rises and fall every two to three years. The NDVI declined from 1982 to 1983 and rose from 1984 to
1986 and declined again. Periods of low NDVI observed in the 26-year NDVI trend analysis include 1982-1983,
1988, 1994, and the largest stretch of an 8 year period from 1997-2005. The rise and fall of the NDVI trend from
1982-1997 suggest regular drought on the African continent. The general conclusion is that NDVI is increasing on
the African continent, yet this does not nullify the possibility of desertification in some parts of the continent, since
desertification occurs in arid, semi-arid, and dry sub-humid regions. It was therefore important to focus on regions
where there were high possibilities of desertification, such as the Sahel region of Africa.
The mean annual NDVI analysis from 1982-2007 shows that the Sahel is greening, but is subjected to spatial
and temporal irregularities. The period 1982-1990 saw NDVI rising and falling, portraying the inter-annual
rainfall irregularities of the region, though on the rising side generally. However, the period 1990-1994 saw 4
years of continuous decline in NDVI below average, showing a decrease of about 5.4%, which signifies a period
of desiccation. The period of 1995-2001 saw NDVI recovering above average with the highest mean maximum
annual NDVI in 1997 and the highest mean annual mean NDVI in 2001. This is followed by another five years of
falling NDVI below the period average 2002-2006. Generally, NDVI in the Sahel region has been on the positive
side, showing a net average increase of 2.66% over the 26-year period from 1982-2007, with 1982 as the base year.
However, the Sahel NDVI data does not suggest the miracle of green landscape as suggested by others studies. We
therefore caution, that land degradation has not ended in the Sahel yet and must, therefore, be treated with utmost
care.
The mean annual NDVI, showing surface greenness of the UER, indicates that greenness in the region has increased
steadily, after starting lows of what appears to be drought years of 1982, 1983, and 1984. From the period 1982
to 2007, the NDVI rose steadily from an annual mean NDVI value of about 0.37 in 1982 (the base year) to about
0.45 in 2007, the end year. This indicates a positive NDVI change of about 21.6% over a period of 26 years. On the
average, the NDVI has increased by about 6.7% from 1982-2007- Spatially, NDVI for the UER from 1982 to 1990
shows an average of 328 km2 (37.4%) lost greenness measured in terms of NDVI in the UER. Conversely, land area
of approximately 2064 km2 (62.6% of land surface) gained or showed an increase in surface greenness. The period
1990 to 1999 saw 816 km2 losing its surface greenness, while 1576km2 gained greenness. However, more land area
lost surface greenness from 1990-1999 than the period 1982-1990. Compared to 1982-1990 and 1990-1999, the
period 1999 to 2007 lost less vegetation. An average of 152 km2 lost vegetation while 2240 km2 gained vegetation
AARSE.2010 International Conference - Earth Observation for Africa's Development Agenda - Abstract Book 15
greenness. The maximum mean gain for 1990-1999 was almost 48% of the maximum NDVI for year 1987 an.
2007, and the maximum mean gain for 1999-2007 is greater than the yearly mean NDVI recorded over the 26
year period. In general, surface greenness increased from 1982 to 2007, indicated by the positive mean gains fo
1982-1990; 1990-1999; and 1999-2007, confirming the observation from the temporal NDVI trend that surfac
greenness, as depicted by NDVI, shows greening of the UER from 1982-2007/Ihe study also analyzes field dat
including data on crop production, interviews with local farmers observations from the field in search of evideno
proving or disproving degradation in the semi-arid sahel-sudan savannah transitional vegetation zone of the UER
Ghana. Field evidence suggests that the increasing NDVI was caused by vegetation succession where locally adapter
horsetail grasses have been displaced by environmentally efficient, short-lived, quick maturing and dense grasses du<
to excessive burning, rapid population growth and inappropriate development policies. Local peoples perceptions*
supported by crop production data, suggest extensive land degradation. Other evidence gathered includes fooc
insecurity, diseases, rainfall variability and land use extensification.
Climate Change, Urban Land Use and Water Supply
Challenges in Lagos State, Nigeria
Ayeni, A. O. andA. S. Omojola
Department of Geography, University ofLagos, Akoka — Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria (ayeniao@gmail.com)
ABSTRACT
In Nigeria, the past and present trends of human activities such as burning of fossil fuels, land use practices and
deforestation, continuous release of green house gases especially CO2 and other heat trapping gases has attributed to
human-induced climate change. Climate change impacts depend on changes in climatic parameters, socio-culturali
and geographical characteristics. Nigeria is located primarily within the lowland humid tropics and generally
characterized by a high temperature throughout the year. In the fat north, mean temperature is between 13oC and
37oC while jn the south it is between 21oC and 31oC. The mean temperature of the country is between 27oC and
29oC, while annual rainfall ranges between 60cm in the northeastern and over 400cm in the wet coastal area.
In order to examine the future implication of changes in climatic parameters and urbanization on water supply in
Nigeria, Lagos Sate that home about 65% of industries in Nigeria, was chosen based on its fast growing population,
persistent increase in water demand as against shortage in supply. Lagos urban land use which covered about 6.4%
in 1976 increased to 16.1% in 1995 and 21.5% in 2007, while wetlands declined by about 25% between 1995 and
2007 due mainly to urban expansion. The population of Lagos State rose from 5.7 million in 1991 to about 9.2
million in 2006 (i.e. an increase of 38.04% within 15years).
Existing climatic elements data (monthly rainfall and temperature) generated over Lagos between 1960 and 2006i
were use to determine temporal climatic index. Landuse /Landcover maps of 1976 &1995 and NigeriaSat-1 satellite
imagery of 2005 -2007 were used for landcover change analysis. On the other hand, population data from the
National Population Commission of Nigeria, and the records of water production from the Lagos State Water
Corporation were also used. Inferential statistics and GIS tools were used to generate the results for the study.
Results from this study shows that in the year 2027, rainfall is likely to decrease by -0.028cm while temperature will
increase by 0.3490C. Urban land use is expected to increase by about 20% while suburb (Ikorodu, Epe and Badagry)
will be highly congested. The results also revealed that water demand in Lagos state has outpaced the supply over
the years. In year 2002, the total water production was about 377ML/D (million litres per day), while the estimated
demands for these corresponding year was 533ML/D. Currently, Lagos State has an installed water supply capacity
of 712.9MLD and faced with problems of ageing supply lines, ageing water works, poor public electricity, irregular
production rate, illegal connections and tapping of pubic water, high damage of water infrastructure and lack of
maintenance. Hence, it is operating at 48% capacity or capable of meeting only 36% of water demand. Based on
4% annual growth rate and if the present trend continue, the population of Lagos State is likely to increase to about
20.2 millions while safe water demand is expected to increase to about 2418.9ML/D by year 2026.
The implication of this is that the citizens have to provide about 50% of their required water through boreholes, dug
wells in urban areas and, unprotected wells, rivers, streams and ponds in the rural areas. Therefore, for sustainable
safe water supply, lots of efforts will be needed to bridge the gap if water demand in Lagos State should be met. The
paper also di$cusses various future associated risks without addressing the threatening climate change scenario, rapid
urban expansion problems and fast growing population issues.
KEYWORDS: Climate change, urbanization, population, land use, water supply, Lagos - Nigeria
Feasibility Study for the Analysis of Annual and Inter-Annual
Evolution (1998 - 2009) Of Lake Chad with
Spot-Vegetation Satellite Images
Claudia Patricia ROMERO-HERNANDEZ, Char CARMONA-MORENO,

BeUn PEDREGAL-MATEOS
Introduction
Sustainable management of water resources is increasingly becoming a major priority in our planet, mainly in
regions where these resources are not sufficient for supplying basic needs of its inhabitants. For such reason, it
becomes necessary to develop new approaches for researchers and managers to monitor bodies of water gravely
endangered by factors like climate change and resource overstress by humans.
The Joint Research Centre (JRC) - Institute for Environment and Sustainability (IES) of the European Commission
and the University of Seville have carried out a feasibility study (Romero-Hernandez et al., 2009) with satellite data
to monitor the evolution of water surface area in Lake Chad (Niger, Nigeria, Cameroun and Chad) and its aquatic
vegetation as indicator of environmental conditions of the lake. This study was built upon a multi-temporal series
of SPOT-VEGETATION satellite images for the period of 1998-2009, and constitutes a preliminary phase for the
implementation of a data gathering and monitoring system for the use of local and regional authorities in several
African river basins.
Methodology
This study used a temporal series of images from the spectral bands of the SPOT-VEGETATION satellite:
Normalised Difference Water Index (NDWI) and Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). On the
Equator, Imagery from SPOT-VEGETATION reaches a 1 Km2 spatial resolution. This kind of spatial resolution is
considered appropriate for this feasibility study considering the dimensions of the area (-1500 Km2), and a 10 day
temporal resolution for an 11 year period (1998-2009). The Global Land Cover 2000 map of African vegetation
cover was also used in the study.
After considering the feasibility study and the amount of data available from the temporal series, data of two precise
days per year were processed: 1) one from the rainy season (11 of August); and, 2) another from the dry seasons
(11 of January). Through a supervised classification method, geometric data for the 11 years of monitoring were
obtained regarding area, perimeter, water surface distribution and aquatic vegetation of the lake. Figures 1 and 2.
Figure 1 Figure 2
2500 -i
25000
-♦—LAMIN
20000
2000 - ADE VEGETA
AGUA 15000 CiON
1500 -
V>*♦
V* Km2 10000 ACUAT1
i (Period 5000 CA(Peri
1000 -
o Seco) odo
Seco)
18 AARSE.2010 International Conference - Earth Observationfor Africa's Development Agenda - Abstract Book
Figurel. Water surface area in Km2for the series 1998 to 2009 in the rainy and dry seasons. Figure 2. Aquatic
vegetation surface area in Km2for the series 1998 to 2009 in the rainy and dry seasons.
Figure 3 Evolution of the water surface area from 1972 to 2009
Conclusions
This feasibility study showed the evolution of the water surface area over the last 10 years and its correlation with
field data. It was possible to observe that, in contrast to the dramatic decrease in water surface area over the last
50 years (in 1960 the extension of the lake was of 26000 Km2, and at present it ranges up to around 1600 Km2)>
during the period studied, the water surface area showed no significant variation (see Figure 3). It would even be
possible to affirm that a small recovery of approximately 3,5% in the mean annual growth rate occurred. Some
exceptional inter-annual growth period was been identified, as it was the case in the year 2005 dry season (see figuife
1) that showed a 16% increase compared to the year before. In order to analyze more precisely the intra-annuil
and intra-seasonal variations, the study will continue with a comprehensive review of all the temporal series and its
correlation with climate data of the zone. Special attention will be paid to anomalies by exceptional climatologic
events relating to increase/decrease of the water surface area during the period of study.
AARSR20J0 International Conference — Earth Observation for Africa's Development Agenda - Abstract Book
Indian Contribution to African Food Security -
A Geospatial Solution
Siva Subramanian
Head, Agriculture and Natural Resources, RMSI Private Limited (Siva.Subramanian@rmsi.com, Phone -
0120-2511102)
ABSTRACT
Achieving food security in its totality continues to be a challenge not only for the developing nations, but also
for the developed world. However, the difference lies in the magnitude of the problem in terms of its severity and
proportion of the population affected. Food security is a growing concern in Africa. The most significant concern
for improved food security program is the availability of timely, up-to-date and accurate data for planners and
decision makers. Such information needs to be effectively created and made available to interested organizations in
a comprehensive, consistent, regular, and easy to understand format. This article reviews the Indian contribution to
food security through use of geospatial technology. It is found that of the four main elements of food security, i.e.,
availability, sustainability, effective utilization, and easy access, only the first is routinely addressed in simulation
studies. The goal of this paper is to maintain sustainable development, optimize the utilization to endow with access
and increase farmer production and therefore, improve the present situation of food security in Africa.
It is interesting to note that many progressive African countries, like Angola, Mozambique, Kenya, Ethiopia,
Zimbabwe and South Africa adopt a new agricultural policy which takes care of self sustenance, which is incidentally
the first step towards Food Security. Many Indian and Chinese companies are investing in African Agriculture and
for them planning become inevitable. In this paper the author mainly focuses on this planning for complete land
development planning using Geospatial Technology. A few case studies have also been discussed in the paper.
The Geospatial process models are constructed using basic factors like population, demography, socio-economic
condition, natural resources its management and development, land use land cover, and topography-physiography,
to estimate inherent environmental capacity to supply sufficient food resources to meet expected demand. Using the
intangible GIS modeling, an integrated assessment of the risk and likelihood of food emergencies in Africa can be
identified. The article will describe the advantage of geospatial technology in (1) developing a food security database
system as an analytical tool to improve the quality of data using remote sensing and GIS technologies, (2) analyze
and compute the food balance using DSS model, and (3) design the complete livelihood development plan from
baseline survey & data creation till market economics.
20 AARSE2010 International Conference - Earth Observation for Africa's Development Agenda - Abstract Book
The Use of Remote Sensing For Drought Assessment and
Monitoring in Nigerian Drylands
KayodeA. Adepoju1, Ayobami T. Salami2
Scientific Officer, African Regional Centrefor Space Science and Technology Education-English, Obafemi
Awolowo University Campus, Ile-Ife, NIGERIA (adewaleadepoju@yahoo.com)
2Director, Institute ofEcology and Environmental Studies, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, NIGERIA
(ayobasalami@yahoo.com, asalami@oauife.edu.ng)
ABSTRACT
The population ofNigeria which was put at about 100 million in 1990s and 140 million by 2006 census, is predicted
to exceed 200 million in the year 2100. To feed the burgeoning population, agriculture and livestock grazing have
expanded correspondingly, often into marginal areas that are not ecologically suitable for such activities. Such
activities have exacerbated ecological problems such as drought and desertification in the Northern Nigeria. Nigeria
is presently losing about 351,000 square km2 of its land mass to the desert which is estimated to be advancing
southward at the rate of 1 km per year. The outward and visible sign of the desertification process is the gradual
shift in vegetation from grasses, bushes, and occasional trees to grass and bush, and in the final stages, extensive
areas of desert-like sand. In Nigeria, the extent and severity of drought induced land degradation has not been
fully established. Nevertheless, there is a general consensus that drought and desertification are among the leading
pressing environmental problems in the country.
Climate variation has been identified as the most important natural cause of drought and desertification in the
drylands of Nigeria. For instance, the history of Sudano-Sahelian zone of the country is replete with severe and
prolonged drought of 1903, 1911, 1919, 1935 and 1951-1954. The need for proper quantification of drought
impacts, monitoring and reporting drought development is of critical importance to food security and sustainable
development in Nigeria. At present, there exists no efficient system, which analyses and delivers drought-related
information to the stakeholders on the ground. Traditional methods of drought assessment and monitoring rely on
rainfall data, which are limited, often inaccurate and difficult to obtain in near-real time.
The primary goal of this study is to utilize rime series satellite data to develop a reporting system for the assessment
and monitoring of historical drought development in Nigeria at different scales from country level and further to
the level of individual states, and local government areas within the country. The converted AVHRR monthly time-
series data for 1982-2005 were used for historical drought analysis. In all, a total of 212 images were analyzed for
the study. The indices for drought monitoring were derived from the analysis. For instance, severity of drought was
determined by the NDVI deviation from its long-term mean (DEVNDVI). Vegetation Condition Index (VCI)
which measures the condition/health of the ground vegetation was also generated from the study.
It has been established in literature that the magnitude of drought is direcdy proportional to the magnitude of
deviation below normal. The duration of the successive months below normal conditions and the magnitude of
the deviation constitute two powerful indicators of drought severity. Both options were explored in the paper for
the development of a national drought monitoring system. Considering the spread and frequency of droughts in
the country on one hand, and the lack of reliable ground climate observations and technical capacity to deal with
droughts - on the other, such a system possesses enormous potentials for drought preparedness.
AARSE.2010 International Conference — Earth Observation for Africa's Development Agenda — Abstract Book 21
Land use land cover Dynamics and Modeling in Gubalafto
Woreda using Cellular Automata model
Estifanos Lemma Goshu, Dr. K. VSurya Bhagavan, Dr.Mekuria Argaw
Addis Ababa University, Faculty ofScience, Department ofEarth Sciences, Remote sensing and GIS Stream
(estfhlm@gmail.com, shalekal@yahoo.com, 092143023)
ABSTRACT
This study aims to examine and analyze the spatial and temporal variations of land use land cover conditions and
model trends of change using cellular automata model in Gubalafto Woreda of North Wollo Zone, Amhara region.
Its specific objective was assessing the historical patterns of the area for the past 32 years and determines the trend,
nature, rate, location and magnitude of land use land cover change. The study also looks the future land use land
cover change.
To serve these objectives, field survey, field data collection, three time series image, topographic maps and Arial
photo were used. In addition different types of parameters were used to predict the future land use land cover
changes. On the other hand the study of this paper was under taken using ERDAS IMAGINE 9.1, Idirisi Andes,
and ENVI 4.3 software. The main method used to model land use land cover change in this research was the
Cellular automata Markov model.
The finding of the study highlights the impact of resettlement on land use land cover change especially in agriculture
and settlement reduction during the time between 1973 and 1986. On the other hand there is a continuous
reduction in forest, bush and water bodies for the past 32 years. The projecting land use land cover change also
indicates that there is an increment in the forest coverage but the other land use land cover classes follow the trends
ofthe 1986 and 2005.
The result of the work shows a reduction in agriculture and settlement between 1973 and 1986 while the periods
between 1986 and 2005 shows an increase in these classes. It was also observed that change by 2020 may likely
follow the trend of 1986/2005.But due to the limitation of parameter and image resolution the Kappa index
agreement ofthe validation result was less than that ofthe standards, therefore the model result may not be highly
accurate. Suggestions were therefore made at the end ofthe work on ways to use the information.
KEYWORDS: GIS, RS, land use /land cover, CA_Markov model, MCE, Resettlement Gubalaf
22 AARSE.2010 International Conference - Earth Observationfor Africa's Development Agenda -Abstract Book
Multi-Disciplinary Research on Hydro-Climatic Processes
to Advance Water Resource Management in the
Lake Chad Basin (LCB)
Jimmy O. Adegoke*, Jejung Lee1, Rakiya Baba-maaji' \ Ibrahim Goni3,
'Department of Geosciences, University ofMissouri-Kansas City, Kansas City MO USA

2National Space Research and Development Agency (NASRDA), Garki, Abuja, Nigeria
3Department ofGeology, University ofMaiduguri, Nigeria
ABSTRACT
The Lake Chad Basin (LCB), located in West Africa, extends over seven countries - Niger, Chad, Cameroon,
Sudan, Algeria, Central Africa Republic, and Nigeria. Lake Chad itself is located along the international borders
between four countries - Niger, Nigeria, Cameroon, and Chad. Due to the severe droughts in 1970s and 1980s
and following overexploitations of water, the size of Lake Chad has been significantly reduced to about 1/20 of its
original size in the 1960s. Successive back-to-back droughts and multiple irrigation-related water impoundments
upstream contribute to the reduction of water inflow into the lake from major tributary rivers, including the
Logone River and the Chari River, which accounts for over 95% of river inflows to the lake. The droughts have
also affected the ground water resources in the basin. With the increasing concerns about the overexploitation of
water from the LCB, this area is in desperate need of technical assistance for effective water resource management.
With funding from several agencies such as the National Science Foundation, NASA, and the National Space and
Research Development Agency (NASRDA) in Nigeria, an interdisciplinary team of scientists led by the University
of Missouri Kansas City are investigating the effect of various environmental stressors, including climate variability
and change, on surface and groundwater hydrological processes in and around the LCB. This presentation will focus
on some early results that demonstrate the potential of improving integrated water resource management in the
LCB through innovative use of satellite, hydrological, and climate data and modeling approaches.
AARSE.20I0 International Conference - Earth Observation for Africa's Development Agenda - Abstract Book 23
Remote Sensing Based Modelversus Agro-Meteorological Models
for Crop Yield Monitoring and Food Security Assessment
M. Massart1, O. Rojas', B. Djabi 2 and B. Tychon 2
'EU-JRC, Institutefor the Protection and Security ofthe Citizen, MARS Unit, TP 266, via E. Fermi, 21020
Ispra (VA), Italy (michel.massart@jrc.ec.europa.euf Tel: +39 0332 785992, Fax: +39 0332 785162)
2 University ofLiege, Campus FUL Arlon, Rue des Depones, 6700 Arlon, Belgium
ABSTRACT
Based on the long and successful experience of the Monitoring Agriculture with Remote Sensing (MARS) project in
Europe, the European Commission decided to enlarge their monitoring activities to other regions of the world. The
FOODSEC group was established to support the Food Aid and Food Security policies of the European Commission
in 2000. The group activities are mainly aimed at improving methods and providing regular information on crop
yield prospects. Russia and Central Asia, Eastern Africa (IGAD) and the MERCOSUR region in South America are
currently main FOODSEC regions of intervention. Beside collaboration agreement with FEWS-Net and United
Nations Institutions (FAO and WFP), FOOD-SEC is also member of the strategy group for the GSE-ESA Global
Monitoring for Food Security (GMFS) project, partner in the EC- FP7 GEOLAND Project (Observatory for Crop
Monitoring and Food Security), active in the GEO AG Work plan and technical support to the development of the
Global Land core service and Food Security thematic component of the EU GMES program.
In Africa, the methodologies currently used operationally by FOODSEC are based on SPOT-VEGETATION data,
Global Meteorological Modeling outputs (ECMWF model), satellite rainfall estimations (TAMSAT CCD model)
and agro-meteorological crop growth simulation models (FAO-CSWB). The monitoring of the crop conditions is
based on the analysis of ten-daily meteorological information, and in parallel on the observation of the ten-daily
crop specific Normalized Difference Vegetation Indexes (NDV1) profiles.
SPOT-VEGETATION data are used as a basis for calculation of remote sensing indicators of crop growth. The crop
growth indicators are based on NDVT values weighted for specific crops within administrative units. The current
season indicators are compared with the previous year values or with long-term average data. Additionally, dry
matter production maps based on SPOT-VEGETATION data and information about global radiation, applying
the Monteith approach, are used as a crop status indicator.
Meteorological information is used as input to agro-meteorological water satisfaction model. Quantitative yield
forecast are also derived from the agro-meteorological indicators with reference to past years. The results of the two
crop growth monitoring approaches are summarized in agro-meteorological bulletins, issued monthly at national
level for several IGAD countries. End of the season, quantitative yield forecast are also issued based on multiple
regressions and similarity analysis when a robust model has been defined.
With its involvement into the multi partners GLOBAM project funded by the Belgian Scientific Policy, FOODSEC
in collaboration with the University of Liege is trying to improve the current approach, particularly in Ethiopia
where the performance of the classical crop water satisfaction model can be limited in regions where rainfall and
water availability does not represent anymore a constraint for crop growth. In this context, the application of a
WOFOST type agro-meteorological model is tested. In parallel, the assimilation of remote sensing parameters
directly into the agro-meteorological models is also envisaged.
Recommendations can thus be drawn based on the comparison and a critical analysis of the different approaches
and models, showing the advantages and limitations of the models but also of the data. The differences and the
complementarity of the methods in different agriculture context can be highlighted. At Africa level, the FOODSEC
group is participating to the EU-DG JRC Africa Observatory for Sustainable Development initiative. With
24 AARSE.2010 International Conference - Earth Observation for Africa's Development Agenda — Abstract Book
the Monitoring of Natural Resources and the Crisis prevention, Food security is one of the three pillars of the
observatory. In this context, FOODSEC group could envisage the development of an African Crop Condition Alert
System. The System could advantageously rely on the EU GMES Initial Operations (GIO) which will start in 2011.
The GIO will produce and will disseminate worldwide a set of core satellite observation parameters essential for the
development of crop monitoring system.
Bibliography: FEWS-Net, FAO GIEWS, Agro-Meteorology Modeling, Crop Yield Assessment
Satellite Remote Sensing for Groundwater Targeting in
Basement Complex Rocks of Jos, Plateau
ONWUSULU, A. U1, AJAYIy T.R.2
1National Centrefor Remote Sensing, Jos, (Onwusulu@ Yahoo. Co. Uk)
2Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife
ABSTRACT
Non-sustainable groundwater supply from boreholes and hand-dug wells in the crystalline rocks of Jos Plateau is
the research problem. Sustainable groundwater supply in the crystalline rocks requires lineament analyses for proper
sitting of boreholes. This study was carried out to illustrate the application and emphasize the importance of remote
sensing and Geographic Information System (GIS) techniques for efficient groundwater resources exploration and
management.
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems {GIS) techniques were applied in mapping potential areas of
groundwater occurrence in the Basement Complex Rocks of Bassa Local Government Area of Jos Plateau, Plateau
State, Nigeria.
The main method applied to this study is the lineament analyses of 1987 LandSat image, band 32. Digital image
processing techniques, which involves linear/edge enhancement and high - pass filtering were applied on the image
to enhance edges of linear features. This was followed by computer aided visual interpretation of lineation. The
ILWIS, ERDAS and ArcView image processing and GIS software packages were used.
The processing led to the production of drainage patterns and drainage linears, and water bodies, fractures/
lineaments, fracture density, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) thematic maps. All trie thematic layers
were integrated together with existing geological maps following fieldwork. The results showed potential areas of
groundwater occurrence.
The lineaments/fracture analyses indicated that the area has numerous long and short fractures. The structural
trends of fractures are Southeast - Northwest, north - south and Northeast - southwest. The most prominent
structural trends are northeast - southwest and northwest - southeast. The structural trends are related to the
regional tectonic stress of the area, which is north - south, northeast - southwest and northwest - southeast. A
comparison of the rose diagram of the drainage linear and lineaments indicate that the drainage lines are lineaments.
Criss-crossing lineaments are many at northwest and central parts but low in the other areas. The coarse texture
of the rocks and dendritic drainage pattern of the area indicates a permeable bedrock material. However, the soils
are permeable which favor greater infiltration and less surface run - off. The study has led to the delineation of
areas where groundwater occurrence is most promising for sustainable supply, and consequently where further
geophysical surveys can be concentrated.
26 AARSE.2010 International Conference - Earth Observation for Africa's Development Agenda -Abstract Book
Which Satellite Rainfall Products Should We Use
for Hydrological Applications in Ethiopia?
Mekonnen Gebremichael, and Menberu M. Bitew
Civil andEnvironmental Engineering Dept., University of Connecticut, USA
ABSTRACT
The growing availability of high resolution satellite rainfall products is making them an alternative source of
rainfall data for rainfall-runoff modeling, especially in regions where ground-based rainfall measuring instruments
are lacking. Depending on whether they use additional rain gauge data or not, satellite rainfall products can hi
grouped into those that include rain gauge data (e.g., TMPA 3B42) and those that do not include rain gauge dati
(e.g., TMPA 3B42RT). They could also be grouped into those that are primarily infrared-based (e.g., PERSIANS)
and those that are primarily microwave-based (e.g., TMPA 3B42RT). The objective of this study is to compati
the performances of different satellite rainfall for hydrological applications in two adjoining watersheds (Kogit
with drainage area of 299 km2, and Gilgel Abay with a drainage area of 1,656 km2) in Ethiopian highlands. Our
methodology consists of using the various satellite rainfall products separately as input into the SWAT hydrological
model to simulate daily streamflow, and comparing the simulations to the streamflow observations. Our maiia
conclusions include (1) satellite-only rainfall products are much better than the satellite-gauge rainfall products
this overturns the conventional notion on its head; and (2) microwave-based rainfall products are much better than
infrared-based rainfall products.
AARSE.2010 International Conference — Earth Observation Jar Africa's Development Agenda — Abstract Book
Geological Application of ALOS Imagery for Mapping and
Analysis of Lineaments in lle-lfe and Environs
O. S. Aboyeji1, K. A. Mogaji1, R O. Oyinloye2
1Regional Centrefor Training in Aerospace Surveys (RECTAS), Ile-Ife, Nigeria

2Department ofApplied Geophysics, Federal University ofTechnology, Akure, Nigeria (olatunjiaboyeji@yahoo.
com, mogakeh@yahoo.com and oyinloye@rectas.org)
ABSTRACT
Lineaments have been used in many applications including petroleum and mineral exploration, nuclear energy
facility sittings and water resource investigations. Before now, lineaments interpretations were done based on
the information extracted from aerial photographs. In recent times, geologists have been interested in extracting
lineaments from satellite imageries which have wider surface area coverage under practically uniform conditions.
Remote sensing techniques have proved to be very useful in lineament identification and mapping. Lineaments
obtained through these techniques are often used as indicator of major fractures in near-surface. The study
demonstrates the use of multispectral ALOS image and ASTER DEM data for lineaments extraction and mapping
in the study area, useable for groundwater surveys, development, and management.
The input multispectral ALOS image acquired on 18/02/2008 was enhanced using ENVI 4.7 software. The
enhancement made use of contrast stretching, directional filtering and edge enhancement techniques. The lengths,
densities and cross points of the lineaments were determined and used for statistical analysis. Rose diagrams,
lineament density and lineament intersection maps of the study area were produced using the result of the statistical
analysis. The rose diagram and maps were analyzed, interpreted and compared with the age-long published geological
map for the study area.
The result of this study shows that the interpreted lineaments ciosely correlate with the fault shown on the published
geological map (in 1974) of the study area. The study has shown that remote sensing data such as ALOS, in
conjunction with ASTER DEM can be used in locating new faults, joint fractures, etc, which may be of socio-
economic importance in the area. Therefore, the lineament mapping and analysis from satellite data can provide a
new, rapid and stimulating overview for regional structural (lineament) study for hydrogeological exploration and
engineering infrastructural development.
KEY WORDS: Lineament, Hydrogeology, Mapping, Remote Sensing, Information Extraction, Image
Enhancement, Statistical Analysis, Multispectrla Image
28 AARSE.2010 International Conference — Earth Observation for Africa's Development Agenda - Abstract Book
Sustainability of operational processing chains & remote sensing
data for crop and rangeland monitoring in Africa
Sven GiUtamSy Herman Eerens, DelrueJosefien, Antoine Royer, Lieven Bydekerke
Vlaamse Instelling voor Technologisch Onderzoek (VITO-TAP), Boeretang200, 2400 Mol, Belgium (e-mail:1
sven.gilliams@vito.be, phone:+3214336827fax: +32 143227 95) j
ABSTRACT
Since the late seventies low resolution satellite sensors have been used operationally to monitor the earth surface [1]
In 1998 the Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO) started to operate the processing and archiving
facility for one of these low resolution sensors, SPOT-VEGETATION [2]. Over the past decades and through 4
variety of projects VITO has also gained a lot of experience in the processing, archiving and distribution of othej
low and medium resolution sensors such as NOAA-AVHRR, TERRA/AQUA-MODIS and ENVISAT-MERIS. \
Together with local partners and international organisations VITO deploys a number of activities with respect to
the production and distribution of advanced remote sensing based vegetation indicators (EC-JRC MARS-project*
GMFS, DevCoCast), [3,4,5]the monitoring of crop growth and food security (MARS, GMFS) [6] and support to
capacity building (GARNET-E).
Distribution mechanisms used to provide end users in Africa with ten-daily or monthly composites of these data
sets, include the EUMETCast system [7]and the ESA DDS system [8] whereby the data are transmitted to low-
cost receiving stations in Africa, facilitating the data availability at national and regional level. These and other
international efforts resulted in the development of operational monitoring systems in Africa.
However since the currently used low resolution sensors are reaching the end of their lifespan, one needs to plan for
operational continuity to provide the end users with similar data sets. This paper aims to inform the African user
community on two of the approaches currendy followed by VITO to overcome this problem.
On the one hand, VITO recently started with the operational production of ten-daily global NDVI composites)
based upon the AVHRR-sensor on board of the METOP satellite which was launched in 2006. This action is
realised in close collaboration with EUMETSAT and JRC-MARS.
Although there are still some efforts left for the integration of these data with the archives of SPOT-VEGETATION and
NOAA-AVHRR, the global NDVI composites can already be used as a backup when one of the current systems should fail.
Data availability of the METOP satellites starts in January 2008 and is guaranteed to continue at least until 2020 [9].
On the other hand, in preparation of ESA's Sentinel missions (to be launched 2012) VITO plans to expand its
MERIS processing chain within the framework of the GMFS project. Currently ESA is reprocessing the entire
archive of MERIS RRdata (Reduced Resolution, 1.2km). Once
this task is finished, the GMFS project will upgrade its MERIS processing chain to supply African users with similar
products as currently used by JRC-MARS for agricultural monitoring in Europe (cluster analysis, similarity, etc.).
At the same time ESA is also making its MERIS FR imagery (Full Resolution, 300m pixels) [10] available on its
"rolling archive", which will permit to provide the indicators for crop and rangeland monitoring in Africa at a much
higher resolution.
Based on some preliminary tests, it can be estimated that the first products will become available from September
2010 onwards. In this way, VITO and ESA try to ensure that operational users can directly ingest the new Sentinel
data into their monitoring systems and to provide a sustainable access to the data beyond 2015.
KEYWORDS: METOP-AVHRR, ENVISAT-MERIS, DDS, EUMETCast, GMFS
AARSR2010 International Conference - Earth Observation for Africa's Development Agenda - Abstract Book 29
Analyses of East African Vegetation Trends (1982-2008)
using NOAA-AVHRR NDVI
Ephretn G. Beyene (egmariam@yahoo.com), BerndMeissner, Lydia Olaka
ABSTRACT
Since 1980, the number of undernourished people in eastern and southern Africa has more than doubled.
Rural development stalled and rural poverty expanded during the 1990s. Population growth remains very high
and declining per-capita agricultural capacity retards progress toward Millennium Development goals. Analyses of
satellite observations of vegetation cover have identified another problematic trend. The overall biomass productions
during main growing-season have diminished in food-insecure countries clustered along the western rim of the
Indian Ocean. Many countries have been affected by rainfall variability and long-term changes in both rainfall
amount and distribution over recent decades. While rainfall is only one factor in a complex tableau of factors that
influence global climate, it plays an important role in regulating the environmental condition and vegetation cover
dynamics of Eastern and Southern Africa significantly. How the seasonal vegetation cover trends do looks like in
the area?
The study analysed almost three decades of NOAA-AVHRR NDVI data to analyse trends of vegetation cover in
east Africa. The trend is calculated the regular linear trend formula by taking individual dataset in ArcGSIS raster
calculator functions. In order to compare the past and recent trends the analyses were done by dividing the period
in to two parts. These are the first 15 years (1982 to 1996) and last 15 years (1994 to 2008). The trend values are
calculated based 10-days NDVI data and the monthly, seasonal and annual aggregation are prepared by taking the
mean values of trends. The trend is further used to depict the future. The general vegetation condition of the region
is depicted on Fig 1 is calculated by taking average of 12 months.
Anomaly of average NDVI values is calculated by subtracting the two parts NDVI averages. The average vegetation
cover condition is in a continuous dynamics caused by climatic variability and other social factors. It shows that
there is improvement of vegetation cover in some of arid areas of east Africa like the north-eastern Kenya, north
western Somali, and very large parts of southern Sudan (see Fig 2). The anomaly depicted the deterioration of
vegetation cover near and around Victoria region, most part of central and northern Tanzania significant portion of
southern Ethiopia and northern part of the rift-valley escarpment.
Most parts of south Sudan showed positive trend during the 2nd half. On the other hand in Kenya and Uganda with
exception in the north east corners, in Tanzania excluding the area near the cost, in Ethiopia with the expectation
some pocket areas as well in Rwanda and Burundi the trend is negative. The negative trend values are very high
in the northern part of Ethiopia as well as in areas near Lake Victoria and further south. The improvement and
deterioration of vegetation cover observed during the 2nd half are larger in their value as compared to the differences
in first half. These spatio temporal analyses of the vegetation
30 AARSE.2010 International Conference - Earth Observation for Africa's Development Agenda - Abstract Book
Coupling GEONETCast and the ESA Data Dissemination
System for Food and Water Security Monitoring in Africa
Dr. B (Ben) H.P. Maathuis', Dr. (Chris)M. Mantiaerts1, Dr. R (Rob) L.G. Lemmens2,
Ir. V(Bas) Retsios2, Ir. M (Martin) L. Schouwenburg2
i 'Department ofWater Resources (Maathuis@itc. nl and Mannaert$@itc. nl)

2Department of Geo-information Processing (Lemmens@itc. nl, Ret$ios@itc. nl and Schouwenburg@itc. nl)
Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation (ITC), University ofTwente, Enschede, The
Netherlands
ABSTRACT
GEONETCast - a global communication satellite based data dissemination system — provides free near real-time
environmental and Earth observation data (in-situ, airborne and space based) and derived products to a worldwide
user community. It is part of the emerging Global Earth Observation System of Systems (GEOSS), an initiative led
by the Group on Earth Observation (GEO). It is now possible to receive a multitude of environmental related data,
highly relevant for food and water security analysis and monitoring at any location - organization in Africa using
cheap and off-the-shelf equipment.
Already in 2005 at ITC, a Ku-band based reception station was installed, pointing at EUROBird 9 at 9 degree
East. Ku-band signal reception of Geonetcast data is limited to Europe and Northern Africa. In September 2009 a
C-band GEONETCast reception configuration was installed at ITC.
This antenna, with a diameter of 1.8 m., is pointing to Atlantic Bird 3, at 5 degree West and receives the
GEONETCast C-band data configuration as disseminated over Africa. Apart from the antenna, a C-band LNB and
a Skystar-2 DVB board were used. At several premises of various organizations in Africa, these reception stations
are now also operational.
In December 2009, the same C-band antenna was used to install the European Space Agency's (ESA) Data
Dissemination Service (DDS) at ITC. This service also uses Digital Video Broadcasting and is using for Africa the
same communication satellite (Atlantic Bird) to disseminate data recorded by ENVISAT (MERIS, AATSR and
ASAR) within 24 hours of sensing. A graphical presentation of the configuration is presented in Figure 1. The low
cost C-band ground receiving system consists of two computers, one receiving the GEONETCast data stream and
the other one the ESA ENVISAT data and additional products. ESA-DDS data is broadcasted from approximately
20:00 to 10:00 (day +1) Central European Time and about 5 to 10 gigabytes are received on a daily basis. An
important added advantage of the DDS is the two way data dissemination capability which will allow organizations
to upload data as well.
For use of the data delivered through GEONETCast, a software plug-in was developed under ILWIS v.3.6 and
higher, the so-called "GEONETCast-Toolbox". This freely available utility currently supports over 100 satellite
image and product import and analysis routines. Together with the existing processing utilities of ILWIS the users
can now easily integrate the enormous amount of environmental data, which is delivered via communication
satellites on a global scale, into various applications related to weather, atmosphere, oceans, land, vegetation, water
and environment.
Through DDS, ENVISAT data and products (from ASAR, AATSR and MERIS) like vegetation indexes, brightness
temperatures, reflectances, calibrated TOA radiances, cloud thickness , water vapour and geophysical products, etc,
can now be obtained on a regular basis. For processing of the ENVISAT data, use can be made of the Basic Envisat
Toolbox for (A)ATSR and MERIS (BEAM). Other relevant products disseminated through DDS can be easily
imported using another newly developed freely available plug-in under ILWIS 3.7, the "ESA DDS-Toolbox".
AARSR2010 International Conference - Earth Observation for Africa's Development Agenda - Abstract Book 3II
The paper will elaborate on data reception, and illustrate the conjunctive use of EUMETCast and ESA satellite data
streams for monitoring and analysing food and water security issues in Africa, For more information and references:
http://www.itc.nl/GEONETCast-General-information
The eStation:a comprehensive processing and analysis system
for monitoring natural resources in Africa
M. Clerici, B. Combal> E. Bartholomew J. van Klooster andJ.E Pekel
Global Environment Monitoring Unit, Institutefor Environment and Sustainability, Joint Research (email
marco. clerici(g>jrc. eu. europa. eu)
Centre ofthe European Commission, v. Enrico Fermi 2749,1-21020 Ispra (VA), Italia
ABSTRACT
Relevant and timely distributed geo-spatial data, and effective tools for their analysis, are essential for the monitoring
of natural resources in Africa, and for facing the major environmental issues related to climate change impact
water scarcity, food crisis and natural disasters. The EUMETCast system, implemented by EUMETSAT and ESA
and based on Digital Video Broadcasting by Satellites, routinely distributes Earth Observation data, includiti;
the SPOT-VEGETATION products prepared for VGT4Africa project. EUMETCast adequately faces the issue
of data reception in area of poor internet connectivity and out of easy reach, but difficulties still exists on the dat
exploitation for monitoring of the environment; e.g. the data delivered by space agencies are often in formats
difficult to; be managed and homogenized by the End User, who has to deal with technical details rather than
concentrate on the thematic issues.
To face these challenges the Joint Research Centre of the European Commission has implemented the so-called
Environmental Station, or eStation, a comprehensive system composed by a Processing Station (PS) and
visualization/analysis component (EMMA). The Processing Station performs in an automated manner three main
tasks: 1) retrieves Earth Observation data from an EUMETCast receiving station and, optionally, from other da
providers through the internet, 2) converts images from the differing original formats (HDF, grib, netCDF) i:o
GeoTIFF and 3) implements algorithms for the computation of ad-hoc thematic products and indicators, according
to the End User needs. All processing steps are easy configurable, in order to allow the user to retrieve and process
additional data, both in raster and vector format, to modify the generated environmental indicators and implement
new ones. EMMA is a web-enabled tool for data visualization, offering a high degree of customization and allowing
the semi automatic generation of environmental reports, either from a single user or in a cooperative manner.
The eStation is implemented on a Linux Ubuntu platform and is completely based on OpenSource software
(MapServer, postGreSQL, gdal, python and bash scripts). It is therefore an adapted and cost-effective platforin
for the implementation of services in different thematic areas, like the monitoring of surface water bodies, natural
vegetation and agricultural region status, coastal and marine regions.
The eStation is going to be distributed in the period 2010-2011 to 47 National Centres in all sub-Saharan African
countries, in the framework of the AMESD project, funded by the European Commission, as a continuation of the
PUMA Project.
National Wetlands Mapping in Uganda
Herbert Hansen', Mr Enrico Bonino2, Mr Moses Musinguzi\ Ms Norah Namakambo4
'Keyobs, Belgium (hhansen@keyobs.com),

2Keyobs, Belgium (ebonino@keyobs.com),
3Makerere University, Uganda (musinguzim@tech.mak.ac.ug),
4Wetlands management Department, Ministry ofWater and Environment, Uganda (namakambo @yahoo.
com)
ABSTRACT
Wetland Management Department (WMD) of the Ministry of Water and Environment in Uganda is the leading
Agency for Wetland Management in Uganda. To facilitate the understanding of the evolution of Uganda's wetlands,
WMD analysed ASTER and SPOT images for the period 2005-2009. The exercise was done in collaboration with
KEYOBS sa, Belgium and Sunshine Projects ltd, Uganda. The methodology included manual- and semi-automatic
image classification, field validation and database compilation. Manual methods included visual inspection and
screen digitizing while semi-automatic techniques involved use of a 1% slope mask and unsupervised classification.
Image analysis was carried out in ENVI while manual digitizing and database creation was carried out in ArcGIS
software. The extracted wetland classes in the NBS (National Biomass Study) format were translated to LCCS to
facilitate compatibility with other regional/global datasets.
The final results are a complete GIS database presenting all wetlands maps and satellite images. Districts wetland
map sheets have also been produced. The updated dataset will be a big step forward in the management of wetlands
in Uganda.
KEYWORDS: wetlands landcover mapping remote sensing
Effects of Urban Sprawl on Agricultural productivity
in Ile-Ife, Nigeria
Opaleye OluwafemiAkinola1, Ozien Phoebe Atafo2
\ 'phemmyakynola@yahoo.com, opaleye@rectas.org
2Email: atafo@rectas.org, atafop@gmail.com, Tel. +2348034612580, +2348051140050
Regional Centrefor Training in Aerospace Surveys (RECTAS), O.A. U Campus, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
j
ABSTRACT
Urban sprawl has been a major issue of concern in many cities of the developing countries. Ile-Ife has three tertiary
institutions and various small businesses that have attracted increasing population and migration trends. This has
led to rapid expansion of uncontrolled, uncoordinated and unplanned settlements along the periphery of the city. |
This research work is concerned with the trend, magnitude and effect of sprawl on the agricultural land and natural
resources in the study area. It is a Geographic Information System and Remote Sensing-based study carried out to
determine the overall trend and extent of urban expansion (sprawl) in Ile-Ife. Key indicators were used to examine
the urban sprawl threat to the natural environment, agricultural productivity and to the quality of life of people
who live in the town.
LandSAT satellite imageries of 1972, 1989 and 2001 and Alos imagery of 2006 were used for landuse/landcover
classification and landuse change detection analysis in order to examine the trend and magnitude of the sprawl over
the period of 1972 to 2006 and the effects on agricultural and natural resources of the study area.
The result of the study showed that there has been a notable increase in the growth of urban area of Ile-Ife with the
period of thje study with sprawl characteristics such as: unplanned development and excessive land consumption
The extent o|f urban area had increased by over 30% as of 2006, indicating loss of agricultural land, forestland ant
wetland. Also, urban expansion has been concentrated around the eastern and southern parts of the town.
KEY WORDS: Urban sprawl, Agricultural land, GIS, Remote Sensing, Supervised Classification, MARKOV
Change Deflection
AARSE.2010 international Conference - Earth Observationfor Africa's Development Agenda - Abstract Book 35
Modeling Soil Nitrogen Balance Using Geographical Information
Systems and Remote SensingrThe Case of Lower Bilate River
Basin, Southern Ethiopia
AnduaUm Aklilu, MSc Thesis, Addis ababa University
(anduak@yahoo.com, akliluandualem@yahoo.com)
ABSTRACT I
The core objectives were modeling of the soil nitrogen balance and the plant available stock soil nitrogen by using
a spatially explicit methodology of Remote Sensing and Geographical Information Systems in lower Bilate River
basin within the Ethiopian rift valley. The main inputs used were digital soil map, Landsat-ETM+ satellite imagery,
SRTM data, Rainfall data, and Agricultural data. The research found out that in general croplands are endowed
with lower amount of plant available stock soil nitrogen than non croplands. The addition of Commercial fertilizers
like DAP and Urea were the main inflows in maize land while the fertilizer NPK was the major source of inflow in
tobacco farm. Animal manure was the main source of nitrogen inflow in lands of Sweet potato, Cotton and Bush
and Scattered shrub land. Harvested crop yield was the major source of nitrogen loss in crop lands.
KEYWORDS: GIS/RS, Inflow, Outflows, Soil Nitrogen Balance, Plant Available Stock Soil Nitrogen
36 AARSR2010 International Conference - Earth Observationfor Africa's Development Agenda - Abstract Book
Setup crop growth models in Ethiopia for improvements
with earth observation systems
Bakary Djaby1, Bernard Tychon1, Pierre Defourny2
'Liege University — Belgium, Catholic University ofLouvain
ABSTRACT
Development of crop growth models and crop yields estimates gain a considerable interest since food security
remains a great concerns in most countries of the world (Bouman, van Keulen et al., 1996). Subsequently, with the
Earth Observation (EO) systems improvements, with better spatial coverage and improvements of accuracy, natural
resources monitoring has grown considerably. Remotely sensed data, when combined with CGMS models, enable
estimation of crop yield and forecasting of production. EO data are also intensively used to optimize the CGMS
parameter and to improve the performance of crop models at regional and national scales, using data assimilation
techniques (Justice et Becker-Reshef, 2007).
The Globam project contribution since 2007 is to reduce the gap existing between the results achieved by research
and operational systems to large scale. One of the objectives is setup a crop growth models on existing sites to serve
as a baseline for future improvements by EO data assimilation. This paper summarizes this work by focusing on
results and accuracy levels achieved by these models in yields estimates on Ethiopia site.
The choice of models has been guided by several criteria: operational capability, extensive use by scientist and the
ease of implementation. The model WOFOST built-in CGMS (Jansen, 1994; Wit, Boogaard et al., 2005; Alterra,
2007), operational for several years in Europe and tested in several countries has been selected to serve as a basis for
project work! CGMS is the adapted version ofWOFOST as part of European Mars food system. Its interface and the
existing database make it very user-friendly. One of the important assets of CGMS has motivated this choice is the
availability of several tools orbiting system to provide more efficient forecasting. Most of these tools were developed
under projects funded by JRC like ASEMARS. They are used mainly for statistical analysis (CGMSstattools),
sensitivity analysis (SANPLAT) and calibration (CALPLAT). In connection with EO data use, recent work has been
undertaken to develop data assimilation of remote sensing in CGMS (PYWOFOST). With all those tools, CGMS'
can provide an integrated tool for monitoring crops with the technical possibilities of assimilation.
Results obtain in Ethiopia Site was significant for the entire study site on wheat. RMSE obtained varies according to
areas from 147 kg/ ha to 487 kg / ha. The results are also comparable to existing systems. However, the criteria for
evaluating these models at both sites indicate considerable scope for improving existing systems by remote sensing
or other techniques.
yie- '«HI8H -i'>.4 ,
Spatio-temporal Trend of Eco-Climatic Characteristics and Food

Security in the Sudano-Sahelian Belt of Nigeria
AbdulKadirAJy UsmanM. T.2
'Department ofGeography, Federal University of Technology, PMB 65, Minna, Bosso Campus 920003,
Nigeria (abuzaishatu@futminna.edu.ng)
2Department ofGeography, Federal University of Technology, PM B 65, Minna, Bosso Campus 920003,
Nigeria (mtusman@Jutminna.edu.ng)
ABSTRACT
The escalating variability in rainfall distribution, deforestation and degradation of natural resources in the
Sudano- Sahelian belt has significant effects on the eco-climate and the socio economic sector. The extreme rainfall
variability in this rone combined with a fragile landscape, causes a high degree of environmental vulnerability
thereby complicating human activities in the zone. For this reason, this research investigates intra-annual as well
as inter-annual trends in eco-climatic characteristics to visualize adverse impacts on the natural environment for
improved quality of life and environmental sustainability. Rainfall-related Onset dates, Cessation dates, Hydrologic
Growing Season and Moisture Quality Index were determined from rainfall data (1950-2006), and Aridity Index
was computed from temperature and rainfall data over the same period. These were summarized and decadal means
were determined and ranked using numerical identifiers for the interpretation of the various moisture situations
across the zone. A geospatial database was developed for the indicators and classes were defined using quantitative
definitions for decadal time series. The point data were transformed to spatial data (X, Y, and Z); the surfaces were
interpolated, subjected to further analysis and the area of moisture effectiveness was used to determine aridity
growth rate. The result reveals short-term, middle and long-term deterioration in moisture effectiveness indicated
in its southwards shift. Furthermore, areas classifiable as deficient moisture zones are growing significantly; Aridity
Index appreciated from 0.3 to 4.5%, MQI from 2.3 to 6.1%, onset from 1.4 to 7.5%, cessation from 1.8 to
6% & Hydrologic Growing Season from 0.4 to 7%, respectively. This deterioration is a principal indicator of
land degradation and confirms the generally-held view of southward shift of drier conditions and the eco-climatic
zones across West Africa. The import of this in the effort to address the challenge of food security in the zone is
discussed.
KEYWORDS: Rainfall variability, Moisture Effectiveness, Vulnerability, Aridity & Food Security
Mapping of Of ada Rice Production Areas
A.M. Omotayo, K. Elemo, John Oyedepo
University ofAgriculture Abeokuta Ogun State Nigeria

akinjuly@yahoo. co. uk orjohnoyedepo @yahoo. com
ABSTRACT
Ofada rice was defined in this study as a local variety of rice with characteristic bold, short, mouth-filling, palai;e
caressing, red coated kernel in its unpolished form. The mapping exercise identified major Ofada rice production
clusters in Ogun, Osun and Ekiti States. It identified 254 Ofada rice farmers majority of whom are male, 204
parboilers mostly female, 36 rice mills in 55 villages and 11 local government areas in the three states. Obafemi
Owode local government area of Ogun State produced the highest quantity of Ofada rice (140,750 kg) in tte
study area. This was closely followed by Irepodun/Ifelodun Local government area of Ekiti (134,900kg). There
two local government areas host Ofada village and Igbemo Ekiti respectively where there is a long tradition of rice
production. The next highest producer is Oriade local government area in Osun State which recorded production
level of 70,100 KG. The highest quantity of rice parboiled and milled was 109,800 Kg and this is from Obafein
Owode Local government area. The lowest quantity parboiled and milled was 7, 670 Kg and this is from Ijero locd
government area of Ekiti State. The quantity of Ofada rice sold in paddy form was 7,540.5Kg in Ogun Watersiqe
local goverftment area of Ogun State and l4,560Kg in Ekiti West Local government area of Ekiti State. The toril
quantity of rice sold in paddy form was 22,230Kg. The distance analyses data consistently show that facilities fcr
rice threshing, parboiling, milling, were readily available at local levels and within a short distance (between 2 and
4 kilometres) of the farmers' farm or residence. Although urban markets may appear to be very far away from rice
production locations according to the distance analysis data, farmers did not seem to have problems selling the: r
paddy or milled rice as buyers came directly to these locations to buy. The data further show that locations of Ofada
rice production inputs such as seeds, agrochemicals and fertilizer were far away from farmers' field and residence
(between 5 and 30 kilometres) and may not be readily available to the majority of rice farmers. This situation poims
to the need for direct intervention to improve access of farmers to all rice production inputs. In conclusion, the
distance analysis maps reveal the importance of spatial targeting and prioritization of interventions. It is hoped thjt
this result will be utilized by PropCom in developing, prioritizing and targeting interventions to positively impact
the Ofada rice value chain in south western Nigeria.
KEYWORDS: Ofada rice, Production Areas
Agricultural Landuse Planning Based on Terrain Characteristics
Using Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System in
The Lower River Benue Floodplain, Nigeria
Kenneth Abaagu Uchua', Gajere Ejron Nduke1
'National Centrefor Remote Sensing, P.M.B 2136, Jos, Nigeria (tel +234-803-5976235, +234-805-
2636477, kennuchua@yahoo.co.uk, uchuakenn@gmail.com)
2National Centrefor Remote Sensing, P.M.B 2136, Jos, Nigeria (tel +234-803-5899795, efrongajere@
yahoo.com, wopkonnabit@gmail.com)
ABSTRACT
In order to meet the increasing demand for food, the farming community needs to have a good knowledge of
landuse and land cover of the area. This can be achieved with optimal success using space technology which has the
ability to provide rapid, timely, accurate and reliable data within a given time framework. This necessitated a study
on agricultural landuse planning on the basis of terrain characteristics including slope, soil, drainage and erosion
parameters using satellite remote sensing and GIS technologies in the Lower River Benue Floodplain, Nigeria. The
area is located between Latitudes 7° 13'N and 8°00'N, and Longitudes 8°00'E and 9°00'E with a total basin area
of 7685.28km2 and a population figure of 947,138 people (NPC, 2006). A combination of digital data, collateral
data as well as attribute datasets were integrated and manipulated in a GIS environment using appropriate software
packages. This paved the way for the generation of the land use / land cover map, physiographic-soil map, the
drainage map, slope map, together with detail morphometric analysis which led to the prioritization of the sub-
watersheds from least priority (alluvial plains) to high priority (pediments) ratings. The integration of the results of
slope, physiography, landuse as well as morphometric analysis using the FAO/USDA classification schemes led to
the genaration of land capability maps, whereas the appraisal of the lands of the various sub-watersheds in terms of
their suitability for the cultivation of paddy (rice) crop in turn revealed that the alluvial floodplain and valley fills
are highly and moderately suitable for rice cultivation respectively in the Lower River Benue basin. It has become
increasingly apparent that computer based GIS and satellite remote sensing data can provide the environment for
effective land capability mapping and suitability evaluation for crop production as a stepping stone for sustained
land use planning targeted at addressing issues of agricultural intensification, food security and poverty reduction
in Nigeria.
KEYWORDS: Land use planning, terrain characteristics, river floodplain, remote sensing and GIS
Projected changes in mean and extreme precipitation in Africa
! under global warming
Mxolisi E Shongtve*, Geertjan van Oldenborgh, Bart van den Hurk, Bos de Boer, Caio Coelho ami
Maarten vanAalst
ABSTRACT
This paper presents likely changes in mean and extreme precipitation in Africa in response to changes in radiative
forcing using an ensemble of global climate models prepared for the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report (AR4'
Extreme seasonal precipitation is defined in terms of 10-year return levels obtained by inverting a generalise
Pareto distribution fitted to excesses above a pre-defined high threshold. Both present (control) and future climat
precipitation extremes are estimated. The future to control climate ratio of 10-year return levels is then used as aj
indicator for the likely changes in extreme seasonal precipitation.
A Bayesian approach to multi-model ensembling is adopted. The relative weights assigned to each of the model
simulations lare determined from bias, convergence and correlation. Using this method, the probable limits of th
changes in rhean and extreme precipitation are estimated from their posterior distribution.
Over the western parts ofsouthern Africa, an increase in the severity ofdry extremes parallels a statistically significant
decrease in (nean precipitation during austral summer months. A notable delay in the onset of the rainy season i;
found in almost the entire region. An early cessation is found in many parts. This implies a statistically significant
shortening of the rainy season. A substantial reduction in moisture influx from southwestern Indian Ocean during
austral spring is projected. This and the pre-austral spring moisture deficits are possible mechanisms delaying th<t
rainfall onset in southern Africa. A possible offshore (northeasterly) shift of the tropical-temperate cloud band is
consistent with more severe droughts in the southwest of southern Africa and enhanced precipitation further north
in Zambia, Malawi and northern Mozambique.
This study shows that changes in the mean vary on relatively small spatial scales in southern Africa, and diffeit
between seasons. Changes in extremes often, but not always, parallel changes in the mean precipitation.
There is substantial evidence in support of a positive shift of the whole rainfall distribution in East Africa during the
wet seasons. The models give indications for an increase in mean precipitation rates and intensity of high rainfall
events, but less severe droughts. Upward precipitation trends are projected from early this (twenty-first) century.
As in the observations, a statistically significant link between sea-surface temperature (SST) gradients in the tropical
Indian Ocean and short-rains (October-December) in East Africa is simulated in the GCMs. Furthermore, most
models project a differential warming ofthe Indian Ocean during boreal autumn. This is favourable for an increase in
the probability of positive Indian Ocean zonal mode (IOZM) events, which have been associated with anomalously
strong short-tains in East Africa.
On top of the general increase in rainfall in the tropics due to thermodynamic effects, a change in the structure
of the Eastern Hemisphere Walker circulation is consistent with an increase in East Africa precipitation relative to
other regions within the same latitudinal belt. A notable feature of this change is a weakening of the climatological
subsidence over eastern Kenya.
East Africa is shown to be a region in which a coherent projection of future precipitation change can be made,
supported by physical arguments. Although the rate of change is still uncertain, almost all results point to a wetter
climate with more intense wet seasons and less severe droughts.
AARSE.2010 International Conference- Earth Observationfor Africa's Development Agenda - Abstract Book 41
The Role of Geospatial Information Technology in Decision
Support for Rural Agricultural Development in the Nebo
Plateau, South Africa
BrilliantM. Petja1* A. EdwardNesamvuni2, RaesetjaA. Nkoana3
'Department ofAgriculture, Adaptive Research and Innovation Division (Private BagX9487, Polokwane,
0700, South Africa, Tel: 0152943208, Fax: 0152944504. E-mail: petjamb@agric.limpopo.gov.za)
'Department ofAgriculture, Research and Training Branch, (Private Bag X9487, Polokwane, 0700, South
Africa, Tel: 0152943173, Fax: 0152944504. E-mail: nesamvunie@agric. limpopo.gov.za)
department ofAgriculture, Adaptive Research and Innovation Division (Private BagX9487, Polokwane,
0700, South Africa, Tel: 0152943130, Fax: 0152944504. E-mail: raesetjan@gmail.com)
ABSTRACT
Nebo Plateau is situated in the southern part of Limpopo Province of South Africa. It is comprised of rural villages
in the communal areas. The type of farming practiced is largely subsistence agriculture, with significant portions
of the total land available underutilized. Most areas are highly suitable for agricultural development if an adequate
supply ofwater for irrigation is provided. Approximately 34% of the area (1,370 ha) is suitable only to natural and/
or planted pastures. The remaining area (2,642 ha) is potentially suitable to horticulture as well as grain and oil seed
production. This area is characterized by rural poverty (NRM Consulting and PriceWaterHouse Coopers, 2009).
The large-scale poverty, lack of resources, illiteracy, and unemployment in the Province resulting from the past
economic, social, and political policies has prompted government to identify new and sustainable developmental
programmes.
One such initiative is the creation of agriculture nuclei in the vicinity of Nebo area. The main objective in this
initiative is to exploit the existing natural resources and develop multi-purpose farm facilities and activities that will
foster job creation and enhance food security, thus ensuring sustainable economic growth, social justice and a decent
quality of life for the participating communities.
This study therefore uses geospatial technologies (remote sensing and geographic information system) to assess the
agricultural potential of the Nebo Plateau. This approach entails assessing the suitability in terms of land/soil and
climatic variations, which are determinant factors for agricultural development. The environmental requirements
of selected crops representing certain agricultural commodities were evaluated and analyzed in a GIS environment
Various spatial modeling methodologies and techniques were used to model and assign classes of suitability based
on the most important and yield-limiting parameters such as rainfall, temperature and soil characteristics. Results
indicate that the area is potentially suitable to a variety of agricultural commodities with about 65% of the area
suitable for cultivation. This is however considerate ofenvironmental and climatic constraints such as the availability
of water for irrigation, improvement of the state of the environment, prevention of soil degradation due to erosion
and compaction, improvement of soil fertility by means ofsound farming and management practices. These outputs
are presented within a user friendly GIS platform for a better decision support to the development agencies and
government The results also help to provide inputs in the calculation of financial models to ensure profitable
farming practices for commodities derived at a soil unit level for each of the farms. This study therefore emphasizes
the importance of geospatial technologies in informing and promoting sustainable agricultural development.
KEYWORDS; geospatial technologies, agricultural potential, rural, sustainable agricultural development
42 ~ AARSE.2010 International Conference - Earth Observationfor Africa's Development Agenda - Abstract Book
Mapping the Crop Production System Zones of the IGAD Region
Francois Kayitakire1, Olivier Leo2, Patrizio VignaroW, Vieri Tarchianf
European Commission -Joint Reasearch Centre - IPSC/MARS

2Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricercbe - Istituto di Biometeorologia
ABSTRACT
Food security monitoring requires effective crop status assessment and yield forecasting methodologies and tools.
Such tools need to build on a thorough knowledge of the crop production systems of the region under monitoring.
The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) published in 1995 a database of the
Crop production system zones (CPSZ) of the seven member states of the Intergovernmental Authority on
Development (IGAD) (Van Velthuizen et al., 1994). The CPSZ initiative was a breakthrough in the mappiig
of crop production zones. It has been extensively used by food security practitioners, scientists in agriculturif,
environmental and epidemiological studies (Malone et al., 2001; Reynolds et al., 2000; Rojas et al., 2005; Temesgm
et al., 200$). However, its database is now outdated, either on the content and on the technological solutions ua:d
to disseminate it. The Joint Research Centre of the European Union has recently launched a project to upgrade
the CPSZ database and its exploitation software package. This papers presents the main characteristics of the mw
version under development -referred to as CPSZ-2, the main improvements, and the methodology to define the
new crop production zones. 1
The definition of the production zones is based on the climatic conditions and current cropping systems. A large
number ofvariables that describe the agro-dimatic conditions, soil and terrain conditions, and cropping patterns
(main crops, crop calendar, pests and diseases, etc.) are combined spatially to define homogeneous areas. Those
homogeneous areas are then intersected with administrative boundaries to define the basic mapping units of tfce
database. The homogeneity and consistency of the mapping units are cross checked using satellite remote sensing
data, namely vegetation index time series. The CPSZ-2 provides further description of the production zones by
adding socio-economic information. Since socio-economic variables are published often aggregated by administrative
units, specific spatial disaggregation methodologies are developed.
The new version provides also an enhanced database interface with real Geographic Information System (GIS)
functionalities, and possibility to update the database online. The CPSZ-2 will be a valuable tool for all actors
involved in food security monitoring and will probably serve other scientists interested by detailed description ofthe
agricultural environment of the IGAD region. The methodological developments in the framework of the CPSZ-2
project bring new aspects on the delimitation of homogeneous agro-ecological units and on spatial aggregation and
disaggregation.
AARSE.20W International Conference - Earth Observation for Africa's Development Agenda - Abstract Book 43
Mapping Variation in Soil Volumetric Shrinkage Using
Aster Imagery
FekerteArega Yitagesu, Freek van derMeer, Harold van der Werff
International Institutefor Geo-information Science and Earth Observation, ITC (P.O. Box 6, 99
Hengelosestraat, 7500AA Enschede, The Netherlands; Email:yitagesu@itc.nl)
Ethiopian Roads Authority, ERA P.O.Box 7129 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
ABSTRACT
In this paper we presented potential utility of laboratory spectroscopy and multispectral image dataset for estimating
geotechnical characteristics of expansive soils. A geotechnical parameter (volumetric shrinkage) is measured in a
soil mechanics laboratory. Soil reflectance spectra are acquired using ASD fieldspec full range spectrometer, and
derived from Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) imagery. Volumetric
shrinkage is estimated from soil reflectance spectra through a multivariate calibration technique. High coefficient of
correlation (R2 of 0.91) is obtained for estimation using laboratory reflectance spectra. Much lower coefficient of
determination (R2 of 0.52) is obtained in estimation using ASTER derived soil reflectance spectra. Though model
performance indices (RMSEP, SEP, Bias and offset) in both cases, indicated good prediction ability; performance
of volumetric shrinkage estimation decreased from laboratory to image scales. Variation in volumetric shrinkage is
mapped from ASTER data. Measured and mapped soil volumetric shrinkage show moderate spatial agreement.
Proposed relationships were developed on soils having high liquid limit and plasticity indices, high percentageof
material passing 0.075mm sieve (up to a 100 %) with most samples having high clay and organic matter content. The
presented approach can provide information about project sites that can be useful at reconnaissance and preliminary
design stages of infrastructure development. However for wider applications it should be tested on soils with larger
range of liquid limit, plasticity indices, fine fractions and organic matter content.
Keyword: Expansive soil, geotechnical characteristics, volumetric shrinkage, PLS, ASTER
44
AARSR2010 International Conference - Earth Observationfor Africa's Development Agenda - Abstract Book
Satellite-based monitoring of evapotranspiration
in the Nile basin
Martha C Anderson, Christopher R. Hain, Lori Schultz, John & Mecikalski, Benjamin R Zaitcbik,
Shahid Habib, Mutlu Ozdogan
ABSTRACT
The development of a land data assimilation system over the Nile basin (Nile LDAS) seeks to integrate vario
satellite- basfcd observations of the land surface and hydrology of the region to accurately represent water and ener
fluxes. An; additional methodology for the monitoring of evapotranspiration (ET) is through the use of Ian
surface temperature derived from remote-sensing data in the thermal-infrared (TIR) band (8 to 14 micron). TI
data are valuable for constraining estimates of ET because varying soil moisture conditions yield a distinctiv
thermal signature: soil surface temperature increases with decreasing water content in the first few centimeters
while moisture deficiencies in the root-zone leads to vegetation stress and elevated canopy temperatures.
The Atmosphere-Land Exchange Inverse (ALEXI) model is a multi-scale TIR-based remote sensing technique fo
mapping ET and drought at local to continental scales (Anderson et al. 1997; Anderson et al 2007; Hain et at
2009). ALEXI facilitates regional implementation by exploiting the spatial and temporal coverage available \yr
geostationary platforms, such as Meteosat Second Generation (MSG) over the African continent. ALEXI utilize:
time-differejitial land surface temperature (LST) measurements derived from the 10.8 micron thermal band on
MSG. The LST measurements are combined with shortwave measurement of satellite-derived vegetation cove:
fraction and hourly insolation to directly diagnose evaporative fluxes at spatial resolutions of 3 to 10 kilometers,
Using principles of the surface energy balance, constrained by satellite estimates of net radiation (available energyU
ALEXI determines the evaporation rate required to keep the soil and vegetation scene components at the observed
temperaturek. The main advantage of combining the use of a diagnostic tool such as ALEXI with the prognostic
tools of the Nile LDAS is that together they provide a more reliable and complete representation of the land surface
and hydrology than either method would provide on its own.
Specifically, jALEXI has added utility in the real-time monitoring of regions with sparse rainfall data or substantial
delays in meteorological observation. Additionally, ALEXI has the potential to identify signatures of moisture inpuc;
that are not necessarily associated with precipitation events, such as irrigation and phreatophytic vegetation thai:
has access to ground water sources. For example, while irrigation is represented in Nile LDAS, water usage is tiec.
to assumptions within the algorithm, while ALEXI directly diagnoses actual water usage. In a river management
tool, ALEXI could be used to estimate diversions used to support rrigation. Early results of the implementation of
ALEXI over the Nile basin are promising, yet require additional validation and comparison with ET estimates from
Nile LDAS.
AARSE.2010 International Conference - Earth Observationfor Africa's Development Agenda - Abstract Book 45
Land Cover Response to Changes in Forest Resources Utilisation
in South-western Nigeria: GIS Perspective
O.O.L ORIMOOGUNJE
Department OfGeography, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria (orimoogunje2@yahoo.com)
ABSTRACT
This study documents the extent of resource use and the level of degradation consequent upon land use with the
aid of remote sensing and GIS technology. The study integrated a topographical map of 1969 and satellite imageries
from Landsat MSS 1972, and Landsat TM 1991 and 2000 with ground truthing and socio-economic surveys to
assess changes in forest resource use and land cover in Oluwa Forest reserve, South-western Nigeria. The study area
was demarcated on the map and grided into 5km x 5km, which gives 25 square grids out of which 10 square grids
were selected using the table of random numbers. Each selected grid was again grided intolkm x lkm out of which
10 were again selected randomly. Ten quadrants of 40m x 25m were demarcated from each of the selected lkm x
1 km grid for vegetation analysis. In essence, hundred quadrants were selected for this study. Digital image processing
was carried out for satellite imageries. Land uses were identified and classified from the satellites imageries based
on colour, texture, shape and size using the Integrated Land and Water Information Systems (ILWIS) 3.4 software.
Training parcels were sampled based on ground survey after the contrast enhancement. The classes of training sites
include: the arable crop cultivation, tree crop cultivation, exotic tree plantation, dense forest and settlement/open
space. The maximum probability algorithm was used for final classification. The mathematics of the maximum
likelihood decision rule, which was applied, has been explained by Tatsuoka (1971). The accuracy assessment was
carried out on the remotely sensed data. The total of 30 points each were selected for this operation and the overall
accuracy of 90%, 86.7% and 80% were obtained from the three images. This shows that the classification method
was reliable. Result obtained shows that agricultural land uses which were non-existent in 1972 increased three
folds from 8,176 hectares (4.43%) in 1991 to 112,172 hectares (60.72%) of the total land area in year 2000. The
non-agricultural land uses (setdement) increased by about six folds from 4932.6 hectares in 1972 to 30,911 hectares
(16.73%) in the year 2000. The most significant contributor to the agricultural degradation of Oluwa forest was
the use of land for arable crop, which accounted for more than 30% of the total agricultural land use. This was also
confirmed by socio-economic survey. It is also inferred that the forest reserve declined by more than a factor of six
of its original size from 130,774 hectares in 1972 to 19,382 hectares in 2000. Over 1,121 km2 of the forest lands
got transformed to agricultural land use over the 28 years. The study concludes that it is possible to monitor forest
resources with a reasonable accuracy using satellite images because change detection techniques using temporal
remote sensing data provide detailed information for detecting and assessing land use and land cover dynamics.
KEYWORDS: Forest resources, land use, land cover, human activities, GIS, sustainability
Land Classification and Mapping: A Guide to Agricultural
| Development in Adamawa State, Nigeria
MusaJL A1., Tukur, A. L2 andMubi, M. M2
1Department ofSurveying and Geoinformatics

2Department of Geography
Federal University ofTechnology Yola, Nigeria j
ABSTRACT
Adamawa is one of the many states in Nigeria where detailed soil survey/mapping and systematic agricultural
database arq generally lacking or at best sketchy and localized. Thus, most agricultural policies/programmes by publi c
agriculturaijagencies are limited to general advice on application of farm inputs such as fertilizer and herbicides qr
the provision of tractor services. Such interventions are non area or crop specific and little effort is directed at
encouraging location specific specialization and management practices. Hence, the largely illiterate farmers in ths
state rely oiji local experience in an ever increasingly volatile environment. Agricultural development in a highly
dissected tejrain of variable surface water availability and rainfall regime such as Adamawa is must not be ad-hoc,
isolated or left to the individual norms of the local farmers. It is, therefore, most imperative that comprehensive land
and water resources (the most important variables in crop production) classification and mapping are carried out to
provide the Necessary database for land use planning and development. This was done with the view to identifying
crop production blocks and suitable crop choice/cultivation and land management practices that minimiz.:
degradationj With these' agricuIturaI support services can be planned and appropriately directed and uncertainties
associated wjith specific environmental conditions (land, water and rainfall) may be averted. The most convenien:
and cost effective way of achieving these is through the use of geoinformation technology. Image classification wa;
therefore carried out on a LANDSAT image ofAdamawa State Nigeria to determine water bodies, marsh lands ami
uplands/mofantains to create a first layer. A Second layer was created from the water vapour band of meteosat and si
third layer wias developed from rainfall data of the study area. A weighted linear combination (WLC) was performec.
with the last two layers (water vapour and rainfall layers). However, since water vapour and rainfall are of equa.
importance the two layers were given equal weights. The pixel values in the WLC layer provided the computer witt
the relevant information for rain-fed agriculture but not irrigated agriculture. For this reason, the water bodies anc
marsh land classes in the first layer were digitized and used to mask the WLC layer to form the water distribution
layer ofAdamawa State and on which irrigated agricultural potentials were assessed.
Growth in precision agriculture based on rapid temporal
capability
of the DMC satellite constellation
Owen Hawkins, Paul Stephens, Gary Holmes
DMCiiLtd. UK
ABSTRACT
Precision agricuiture requires timely information on crop health to enable differential application of fertilisers to
boost crop yield. The efficiency of satellite constellations for rapid imaging of large areas at closely controlled times,
has led to a strong growth in use of this technique. The DMC satellite constellation, launched in 2002, provides a
service to multiple companies in Europe and USA. The paper demonstrates the challenges of precision agriculture,
and the use of the constellation to meet the needs of the users.
48
Energy Resources
Tracking logging roads to assess the impact of commercial
logging on the forest above ground biomass: the case
of South East (JENGI) Cameroon
Richard Tamungang
WWFJENGI SE Cameroon (RTamungang@wwfcarpo.org, ttamungang@yahoo.com)
ABSTRACT
The South East lowland forest area of Cameroon constitutes part of the lowland Congo basin forest which is highly
rich in biodiversity; including large mammals, birds, fishes, butterflies, amphibians, reptiles and rich forest flora.
This rich forest area which is also a huge stock of above ground biomass has continued to decrease due to increasing
urbanization, high demand for agricultural land and agricultural practices of slash and burnt, demands for firewood
for domestic use, commercial timber exploitation and mining.
Timber exploitation or commercial logging which is the main aspect contributing to forest area decline is a viable
economic activity in this region. In recent years the government also lease parts of these logging concessions for
mining (gold, cobalt, nickel, iron ore and diamond).
Constructing roads in the forest facilitate logging activities as machinery and staffs are able to move easily in
and around the concession and they also facilitate the evaluation of logs. However road construction also needs
to be closely scrutinized because of the negative impact they have on the forest. Logging roads leads to habitat
fragmentation, habitat loss and deterioration, biodiversity destruction on the area covered by the road, opening up
of the forest canopy and access into the forest by poachers.
Through the intervention of NGO's logging roads are nowadays constantly tracked using a GPS and the width
of each road taken at regular intervals to access the total forest cover destroyed in the course of constructing these
roads. These are map out in GIS presenting the situation before exploitation, the situation after exploitation and the
area of forest cover or above ground biomass destroyed through logging calculated.
50 AARSE.2010 International Conference- Earth Observation for Africa's Development Agenda -Abstract Book
Assessment of Solar and Wind Energy Potentials in Nigeria
ONAFESO Olumide and FASHAE Olutoyin
Department ofGeography, University ofIbadan, Nigeria (E-mail: oluonafeso@gmail.com)
ABSTRACT
The importance ofsustainable energy in the face ofrecent global warming has brought energy efficiency and reliability
to the fore of research and development in the 21« century. Electricity generation in Nigeria has increasingly becomr
unreliable due to several factors limiting the hydroelectricity system predominant in the country. This conditioi,
has hampered socio-economic and infrastructural development significantly in the most populous African country
wh.cn otherwise could have ranked among the developed nations of the world. Among the major causes of thr
incapacity ofhydroelectricity generation ofpower to meet the countries demand, is the recently records oflow flow;;
or the river Niger into the Kainji dam, from where more than 80% of Nigeria's hydroelectric power is sourced
Kecent studies have linked this downward trend in river Niger's discharges to climate change.
Globally however, the increasing trends in human population have resulted in increased fossil fuel consumption sin«
the industrial revolution. Such increases have aggravated the impacts of climate change in most regions of the world
particularly Impacting greatly on energy sources and supply. In addition to rapid exhaustion, another important
problem associated with fossil ftiels is that their consumption has major negative impacts on the environment
Hence, many countries around the world have included renewable energy systems in their iliture energy plans so
that they cari produce reliable and environmentally friendly energy.
This paper advocates for the employment of solar and wind energy as alternative sources of power generation
in Nigeria by developing suitability maps for the entire country. A 1° by V resolution monthly average climatic
datasets or radiation and wind parameters obtained from the NASA Satellite Observatory GOES-1 were geo-
processed an<l the density maps produced were employed for decision support analysis. The identification of areas
technically suitable for renewable generation involved the collection of existing information, such as historical land
use/land covdr, terrain and slope information. Data was analyzed for currency, accuracy, and completeness. Regional
differences wfre derived from geostatistical kriging after classifying the entire area of study into contiguous units.
Sensitivity analysis was conducted to determine the suitability of each alternative and the results were compared to
determine the best approach to sustainable power generation by region.
AARSE2010 International Conference - Earth Observation for Africa's Development Agenda - Abstract Book 51
NPP modeling for biomass energy estimation for South Africa
MarkusNiklaus, Markus Turn, Kurt P. Gunther, Stefan Dech
German Aerospace Center (DLR), German Remote Sensing Data Center (DFD), Munchner Strafe 20,
D-82234 Wefling, markus.niklaus@dlr.de
ABSTRACT
In times ofworldwide growing demands ofenergy and increasing problematic dependence on fossil fuels, the interest
of regions and countries on securing their energy supply with renewable energy sources is gaining in importance.
Bioenergy is one kind of renewable energy, made available as electricity, heat or fuel For developmg countries
or regions with difficult infrastructure for energy supply, this can provide access to affordable and safe forms or
energy.
South Africa has the potential to become a relevant player in the production of bioenergy, not at least because of
its warm climate and large amounts of fertile land. Together with other African nations the increasing demand tor
energy of the continent could be supplied.
On the other hand, large-scale land use for energy crops may induce land-use changes that put food security risk or
lead to the destruction of natural ecosystems.
Mapping the potential for biomass production for energy supply, considering the influence of land-use for energy
crops on environment and food security is the topic of the presented work. For this Net Primary Productivity NPP)
of croplands and forests of South Africa is computed on a spatial resolution of 1 km. From these model results the
biomass potential can be computed using specific conversion factors.
The dynamic vegetation model BETHY/DLR (Biosphere Energy Transfer Hydrology Model), is a modification of
the JSBACH model which is included in the ECHAM5 global atmosphere circulation model. Here it is used to
calculate the contributions from the biosphere-atmosphere exchange. At the German Remote Sensing Data Center
(DFD) of the German Aerospace Center (DLR) BETHY/DLR is driven for simulations of the carbon exchange and
the water balance between biosphere and atmosphere. For this study the model was adjusted for the special climate
conditions of South Africa. We are computing NPP for different regions on regional to national scales. The model
is driven by remote sensing data and meteorological input data on a spatial resolution of 1 km in time steps or one
hour.
The BETHY/DLR model uses a two-flux scheme to approximate the radiation absorption in the canopy.
Photosynthesis is integrated using the combined approach of Farquhar and Collatz. The enzyme kinetics, which are
parameterized on leaf level, are distinguished to C3 and C4 plants. This is important, since C3 and C4 plants have
significant differences in their way of carbon-fixation. In a second step the photosynthesis rate is extrapolated rrom
leafto canopy level, taking into account both, the canopy structure as well as the interaction between soil atmosphere
and vegetation. Stomatal and canopy conductance, evapotranspiration and soil water balance are included.
The output is given by time series of NPP in daily steps with the resolution and projection of the land cover
classification (1 km x 1 km, latitude - longitude projection with WGS84 (World Geodetic System 1984) datum).
The driving parameters of the BETHY/DLR model are two sets of remote sensing data (derived from SPOT-
VEGETATION), meteorological data (provided by ECMWF) and further dataset concerning i.e. soil type
information and altitude.
52
CT^LOPF^lT ^ ^ f {lM) "^ tO inidate the Phenol°^ °f Ration. They are based «
TELed° ectl!," C°mp°S'te dataSeG' pr0Vlded * POSTEL (Pol<= d'Observation des Surfaces continentales pa]
?C CY!:}:TJ:S dataSCt ^ PfOvideS information of land cover and land use and is available as Global
Cover 2000 (GLC2000). With GLC2000 a classification with 22 different land cover cwt*^K
representative for the year 2000. iv.ui.imc w
In order to make the GLC2000 usable for NPP modelling witi BETHY/DLR, the 22 GLC2000 vegetation classes
have to be translated. to one of the actual 33 inherent BETHY/DLR vegetation classes, which can be regarded as
vegetation types. Each vegetation type is linked with biochemical parameters as e.g. the maximum carboxylLn rate
of BEt"™^ I,0"011 "'T"Iate repre!eming ljght "* d"k ™«™ ofphotosynthesis. The parameterisation
of BETHY/DLR allows to translate one GLC2000 class to fractions of two vegetation types.
In addition to remote sensing data BETHY/DLR needs meteorological data input. The ECMWF provides the
needed data in a spatial resolution of 0.25° x 0.25" with a temporal resolution of up to four times a Zj. These are
ZttZmT
layers and cl<,ud1cover.
m al"7PTUre>rWlnd SPCed " are
Daily values of precipitation 10 mderived
ab0VC from
gr°Und'the theERA40-reanalysis.
SOil Water contentFrom
°f *ethisfourtheupper
daily
rrrTtT ^r? ^^^ ™ ^™^ * ^ » ^ ^ ™n ofcloud cover over all three
strata (hlgh, ijnedium and low) and the water vapour pressure.
With the BEJTHY/DLR model we are able to model the development of carbon sinks and sources depending on
the geographical and meteorological conditions of the considered region. The resulting NPP can be converted to
Z^^tTT1
Zl^^tTT biomass This is done by using specific conversion factors, first separating
pg above
Furlr d T /r btT
'/r tT TT1TT bi°maSS ^ in a SeC°nd Stepp aia^SBS aia^S S the f" offeasible
th f" off fibl
feasible AGB.
AGB
for t t7men
dt7wmenf t' 7 • C\ lndudeS thC impkmenrati0« f
of» el
Penology dl
model, ll
allocation h
schemes
for the distribution of carbon fixation in plants and finally a method for data assimilation, will lead us to predict the
future distribution of carbon sinks and sources. In this context we will take into account future land use/land cover
changes, especially regarding the impacts of large-scale land use for energy crops
AARSE.20W Intentional Confirmee - Earth Observationfor Africa', Development Agenda - Abstract Hook
Spectral Remote Sensing of Hydrothermal Alteration associated
withVolcanogenic Massive Sulphide Deposits,
Gorob-Hope area, Namibia
Tsehaie Wolda?, SisayAyalew Amera2, John Carranza\ GilbertJemw*? &EdwardR Duke'
Ûniversity ofTwente, Faculty ofGeoinformation Science & Earth Observation, P.O. Box 6, 7500 AA,
Enschede, The Netherlands (Woldai@itc.nl)
2Ministry ofMines ofEthiopia,
> Geological Survey ofNamibia, P.O.BOX2168, Windhoek, Namibia (B""™®"?-*"™
< South Dakota SpaceGrant Consortium, SD School ofMines & Technology, 50 E St. Joseph Street,
Rapid City, SD 57701-3995, USA (Edward.Duke@sdsmt.edu)
ABSTRACT
Multispectral Landsat ETM+, ASTER, hyperspectral (HyMap) and field spectra datasets were used to identify
and Zp hydrothermal alteration patterned hydrothermal mineral abundances associated with volcanogemc
ml"e sulphide (VMS) deposit in the Gorob-Hope area, Namibia. False colour compos.te, band rat os, and
p7n ipal component analyses using multispectral images were used to identify hydroxyl and .on °*^™
zones Moreover, integrated analysis of field spectra and airborne data resulted m .dennfymg of VMS depos.
knses and their patterns. Analysis of diagnostic absorption feature (absorption depth and wavelength posmon)
ophite micas at'and around 2200 nm region was helpful in mapping hydrothermal alteranon «,ne, Anaty^ci
the spectral variability and estimation of alteration indices for white micas and chlontes revealed vectors owaris
zones'with volcanic massive sulphide mineralization. Several band ratios were calculated m the shorâv mfa ed
(SWIR) wavelength region and the creation of band ratio colour compos.te rmages were helpful m .dentuymg the
SdVolTmal altfation zones and in selecting end members useful for surface composmonal mappm^; from A
HyMap data. The use of band ratios as predictor variables and field spectra data as predicted variables enabl d the
development of prediction model for the presence or absence ofwhite micas and for esumaung of then absorpuon
wên^ The result obtained by the integrated analysis of field spectra data and airborne hyperspectral .magery
is consistent with the published geological map of the study area.
KEYWORDS: imaging spectrometry; band ratios; volcanogenic massive sulphide; hydrothermal alteration, white
micas.
Honal Conference - Earth Observation for Africa's Development Agenda - Abstract Book
54
Estimating papyrus (Cyperus papyrus) biomass using narrow
band vegetation indices and the random
forest regression algorithm
ElbadiAdam, Onisimo Mutanga
University ofKwaZuLu-Natal, Discipline ofGeography, P

South Africa (Tel, +2733260^/i S^^
ABSTRACT
; NDVI; Random fores, Variable
^
55
Modelling the Spatial Distribution of Above Ground Woody
Biomass In Communal Savanna Woodlands
Charles Paradzayi1' \ HaroldAnnegarn' and Christiane SchmuUius>
• Department ofGeography, Environmental Management and Energy Studies, University ofJohannesburg,
r South Africa
2 Department ofGeomatics, Tshwane University ofTechnology, South Africa
* Department ofEarth Observation, Friedrkh Schiller University, Germany
ABSTRACT
modellers working on different aspects of biomass management in rural communal woodlands.

KEYWORDS: POLSAR, woody biomass, land tenure, household, conflict zones, accessible
'
AARSE.2010 International Conference

56
Disaster Risk Reduction
Assessment of Land Degradation for Watershed Management
JsTng Remote Sensing and G.S: Case of Ke.eta catchment,
Arsi zone Oromia Region, Ethiopia.
Ametelwokil Mohammed
Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (ametelwokil@gmail.com)
ABSTRACT
^tersheddegradationisaglobalpr^^^^
the problem considering the watershed condmons m relauon to%£ L (USLE) model for assessing land
use of GIS and Remote Sensing in conjuncuon w,th un»» £,Jdegradation i, considered
degradation of Keleta river catchment in Ars, Zone of Oronna «d for land use/land cover mapping
as a function of forest loss and soi loss. Remote ^^ for soil loss estimation. Four time
and detecting land cover change. Umversd. so. Loss were used „ make the analysis
series data, that Landsat MSS 1973 data TM 1986' f^ in watershed analysis, particularly in
of soil loss and land cover change Land use and land cover
* -
optimally.
KEYWORDS: Land degradation (soil erosion), USLE loss estimated annual soil loss, Post creation change
detection, land use/ land cover classes; forest/vegetation loss.
I
The changing face of the Bale Mountains National Park over

32 years: A study on land cover change
TeshotneE1, Randall, DJL.1 and Kinahan A.A!
1Frankfurt Zoological Society, Bale Mountains Conservation Project, PO Box 165, Robe Ethiopia
ABSTRACT
The Bale Mountains National Park provides a number of important ecological and hydrological services locally,
regionally, apd globally. However, the park and its services are under immense pressure as a result of a rapidly
increasing hjiman population settling within and around its boundaries. It is well documented that human pressure;;
can alter and transform land cover. Using GIS and remote sensing, this study examines and describes the change:;
in land covejr throughout the park over a 32 year period, during which, human population pressure is known tp
have increasjed over time. We analyzed satellite images from the years 1973, 2000 and 2005 in a Digital Imagj<:
Processing system to produce a time series of land cover maps and used GIS to advance the analysis and to trac*:
land cover a)nd landscape dynamics during the study period. It was found that montane forest, which comprise^
more than 4,0% of the total area, was lost at an average annual rate of 3.74 km2 during the study period. Nearly
120 km2 of (nontane forest was lost during this period. Conversely, glades, clearings within montane forest, weijt:
steadily increased in area at an average annual rate of 1.14 km2. Such dynamics were also observed in the Afroalpirw
where pasture lands are expanding very rapidly at a rate of 28 km2 per year, particularly between 2000 and 2005, at
a cost ofErtea, montane forest and woodland which in turn are shrinking at a rate of 13 km2, 15 km2 and 1.77 km:
every year thjrough out this period. Moreover, this study also found that the numbers of patches in all the land cover
classes were increasing while average patch size decreased. This study shows that forest and woodlands are being;
transformed; into grasslands across the study area as well as nearly all land cover classes undergoing fragmentation.
We suggest tjhat such landscape transformations are as a result of increased human pressure on the parks land, which
appears to b£ accelerated in more recent times.
KEYWORDS: Bale Mountains, Fragmentation, GIS, Land cover, Remote Sensing
Assessing The Impact of Sea Level Rise on Vulnerable Coastal
Communities in a Remote Sensing Environment
AppeaningAddoy K.' andLarbi, L.2
University of Ghana
'Department of Oceanography and Fisheries, (kappeaning-addo@ugedu.gh; Appeaning@yahoo.com Phone:
+233 20 8169555)
2Environmental Science Program
ABSTRACT
Inundation and the episodic flooding caused by spring tide in low-lying coastal environments are expected to
increase due to sea level rise caused by global warming. This development threatens both human settlement and
natural habitats within such vulnerable areas. Sea level rise is a significant and growing danger to the coastal
communities worldwide. The impact of sea level rise will be more pronounced in developing countries where data
for sustainable managing the coastal environment is scarce. This paper presents a comprehensive assessment of the
expected impacts of sea level rise within the Dansoman coastal community in Accra, Ghana. Impact of future sea
level rise was modeled using SIMclim model, which is based on the modified Bruun rule. The IPCC predicted
global scenarios, tidal and wave climates, historic rate of erosion and other geomorphic parameters were model
input parameters. The simulated results were overlaid on near vertical aerial photographs obtained in 2005 and
analysed. It emerged that the shoreline in Dansoman could recede by about 202 m inland by the year 2100 with
baseline from 1970-1990, which compared fairly well with an earlier study by Appeaning Addo et al. > (2008). The
study also revealed that about 84% of the local dwellers in the Dansoman coastal community are aware of the
rising sea level in the coastal area. However, a significant percentage of this number do not understand the causes
of sea level rise and have poor measures of adapting to the effects of flood disasters. It came out that approximately
645,556 people, 926 buildings and a total area of about 0.78km2 of land are vulnerable to permanent inundation
by the year 2100. The study has demonstrated that there will be considerable losses to both life and property by the
year 2100 in the Dansoman coastal area in the likely event of sea level rise.
KEYWORDS: sea level rise, climate change, inundation, coastal erosion, Accra coast
The use of Geospatial tools in Gully Erosion Assessment and
Monitoring in the Zhulube Meso-catchment
of the Limpopo Basin
Farai Dondofema
(chinomukutu @gmail. com)
ABSTRACT
Assement an< 1 monitoring of erosion has with the advent of geospatial techniques become more accurate, affordable
and less time consuming. This study was based on the use of GIS, remote sensing and field surveys techniques to
identify gully erosiion within the Zhulube Meso-catchment of the Limpopo Basin in Zimbabwe. GIS, remote sensing
and field surveys techniques were used to determine the sedimentation and stream power indices while statistical
analysis focused on the correlation between gully, soil and vegetation characteristics as a means of identifying areas
susceptible to gully erosion. The results from this study illustrate that 56% and 77% of major gullies are discernible
using Landsat TM imagery and Orthophotos respectively. A significant relationship was evident between gully:
depths, stream erosive power and slope gradient at ^=0.62 (p<0.05), while streams sediment loadings showed a
significant effsct
set on the gully depth with at rÔ.02 (p<0.05). It was therefore concluded that Geospatial techniques
are applicable in gully identification, with variable accuracy levels depending on the spatial, spectral and temporal
resolution of he imagery. Geospatial techniques can also be used to determine the sediment load and stream power
with signifiicant levels of accuracy.
KEYWORDS— Erosion, Gully, GIS, Environment, Satellite, Water
AARSE.2010 International Conference - Earth Observationfor Africa's Development Agenda -Abstract Book 61
Radiometric and Data Quality characteristics of the 2nd
Generation Disaster Monitoring Constellation (DMC) satellites
Steve Mackin, Gary Crowley, DMCii Ltd
ABSTRACT
The DMC satellite constellation operates a comprehensive calibration programme that cross calibrates the individual
satellites to achieve a high level of accuracy. This programme incorporates a "gold standard" satellite which carries
out detailed vicarious calibration at a well instrumented test site. In late July 2009, two new 2nd Generation DMC
satellites were launched with 22m GSD with bands equivalent to Landsat bands 2, 3 and 4. These satellites show a
marked improvement in spatial resolution and data quality compared to the first generation systems.
In this presentation the data quality and overall calibration stability of the 2nd generation DMC satellite systems is
compared to the 1st generation systems which still form part of the constellation. Direct comparisons in terms of
Signal to Noise, effective Spatial Resolution (MTF) and CCD stability will be given. The absolute calibration and
relative satellite to satellite inter-calibration will also be described and the uncertainties of the derived data products
will be evaluated.
A summary of the results of the inter-comparison between Landsat 7 and the first generation DMC satellites will
also be given.
In-Orbit Results of the Second Generation Disaster
Monitoring Constellation
/. Ebtak1, Z. de Groot1, O Hawkins2
'SSTL, 2DMCii
ABSTRACT
Over the last years the Disaster Monitoring Constellation (DMC) has literally changed the way in which we view
the world; Providing cost effective, high quality, wide area imagery data to users around the globe. With the launci
of the first tWo spacecraft of the second generation constellation in 2009 and the launch of the second two later this
year, affordable Earth Observation (EO) will be taken to the next level.
i
Next to its jechnical merits the DMC constellation has also proven to be an extremely effective capability building
tool. Over [he years it has helped countries such as Algeria and Nigeria build their in-country capabilities. Aji
example of this is that Nigerians engineers, under supervision of SSTL, have built the NX spacecraft. This spacecrait
is to be launched with NigeriaSat-2 later this year as third and fourth spacecraft in the second DMC constellation.
The second generation spacecraft provides data at 22 m Ground Sampling Distance (GSD). This means that doubh
the amount! of pixels per area is captured in comparison to the first generation DMC that has a GSD of 32 m.
Furthermore the amount of on board storage and downlink rate has increased by an order of magnitude compared
to the first generation. Where the first generation spacecraft could provide a throughput in the order of 650,000
km2 per day* the second generation can capture, store and downlink up to 11,000,000 km2 per day.
This presentation will present an overview of the performance of the second generation DMC based on in-orbi:
results from the current two spacecraft. It will also provide and outlook on the expected constellation performance
once two further spacecraft are launched in late 2010. It will discuss and illustrate, with in-orbit examples, the
merits of tin: system for global disaster monitoring and resource management and will furthermore highlight the
DMC's enabling character for in country capacity building.
AARSE.20W International Conference - Earth Observationfor Africa's Development Agenda - Abstract Book 63
Numerical Modelling of Flooding and
Erosion Using Cellular Automation
Evolutionary Slope and River Model (Caesar) and GIS:A Case
Study of llaroTown in Ogun State, Nigeria
OUyinka D.N., AladetnomiA. S. &OgunUdeS.O
Department ofSurveying and Geoinformatics, Faculty ofEngineering, University OfLagos, Akoka-Lagos,

Nigeria (nihinolayinka@yahoo. co. uk)
ABSTRACT
Flooding/Soil erosion has been one of the challenges man has faced since time immemorial. The wearing away of the
surface of man's God-given asset upon which most activities take place can not but be of great concern due mostly
to its economic impact. Erosion/flood among other things render a piece of land useless for agriculture, mineral
exploration, environmental benefits such as housing, commerce just to mention a few. Effective management of
these soils requires complex modeling operations and spatial analysis in support of soil management planning. This
will help ameliorate the present situation and forecast the future for better and efficient handling. The research is
the numerical modeling of the erosions/flooding in Ilaro town, Nigeria using the cellular automaton evolutionary
slope and river (CAESAR) model. CAESAR occupies a unique space in fluvial modelling. It has the capability
to simulate timescales that are useful to engineers, researchers of fluvial systems (1-100 years) and to simulate
flooding and morphological change of pertinent spatial scales (from 2 km reaches to 400+ km catchments). Indeed,
experience of using CAESAR has shown that its greatest robustness is in simulating general patterns of erosion
and deposition. Spatial (3-D) data collected at Ilaro town was converted into DEM in GIS software environment
and incorporated with flow data into the CAESAR model. The Model simulates morphological changes in river
catchments or reaches, on a flood by flood basis, over periods offive years. This was used to simulate the geomorphic
response of river catchments to changes in climate and/or land cover. Based upon the cellular automaton concept,
repeated iteration of a series of rules on regular mesh of grid cells (that were used to represent the river catchment
studied) determines the behavior of the whole system. The results indicate an erosion rate of 2.5cm per year with
consequent increase in inundation of 4%. The paper recommends urgent sustainable measures such as tree planting,
proper drainage system and waste disposal system.
KEYWORDS: Flooding/Flood, CAESAR, Catchments, Geomorphology, Drainage, Ilaro
66
Assessment of the vulnerability of water resources to seasonal
fires across the Northern sub-Saharan African region
Charles Ichoku
Climate and Radiation Branch, Code 613.2, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771
U.S.A. (Phone: (1) 301-614-6212, Fax: (1) 301-614-6307or (1) 301-614-6420,
E-mail: Charles.Ichoku@nasa.gov)
ABSTRACT
The northern sub-Saharan African (NSSA) region, extending from the southern fringes ofthe Sahara to the Equator,
and stretching west to east from the Atlantic to the Indian ocean coasts, plays a prominent role in the distribution
of Saharan dfist and other airborne matter around the region and to other parts of the world, the genesis of global
atmospheric circulation, and the birth of such major (and often catastrophic) events as hurricanes. Therefore, this
NSSA region represents a critical variable in the global climate change equation. Recent satellite-based studies
have revealed that the NSSA region has one of the highest biomass-burning rates per unit land area among all
regions of the world. Because of the high concentration and frequency of fires in this region, with the associated
abundance of heat release and gaseous and paniculate smoke emissions, biomass-burning activity is believed to be
a major driver of the regional carbon, energy, and water cycles. We acknowledge that the rainy season in the NSSA
region is from April to September while biomass burning occurs mainly during the dry season (October to March).
Nevertheless, these two phenomena are indirectly coupled to each other through a chain of complex processes
and conditions, including land-cover and surface-albedo changes, the carbon cycle, evapotranspiration, drought,
desertification, surface water runoff, ground water recharge, and variability in atmospheric composition, heating
rates, and cinfulation. In this presentation, we will examine the theoretical linkages between these processes, discuss
the preliminary results based on satellite data analysis, and provide an overview ofplans for more integrated research
to be conducted over the next few years.
Spatio-temporal Analysis of Land Degradation in Ibadan, Nigeria
Gbadegesin Adeniyi, Fashae Olutoyin and Onafeso Olumide
Department ofGeography, University ofIbadan, Nigeria (E-mail: adeniyig@yahoo.com)
ABSTRACT
Remote Sensing and GIS applications are often considered as cost effective procedures for the collection and
processing of large scale data that would otherwise require a very large input of human and material resources. The
ease with which satellite remote sensing data can be rapidly processed with computers provides further opportunities
for the analysis and interpretation of data, resulting in the acquisition of valuable information over large areas for
policy formulation, planning and management decisions.
In most parts of sub-Saharan Africa, land degradation is becoming a serious challenge particularly in the humid rain
forest region. Soils, which constitute one of the most important of the world's natural resources, are strongly varied
in structure and composition. Life on earth is totally dependent on well managed soils, since, poor soil management
reduces agricultural output, disfigures beautiful landscapes, encourages floods and has other catastrophic effects
on animal populations. On the other hand, good soil management helps to reverse the trend of desertification in
several parts of the world. Land cover types, which reflect the quality of the underlying soil, may be used indirectly
as indicators of various levels of land degradation.
This study employs the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) to build a raster GIS based model of soil
loss by water in the Ibadan region, Nigeria. Landsat TM images were obtained for the three epochs of twenty years
between 1968, 1988 and 2008. Input factors were calculated separately and stored as raster layers which were
overlain in the GIS model to calculate the soil loss at pixel value for the three epochs. Mapping of vegetation cover
was carried out by applying TM-Linear Mixture Modelling and NDV1, while the image difference technique was
used in the change detection analysis. The model reveals significant increase in the amount of soil loss in the Ibadan
region from 1968 to 2008, as a result of land cover changes.
It was concluded that the degradation of the soil observed during the last four decades, was caused by effects of
these land cover changes. In conclusion, an evaluation of the accuracy and limitations of the methods employed are
presented in this paper.
AARSE.2010 International Conference - Earth Observation for Africa's DevelopmentAgenda-Abstract Book

Assessing Biomass and Carbon Stocks in War-affected Areas
Usin^ Remote Sensing and GIS : Case Study of Darfur Crises
j Mabgoub Suliman Mobamedain1 Elmar Csaplovics2
JPhD, Remote Sensingfor Forest management-Sudan University ofScience and Technology, Sudan
(mahgoubsul@yahoo.co. uk)
2Prof. ofRemote Sensing and Geoapplied Science- TUD, Chair ofRemote Sensing and Geoapplied Science,
Germany (csaplovi@rcs.urz.tu-dresden.de)
ABSTRACT
Forest-cover in the tropics is changing rapidly due to indiscriminate removal of timber from many localities, which
might be oneiof the major sources of carbon emission and global climate change in recent decades. Sudan suffers
prolonged episode of violent conflicts such as the civil war in the south that ended 2005 and the ongoing tribal
conflict in Datfur state which started early 2003. One of the war reasons was the competition upon limited forest
and rangelano] resources. The conflict led to a death of more than 100000 people and displace of about 2.7 million
Now there is growing concern about the environmental impact of Darfurs conflict upon limited forest resources
The national *nd international efforts are intending to resettle the displaced people to their home places Most
displaced people were from rural areas where houses are constructed from wood, straw and grasses. As the forest
resources are ljmited, some measures are needed to be taken in advance to the resettlement so as to minimize risk
upon environment. Therefore, the study aims to assess and highlight the threats of expected resettlement upon
biomass and carbon stocks of Darfur's woodlands resources (mainly forest and grasslands) using remote sensing,
Geographical Information System, field survey and documented reports.
Darfur has an annual wood depletion rate 0.8 % and annual allowable cut of 6236776 m'. The total population of
Darfur is about 4.8 million, 70% of them from rural areas and they depend 90% upon foci wood as main source of
fuel. The annual wood consumption (foel wood and building) was estimated by 3216238 m3 with average of 0.73
m3 per capita. The total displaced households in Darflir about 308571.
The study used stratified random sampling design based-on unsupervised classification of landsat ETM data and
SPOT Free Vegetation NDVI for field data collection and estimate of above-ground biomass for selected areas
Diameters and heights of trees inside sample plots were measured. Models and equations were developed to estimate
the number of stems and wood volume. Later supervised classification and vector queries were used to delineate the
inventoried areas and production of wood and grassland classes. NDVI maps and indices were also produced and
used for verification and estimation of biomass. ERDAS Imagine,, ArcGIS and SPSS software were used for data
analysis and manuplation. CarbonFix Standards and online examples were used for wood and grass conversions and
carbon estimate.
Results showed that Darfur has a total area of 81.3 million ha, of which 22 million is a woody resource (including
wooded grassland). It has been calculate that each household needs about 0.5 m3 of wood and 0.45 tones of grass
for building a house. Accordingly, the study found that the total wood expected to be removed estimated at 155000
m3 and this would release about 100000 tons of CO2. In the same way, about 138000 tones of grass would be
removed and this was estimated to release more than 638000 tons of CO2. The study concludes that there are
threats expected to Darfor's biomass and CO2; hence more research and environmental measures are needed before
the resettlement to avoid degradation and protect the greenhouse.
KEYWORDS: biomass, CO2, war, remote sensing
Wetland Mapping using Geo-Spatial Technology
Nathaniel O. Adeoye andA. Adediji
Department ofGeography, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ik-Ife (nadeoye@yahoo.com, remiadediji2003@

yahoo.co.uk)
ABSTRACT
Wetlands are among the world's most productive environment. They are cradles ofbio- diversity, providing the water
and primary productivity upon which large numbers of plant and animal species depend for survival. Unfortunately,
they are also among the world's most threatened ecosystems, owing mainly to continued drainage, urbanization,
pollution, over-exploitation or other unsustainable uses of their resources. The lack of baseline wetland inventory
and limited accessibility to the available ones have been identified as major limitations for sustainable use and
management of wetland resources. This study therefore, utilized multispectral remote sensing data and global
positioning system (GPS) for mapping and assessing spatial and temporal variation in the status of wetlands in the
study area. The images were processed using ILWIS 3.2 Academic. The combined digital image processing and visual
image interpretation were used to identify and segment wetlands in the image data. The coordinates of all identified
wetlands and various anthropogenic activities on them were taken using GPS to show the spatial pattern ofwetland
areas. The result indicated that wetlands are decreasing in the area extent in the study area due to anthropogenic
factors, the most important of them is the conversion ofwetlands to residential and commercial land use.
factors
KEYWORDS: Wetlands; multispectral images; geospatial technology; anthropogenic
70
Land Cover (agriculture, pasture, and forest)
! Societal Economic Zones
Douglas S. Way
ChiefScientist, MDA Information Systems, MDA Information Systems Inc., 6011 Executive Blvd., Rockville,
MD 20852 (cellphone (240) 498-0548, email: doug.way@mdafederal.com)
ABSTRACT
A geospatial model has been developed to characterize food growing, pasture, and forested areas as to economic
market. Food growing zones are defined combining Ramankutty global agriculture (11 major food group) maps
derived from femote sensing and FAO statistical data. Irrigated land mapping is derived from FAO global irrigation
maps. In addition, global forest areas are included there have been derived from MODIS. Final characterization
categories are: irrigated agriculture, rain fed crop zones, rain fed crop-pasture mix, pasture, and dominantly forest.
These land cover categories are ofcritical importance in supporting agrainian societies largely in developing countries.
A geospatial model was then developed to define economic zones (urban, urban fringe, rural developed, rural fringe,
subsistence) as a function to varying degrees of market access. Combinations of the land use typing and markets
(such as: rural fringe irrigated agriculture, rural fringe rain fed cropping, rural fringe rain fed crop pasture mix, rural
fringe pasture, rural fringe pasture, and rural fringe barren) result in the definition of how societies interface with
market structures that can be used when abnormal conditions occur whether natural disasters or droughts. This
mapping structure has been completed for all of Africa and a number of specific situations will be illustrated.
Modeling the Spatial Distribution of the Anopheles Mosquito for
Malaria Risk Zoning using Remote Sensing and GIS.
A case study in the Zambesi Basin of Zimbabwe
Francis Danquah Ohemeng
(Box Ml54, Accra, Ghana, ohemengfd@yahoo.com)
ABSTRACT
Malaria transmission can be viewed as a unified system of the vector (mosquito), the human host and the
environment.
Application of Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System is increasingly being used in recent years for
studying disease epidemiology. These techniques allow an increased use of spatial analysis of environmental factors
that contribute to the spread of vector-borne diseases by identifying hot spots, monitoring disease patterns, and
defining areas (locations) that need attention in disease control planning.
Data collected by satellites and validated by fieldwork are extensively used for monitoring changes in disease patterns
and delineating risk areas. How these data products, when incorporated in a geographic database, could be used to
develop a spatial model for malaria risk zoning for effective malaria control planning in Zimbabwe is the subject of
this study.
The study took place in 1997 in the Piriwiri, Umfuli and Magondi communal lands which are located in the
Hurungwe and Makonde administrative districts of the Mashonaland Province of Zimbabwe, and which form part
of the Zambesi Basin.
Specific environmental factors favourable for the habitat of the malaria vector were identified based on expert
knowledge and used to predict the suitability of the area for the Anopheles mosquito using Indicator Kriging
Algorithm. By this method threshold environmental conditions for the survival of the Anopheles mosquitoes
are set. The environmental indicators (conditions) are then transformed into indicator (dummy) values of 1
(favourable) and 0 (not favourable). The probability of exceedance of this threshold condition is then determined
by spatial interpolation of the indicator variables using Indicator Kriging algorithm. This allows the prediction of
the probability that a particular area (location) is suitable for the malaria vector.
The potential spatial distribution of the malaria vector (An. arabiensis) in the Mashonaland was classified and used
to determine areas that are potentially risky for malaria.
The result showed that, except a few areas in the communal lands of Umfuli that were highly favourable for the
Anopheles mosquito, most of the study area were moderately favourable for Anopheles mosquitoes. Less favourable
areas were mainly located in the Piriwiri Communal lands.
The spatial distribution of malaria was determined using clinical malaria data from 6 health clinics in the study
area. As there were only a limited malaria data for the area during field work and also because not all malaria cases
were reported at the clinics due to the poor nature of the roads and lack of adequate transport facilities, a travel
(accessibility) map was calculated and used to determine potential sources of malaria case recorded at the clinics.
Malaria incidence was expressed as a function of accessibility to clinics, the percentage of reported malaria cases and
the size of the population. Population size was determined according to the size of the settlements in the communal
lands. The highest malaria incidences were observed in Umfuli ward 18, the lowest in Piriwiri.
AARSE.2010 International Conference - Earth Observation fir Africa's Development Agenda - Abstract Book
Malaria risk areas were determined by comparing the predicted malaria incidences with the potential vector
distribution.
High malaria incidences were generally associated with areas which are also favourable for the vector, while in areas
which are not so favourable, malaria incidences were low.
i
i
Combining QIS and remote sensing applications with geostatistical analysis is a promising approach to define
malaria risk areas. However, further quantitative research is needed to validate the relationships within the malaria
transmission system, especially on the vector and the human environment aspects.
Risk Assessment of Oil Pipeline Vandalization in the Coastal
Areas: A Case Study of Lagos, Nigeria
Omodanisi, E. O.1 and Salami, A. T.2
1 Space Application and Environmental Science Laboratory, Institute ofEcology and Environmental Studies,
Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria(esfunmi@yahoo.com)
2Head, Space Application and Environmental Science Laboratory, Institute ofEcology and Environmental
Studies, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria(ayobasalami@yahoo.com)
ABSTRACT
Oil spill from oil pipeline vandalization on the mangrove vegetation in Ilado coastal area of Lagos, Nigeria remains
a critical issue. The oil pipeline has been vandalized and the Right of Way (ROW) encroached upon by settlements.
Vandalization of the Oil pipeline and its attendant oil spill, explosion and fires are common occurrences in this area;
and it is located between latitudes 6° 240 000 and 6° 260 000 N and longitudes 3° 200 000 and 3° 220 300 E . It
is a low, marshy area along the shore of the great Atlantic and is in Amuwo-Odofin Local Government Area (LGA)
in Lagos state, Nigeria.
The main objective of this study is therefore to demonstrate the application of Remote Sensing and Geographical
Information System in determining the proximity of settlements to the pipeline towards efficient monitoring and
management of oil pipeline and oil spill induced fire disaster in the study area. The study was with the view of
providing oil spill response centres for adequate risk disaster management. The study was conducted using Landsat
ETM+ 2005 and Ikonos 2007. A handheld Global positioning system (GPS) (Magellan model; accuracy level =
± 10m) was used to identify the coordinate of obvious (well dispersed) benchmarks as training samples for geo-
referencing and identification on the satellite imageries that has been acquired. The Landsat ETM+ 2005 and Ikonos
2007 satellite data were processed using ERDAS IMAGINE 9-2 image processing software. The Ikonos image used
for this study was rectified by the selection of distinguishable ground control points (GCP's) in the image, such
as road intersections. These points were then assigned the appropriate reference information, such as latitude/
longitude or UTM coordinates obtained from the ortho-photo map, Landsat ETM+ (2005) and from fieldwork
utilizing global positioning systems (GPS). After which a subset of the area of interest was extracted from the image,
the image was then classified using the supervised classification technique of maximum likelihood algorithm. Also,
spatial analysis was performed using the 'buffer operation'. 'Buffer operation' was used to determine the topology
and proximity of the pipeline to othet land uses. The buffer operation creates a new polygon data set, where a
specified distance is drawn around specific features within a layer. The distances varied based on the stipulated
attribute values. For this study, buffer zones were created at 50 m and 500 m around the pipeline using ArcGIS 9.2.
This was overlaid by the vector map layer containing the cartographic database of the selected communities in the
studied LGA. The results of the overlay operation of the vector based cartographic (location) database on the result
of the buffer operation were used to determine the extent of the vulnerability of the settlements in the oil pipeline
corridor and to suggest and locate six oil spill response centre. Three of these centers were suggested within the most
vulnerable settlements, while the other three centers were suggested in the other settlements that are also along the
pipeline ROW. Subsequently, geo-spatial database was created for monitoring of oil pipelines Right Of Way (ROW)
in the area to facilitate location information, integration, mapping and further analysis within the study area.
This study concluded that the mangrove vegetation and oil pipeline in Ilado coastal area is at risk of being destroyed
by settlements that have encroached on the pipeline ROW. The study demonstrated the use ofa geospatial technology
in providing decision support information for oil pipelines prone to disaster.
Challenges Presented by Application of Remote Sensing in Soutl
JAfrica: A Proposed Case Study for Risk Assessment
for Sustainable Development
Luncedo Ngcofe
Councilfor Geoscience: P O Box 572 Bellville 7535, South Africa ( 021 943 6739 Email: Lngcofe@
geoscience.org.za)
ABSTRACT
South Africa produces large quantities of mineral waste (e.g. ^468 million tons in 1997), resulting in the creation
of slimes dams (also known as mine dumps) on a large scale by mining companies. These dams are generally not
vegetated and therefore provide a major source of dust as well as soil and ground water pollution. Environmental
implications of slime dams also include contamination of streams by acidic surface run-off and risk of catastrophic
dam failure. Monitoring of mine waste repositories through remote sensing data contributes towards identification
and mitigation of these problems. The objective of this study is to investigate the possibility of discriminating
between normal waterbodies and slime dams through hyperspectral remote sensing techniques which could not be
achieved using more conventional remote sensing techniques.
The challenges which this study addresses are not unique to South Africa but apply also to the rest of developing
and under-developed countries in Africa. Remote Sensing technology and techniques evolve quickly and human
resources in Africa may have difficulty in keeping pace. One of the growth areas ofremote sensing is the development
of hyperspectral sensors accompanied by improved techniques in data analysis. Hyperspectral sensors acquire many
(> 50) very narrow, contiguous spectral bands ranging from 0.4 to 2.5 micrometers. This contiguous narrow band
width allows for detailed examination of Earth's surface features not possible using the relative coarse bandwidth
used by muitispectral scanners. However, the high cost associated with the acquisition of hyperspectral data is the
limiting factor. In this study multispectral ASTER imagery is applied to investigate the differentiation ofwaterbodies
and slime dams through hyperspectral techniques. Preliminary results reveal that hyperspectral techniques applied
to multispectral imagery can differentiate between slime dams and normal waterbodies, and also highlight areas
which are contaminated by slimes dam effluent.
AARSE.2010 International Conference - Earth Observationfor Africa's Development Agenda -Abstract Book 75
An Integrated Evaluation of Eco-Environmental Vulnerability in
Efon Alaye Using Remote Sensing and GISTechniques
Adia S. Oro-ghene, Z. D. Adeyewa
Federal University of Technology, Akure Ondo State (adiaoros@yahoo.com)
ABSTRACT
This study evaluates the eco-environmental vulnerability ofEfon Alaye located in Ekiti State, Nigeria, which is a typical
mountainous region with steep slope and an upland ecosystem. An integrated Remote Sensing and Geographical
Information System approach has been used to analyse the eco-environmental vulnerability of the region. Satellite
data of the study area for two periods 1986 and 2002 were used for the analysis. Spatial Multi-Criteria Evaluation
operation was used to generate the vulnerability map of the study area. Indicators used are landuse, vegetation map
(NDVI) and slope map generated from Digital Elevation Model. The vulnerability distribution was classified into
five levels- potential, slight, moderate, high and extreme. The results show that the eco-environmental vulnerability
in the study is at potential level and the driving forcings of this change is attributed mainly to the cultural activities of
the inhabitants of the study area and from studies which have shown that the study area has low soil water retention
capacity. The results of this study have also shown that integrating Remote Sensing, Geographical Information
System and using Spatial Multi-Criteria Evalution to evaluate eco-environmental vulnerability in mountainous
reeions will assist decision makers in environmental management.
KEYWORDS: GIS, Remote sensing, DEM, SMCE, Eco-environmental Vulnerability
■^"Tmsaaawifrm&^S^H _. __
Comparative Analysis of Climate Change Vulnerability in

Central Rift Valley and Adjacent Arsi Highlands Using
Remote Sensing and GIS
Getnet Feyissa
Ethiopian Radio and Television Agency, English News and Current Affairs Desk (Mob 091211 9484,
0911369465, E-mailgetyonani@yahoo.com)
ABSTRACT
climate chanee is wiHelv <ttwA\*A ^,,^^.^,-U, c ?_ i . _

seriousness of
—Zt^K?^ 7 ^ ability Ethiopia is inevitablewhere insufficient

amount of data s available. Th,s study tries to include all ecological zones of the country that ranges from Peak of
Ch,lalo Mountam to lowlands of Fentalle with the total area of 7758.3 W This stuJy focuses on ZZlZ the
In all this work arcGIS9.3, ERIDAS IMAGINE 9.2, IDRISI KILIMANJARO and ENVI software have been used
-■ ■""■ *
AARSE2010 International Conference - Earth ObservationforAfrica's DevelopmentAgenda - Abstraô~oT

77
Remote Sensing and GIS Application in The Study of Gully
Erosion and Landslides in Anambara State, Nigeria
DangBitrusAkila', Efron Gajere*, Joellgbokwe*, OmomohEmmanuel*
^National Centrefor remote Sensing, Jos (e-mail: bitrusakih@yahoo.com)
2National Centrefor remote Sensing, Jos
3NnamdiAzikewe university, Awka
National Centrefor remote Sensingjos
ABSTRACT
wmmmm
public enlightenment to te-orientate the citonry on the damaging effects ofgull.es „ .
78
Ged-visualization and Spatial Analysis of the Environmental
Impacts of Ife - Modakeke Communal Clash after a Decade
M. Soumah1, R.O. Oyhiloytr
Regnal Centrefor Training in Aerospace Surveys (RECTAS), Obafemi Au>olowo University (OAU) campus
Science and Technology Park, OffRoad 1, PM.B. 5545, lie - Ife> Nigeria
1soumah @rectas. org
2oyinloye@rectas. org
ABSTRACT
wmm
immmm
io^ Conference-Earth Observationfor Africa's DevelopmentAgenda-Abstract Book 79

Comparison of remote sensing and meteorological drought
monitoring indicators in the Greater Horn of Africa
Stepanie Horion', Barbosa P.1, Kurnik, B.2 and Vogt, J.'
•hint Research Centre ofthe European Commission (JRQ, Institutefor Environment and Sustainability
v Tel: +39 0332.789661 - Fax: +39.0332.786394)

'European Environment Agency (EEA), Copenhagen, Denmark
ABSTRACT
well known by monitoring vegetation could also be used as drought indicators.
therefore to better trigger timely and appropriate actions on the held.
into an integrated drought indicator.
et
al 1993). In this equi-probablitity transformation, as
(Gob'on ^M999). For both indexes, anomalies were estimated using available satellite
- Earth Observation for Africa's Development Agenda -Abstract Book
AARSE.2010 Internath
80
Cros-correfation between the two remote sensing index anomalies and between these and SPI were analyzed for
five land covers forest, shrubland, grassland, sparse grassland, cropland and bare soil) over different region^n the
Greater Horn of Africa. The time window for the statistical analysis was set to the rainy season, J Hthe mt*
c meal period for vegetation growth. Moreover the behaviour of those indicators was also investig ted during rnajor
b2NofcdMcv; rantes
both NDWI and MGVI anomalies they aresh°wed that low
generally a)though significant
(R< 0.5). correkt!ons
Both NDWI and =*b— sn-TZ
MGVI anomalies seem
to have the -me correlation with SPI-3 when considering all the land cover classes together but theTel !
fzr e invesdgated when considering spedfic hndh 'i id
!ame
same.
l™ ^n hV «* indicator regarding drought occurrence is not exactly the
investigation enables to better understand how and in which circumstances each of the indicator
hb:
i-ucn as
^^mgvT this Tld pave therto build an integrated dh idi
and MGVI as complementary information. ^
Detection and Analysis ofVegetation Fire Using Earth
Observation Data in the Central Part of Benin Republic
Joseph Olouko?, Christophe S. Houssou?
,Regional Centrefir Training* Aerospace Surveys (RECJAS), Obafem,f^^

5545 Ile-Ife Nigeria; Courriel (chabi3os@yahoo.fr, obukoi&rectas. org)
department OfGeofaphy, VacuityofLiterature, Arts and Human Sciences, (FLASH), University ofAbomey
J " r Calavi, Republic OfBenin, BP 526, christpasse@yahoo.fr
ABSTRACT
In most African ecosystems, fire is a natural and beneficial disturbance of vegetation structure and composition.
In BenLWparticularly in the northern and central part of the country, burning represents a culturd radmon
which is not easy to overcome. Used as a work tool generally by rural populates, fires serve for land clearmg for
2iul ural purposes, pasture management for breeding, and animal tracking for hunters. It has been noted tha^95
ênt of wildfires inforestland are human-caused and are usually followed by damages -^d~^
reduction of the area of forest lands, disappearance of sensitive speaes, exposure of soils to wmd and water erosion
detmction of wildlife habitats, destruction of living conditions and harvests (cotton, yam, maize, sorghum, etc.)
in rural land, Etc.
Ue present study aims at analyzing the dynamics of land-use and bush fire with the akl of samite imagery of
Landsat TM 1986 and ETM+ 2000 both of 30m resolution, combmed with those of Nêr.asat-1 of 2006 with
32m resolln and image data from MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) from 2000 to
2009.
fires between the periods 1986,

fares between me penoas j
2000 and 2006. The burnt zone surfaces have increased between 1986 and
^ q{ ^ JQ% ^^ ^ bumt area
S ofbush fires in the center ofthe Republic ofBenin. These fires start in the west and spread
progressively toward the east-central.
KEYWORDS: Vegetation Fire, Land use/ Land cover, MODIS, Landsat

Pre-Dredging and Navigational Potential Analysis of the
Niger-Benue Confluence Area, Lokoja, Nigeria Using
Remote Sensing and GIS
igh M. L.1, Mohammed, S. O.2 andjeb, D. N. 3
!Dept. ofSurveying and Geoinformatics, Federal University ofTechnology, Minna, Nigeria (E-mail: Imojigi®
yahoo, com)
2National Space Research and Development Agency (NASRDA), Abuja, Nigeria
3National Centrefor Remote Sensing (NCRS)fos, Nigeria
ABSTRACT
The physical, industrial and socio-economic development derivatives ofwater transport system in a multi-resourced
country like Nigeria is invaluable. Therefore, the Federal Government of Nigeria has indicated a significant interest
and recently awarded a contract for the dredging and expansion of its inland waterways along the River Niger from
Bam to On.tsha and the Delta region of the country in order to boost its inland water transport and navigation
systems; which will enhance its industrial, international maritime and socio-economic services. In view of this
renewed interest in water transport and navigation in Nigeria, coupled with the cost-effective, timely, flexible
and synoptic advantages of data and information infrastructure from space-based and geospatial technologies
tor the sustainable spatial management of its coastal and inland waterways, this study attempts a pre-dredginR
and navigational potential analysis of the Niger-Benue confluence area using remote sensing and geographic
Information System (GIS). Indeed, applications of space-based geospatial technology to the deep ocean, coasts
estuaries marginal seas and inland water ways have progressed from applications that merely collect and display data
to complex simulation, modeling, and the development of new coastal and marine research methods and concepts
(Wright and Halpin, 2006). The study area is geographically located between latitudes 7° 45' N and 8° 00' N of the
equator and longitudes 6° 45' N and T 00' E of the Greenwich meridian (figure 1). The study therefore aims at PrC-
dredging and navigational potential analysis of the Niger-Benue Confluence Area, Lokoja using remote sensing and
geospatial information system (GIS) to provide relevant basis for the qualitative and quantitative socio-economic
and ecological post-dredging impact and waterway monitoring and assessment of the area. The specific objectives
include (.) the right ofway (ROW) and waterway and water corridor mapping of the Niger-Benue Confluence Area
from NgenSat-1, LandsatTM, and SPOT-5 imageries, in order to determine the surface area of the water and non-
water surfaces in its right of way; (ii) creating the digital terrain model (DTM) from Shuttle Radar Topographic
Mission (SRTM) data to be used to extract the flood plain along the right of way of the River Niger; and (iii) to
carry out the navigat.onal potential assessment of the dredging and expansion of the river water ways, in and around
Lokoja area using geospatial database analysis.
The methods of data collection and analysis include: satellite image data and base-map data collection (NigeriaSat-1
Landsat TM, SPOT-5, topographic/soil/geological maps, etc), ground truthing/fieldwork and river ROW analysis
data/information from interdisciplinary interactions and expert questionnaires, production of the DTM of
the waterway corridors from SRTM, satellite image/map data processing and spatial analysis, and GIS database
development and analysis. The processing software used includes Erdas Imagine 9.1, ArcGIS 9.2, ILWIS 3 3
ArcView 3.2a and Surfer 8 software respectively. ' ' '
The preliminary results of the research include land use map of the Niger-Benue Confluence Area produced
digital terrain model (DTM) and contour maps, GIS database of the area, volume and depth profiles for the
dredging operation at minimum width and depth of 100m and 3m respectively, pre-dredging impact assessment
on the environment, settlers and navigation. The primary effects of channel straightening and enlargement on the
environment people and navigation are the removal of riparian vegetation and changes in channel stability and
in the hydraulic and hydrologic regime. Therefore, the study will further highlight the spatial consequences of the
83
proposed dredging on the lower Niger channel instability, hydrologic and hydraulic effects, aesthetics, recreation,
water quality, terrestrial habitat, aquatic habitat and fishing, the ecology and bank erosion, navigation and socio-
economic derivatives. In the pre-dredging impact assessment, the assessment ofthe effect of dredging and expansion
of navigation right ofway (ROW) on the confluence area and transport patterns in Lokoja and the surrounding area
is important. Of particular interest is whether there are more or less gradual or rapid destruction of the natural river
bank defence, which may lead to serious river bank erosion and slope failures.
84
Automatic Identification of Buildings Demolished by Disasters
Using Oblique Images
Adam P. Nyaruhutna
SGST,Ardhi University, Tanzania/ITC, Twente University, Netherlands (P.O. Box35176Dar essalaam,

Tanzania, nyaruhumaO9656@itc.nl)
ABSTRACT
When Tsunami, earth quakes or such disasters happen, information on the demolished buildings is not only very
importantbut also urgently required, in the first place for rescue purposes and later for redevelopment planning.
Data for ttiis purpose is remote sensing satellite images for coarse resolution or airborne aerial capture for more
details. Te< :hnologies are also already allowing acquisition ofmultiple oblique images at the same time. Examples are
the PFIFF camera system (Grenzdorffer et al., 2008) for side views and the Pictometry system which captures five
images at the same time (Wang et al., 2008). '.
Oblique images are rarely used for automatic topographic data acquisition and update due to variations of scile
and the ne:d for multiple images due to occlusion. However, side views allow better identification of imaged objects
and may bfc useful for verification of buildings. It has also been shown that accurate exterior and interior orientation
information can be improved by using the method that incorporates scene constraints in triangulation of oblique
images (Gerke and Nyaruhuma, 2009) where it was shown that the RMSE at check points in object space was
around 20(an for all three components after the self-calibration bundle adjustment.
This paperi presents a method for automatic identification of buildings or building parts (walls) that are demolished
or still exi^t at a location given multiple overlapping oblique images. A cadastral map of buildings in the area is
assumed to be available and up to date before the disaster.
In the developed method, for each line segment of a building footprint in the 2D map, a hypothesis vertical plane
is constructed and images of different perspectives are projected to this plane. The resulting rectified image patches
are compared. For the current implementation, the comparison is done by matching SIFT features (Lowe, 2004).
Experiments done using existing and demolished (simulated) buildings show that if a wall is demolished, there axe
no matches while if the wall exists there are considerable matches.
The data used was captured for an area with existing buildings but the results using these existing buildings and
simulated demolished buildings are potentially useful for identifying buildings affected during disasters.
Input data: a) The 2D map for verification, b)One of the oblique images used - Image: ©Blom
Existing wall identification: a) A wall in two images from different perspectives b) rectified images c) lines pointing
on SIFT-matched points
Spatial modelling of vulnerability to floods in Central
Mozambique: Integration of community and expert
perceptions in a spatial manner
Stefan Kienberger
Salzburg University, Centrefor Geoinformatics (Z_GIS), Schillerstrasse 30, 5020 Salzburg, Austria (+43
662 80445267, stefan.kienberger@sbgac.at)
ABSTRACT
Mozambique is regularly affected through natural hazards such as droughts, cyclones and floods. A major disaster
even has been the floods in the year 2000, which led to various initiatives in regard to disaster response and early
warning. Recent events have shown that these initiatives showed the successful direction of these measures.
In the District ofBuzi a community based flood early warning system has been initiated. Precipitation and water level
measurements are carried out upstream of the Rio Buzi by local community members, which are then transmitted
to the local warning centre in the town of Buzi and then transmitted via radio to the possible affected communities
A central element has been the establishment of disaster risk reduction committees where volunteers were identified
which were specifically trained and assigned certain tasks.
Next to that, the district level is furthermore empowered to conduct disaster risk reduction measures which are
linked to different decentralization policies. Therefore certain need arises, to target the community and district
level with appropriate (spatial) information to successfully conduct their risk reduction and response activities.
To support the local disaster committees within their local risk reduction strategies a hazard/vulnerability mapping
method has been developed and published in an end-user's manual. The specific objectives for the case study
have been identified as the compilation and design of a community vulnerability map which should assist the
community members within their disaster risk reduction measures, to map the community according to the needs
of the communities in a participatory manner, to define, analyse and prioritise the driving forces of vulnerability
according to the perception of the communities and to enhance the 'maps' through spatial analysis results for
different community characteristics related to disaster risk reduction. In the proposed and developed methodology
it has been demonstrated that the assessment of risks through the integration of community knowledge in a spatial
manner through the application of paper-based satellite images is valid. It is clear that such mapping approaches,
which include a representative group of a community, has to be seen as a snapshot. But for the purpose of a
participatory approach it is appropriate to start such a process within the community. This has been highlighted
through the identification of vulnerability factors and their weights, which may also be applied in a monitoring
sense for project implementers to assess their objectives within community-based disaster risk reduction programs.
Results of course have to be critically interpreted again as there might be biases due to the facilitator's input or just
because of the composition of different groups or certain characteristics of specific communities. However, this
actually represents a cost-effective approach, to obtaining an understanding of the needs, challenges and priorities
from a community-perspective, which might, on the other hand only be possible through long-lasting research and
field works, which are practically not implementable in current project designs.
Additionally, it has been aimed at supporting the district level with an integrated modelling of vulnerability which
takes expert and community knowledge into consideration. Therefore the central objectives ofdistrict modelling have
been to provide the district level with an integrated, spatial modelling of the different dimensions of vulnerability
at a sub-district level, to allow for decomposition of vulnerability and for exploration of the underlying factors
of vulnerability and to integrate the knowledge of experts (researchers, decision makers, district managers etc.)
and of local communities in identifying appropriate measures and weights for representing vulnerability. The
86
AARSE.2010 International Conference -Earth Observationfor Africa's Development Agenda -Abstract Book
»«"■** GIS. Remote, Sensing
87
Geospatial Analysis of accident Prone areas on Roads-
A pilot study of mararraban jama,a to forest
Efron. Gajere*, D.D. DabU*'Bitrus. Dang>, Hyelpamdurva YaroJoshualUya>, Titus Dashan*
' National Centre For Remote Sensing, Jos (hyelpamduwa@yahoo.com)
2Dept of Geography University ofJos
3National Centre For Remote Sensing, Jos
ABSTRACT
1989 "he figure had increased to about 5 times i.e. more than 92,500 deaths (oluwasanmt, 93).
remedial measures (Kalga and Silanda 2002).
E^
prone
location on roads can be easily implemented using a GIS.
image using remote sensing and GIS. The specific met^3 satellite image, records of accident black
ITwete conducted whereby the pictures and GPS coordinates of the black spots were recorded.
from ILWIS
Conclusion
W Conference _ Earth Observation for Africa's Development Agenda - Abstract Book

Bo
planning rbad safety measures. Also these can be supplemented with the results obtained by using other approaches
Moreover the results can act as a quick guideline for road network planners and the authorities concerned wit
accident rr|itigation measures. i
AARSE.2010 international Conference - Earth Observationfor Africa's Devebpment Agenda - Abstract Book 89
An Assessment of the Suitability Of Abandoned Mine Pits for
Solid Waste Management and Sustainable Development
of the Affected Area, Central Nigeria
G.U. Yesuf1, R.O. Oyinhye'J. Olouko?
Regional Centrefor Training in Aerospace Surveys (RECTAS), Science and Technology Park, OffRoad 1,
Obafemi Awolowo University campus, PMB 5545, lie Ife, Nigeria
1yesuf@rectas.org, 2oyinloye@rectas.org, 3obukoi@rectas.org
ABSTRACT
The problem ofwaste management in most Nigerian cities is directly related to the ever increasing urban populations.
The solid waste disposal capacity ofJos South in central Nigeria has not been developed to accommodate the rising
population It is well known that creating a sustainable and healthy urban environment involves good management
of the available infrastructures as well as effective solid waste disposal system in the urban areas. This paper examines
the suitability of abandoned mine pits for solid waste management and sustainable development of the aftected area
especially when the environment has been highly degraded as a result of past mining activities.
Factor and constraint criteria analysis integrated with geographic data sets obtained from topographic maps of the
area in a GIS environment was carried out and SPOT satellite image of 5m spatial resolution was acquired and
processed to update the various land use types in the study area. The factor criteria were used to determine areas or
coincidence between the abandoned mine pits, geology, relief and land use while the constraint criteria were used
to establish pits that are unsuitable for solid waste disposal.
The results showed that the abandoned mine fields are comprised of mine ponds and pits. The area covered by mine
pits is about 254.91m2 while the ponds cover 303.38m2. The mine pits cover only 1.64% of area and twelve or
these pits, representing 0.36% or 56.62 m2 of the area under investigation are suitable for handling solid wastes.
AARSE.2010 International Conference - Earth Observation for Africa's Development Agenda -Abstract Book
90
Tropical Forest monitoring using the international
DMC satellite constellation
Paul Stephens, David Hodgson, Owen Hawkins
DMCiiLtd. UK
ABSTRACT
AARSE2010 International Conference'- Earth Observationfor'Afr^ Develop

91
Determination of River Channel Morphological
Changes Using GISTechniques
FASHAE Olutoyin and ONAFESO Olumide
Department of Geography, University oflbadan, Nigeria (E-mail: toyinafashae@gmail.com)
ABSTRACT
investigations.
river channel.
92
Modelling and Timely Prediction of Salinization
using SAHYSMOD in GIS Environment
(a case study of Nakhon Ratchasima,Thailand)
Tsegay Fithanegest Desta, (Abbas) Farshad, D. B. (Dhruba) Pikha Shrestha
ABSTRACT
mssm.
m
KEYWORDS: spatial modelling, prediction, SAHYSMOD, ECFC and DSS 451

Applications of Integrated Spatial Technologies in Flood
Prediction for Abeokuta city Metropolis
Oyedepo.J. A, Idou/u, O andAyinla, O
CIS Unit, Research dr Development Centre, University ofAgriculture Abeokuta (johnoyedepoâhoo.com)
ABSTRACT
land use indices, the high resolution imageries such^ Ikonos and
map sheet of the city^metro land use/cadastre map
S
KEYWORDS: Flood prediction, integrated spatial technologies, Abeokuta city
Geospatial Analysis ofWater Security and Oil Spills in the
Niger Delta Area of Nigeria
Mahmoud Ibrahim Mahmoud
National Oil Spill Detection and Response Agency (NOSDRA), NAIC HOUSE, 5th Floor, Plot 590, ZoneAO
Central Area, PMB 145 GarkiAbuja, Nigeria.
University NEtworkfor Disaster Risk Assessment (UNEDRA)**
ABSTRACT
Geospatial Analysis and its application to environmental monitoring and situational awareness with particular
focus on Oil Spill Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) viz-a-viz food, health and water security are addressed in this
paper. The opportunities for information systems leveraging geospatial information analysis on exploration and
exploitation of oil in Nigeria and their impact on the natural environment are presented. Oil spills resulting from
exploration have had decadal adverse effects such that food, health and water security is threatened, due to toxicitv
of oil. This environmental problem seems to be well recognized by people in the oil-producing areas of Nigerian
Niger Delta. There is no doubt that some attempts have been made to manage this problem, especially following
the establishment of the National Oil Spill Detection and Response Agency when the government acknowledgetf
the fact thaf Oil spillage has continued to constitute very serious danger to the inhabitants of the oil-producing
areas therety resulting in civil unrest in the Niger-Delta. This has resultant effects on the income of the government
in so doing affecting the socioeconomic wellbeing of Nigerians in the long run. Nevertheless, flaws in these
attempts suggest the need for Geospatial Information Technology approach to complement and strengthen current
conventional methods. This is particularly true in the case of oil pollution that has entirely overwhelmed the control
of present management techniques.
This paper ^ttempts to contribute by building a geodatabase of major oil spill incidents and their impact on the
environmenjt in the Niger-Delta using ArcGIS 9.3.
i
These include assessing water quality from a 2006 SPOT 5 satellite data of Niger-Delta by analyzing oil spill as it
affects food,: health and water security using ILWIS 3.6 for a detailed vulnerability assessment.
It also examines efforts that have been made to effectively and professionally respond to spills, especially those that
contaminate surface and ground water. Lasdy a framework is presented which could be valuable in mitigating and
reducing food, health and water disaster risk in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria in achieving the Millennium
Development Goals (MDGs).
AARSE2010 International Conference - Earth Observationfor Africa's DevelopmentAgenda - Abstract Book 95

Analysis of Major Threats to Global Warming in
Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria
Robert Etim Ekpenyong
Department of Geography and Regional Planning, University of Uyo Uyo (robert_etim@yahoo.com)
ABSTRACT
Global Warming is denned as the increase in the average temperature of the Earth. The Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change concludes that the observed temperature increase today is caused by increasing concentrations of
greenhouse gases resulting from human activities such as deforestation, industrialization, urbanization etc. [IPCC,
2007].
Furthermore, the list of countries that have been called upon to cut down on carbon emission does not include
many developing countries. This is in spite of the fact that they are involve in some of the human activities that led
to the present predicament.
Uis underscores the need for different nations of the world [developing and developed] to identify and deal with
those activities that are contributing to global warming in their area. This paper uses Geographic Information
System [GIS] and Remote Sensing based techniques in analyzing the situation in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria.
96 AARSE.2010 International Conference - Earth Observation fir Africa's Development Agenda - Abstract Book
Applications of Remote Sensing for Hydrological
Modeling and Prediction in Africa
YangHtkg1, SadiqKhan1, Pradeep Adhikari1, RobertAdler2> Fritz Potticell?, and Sbahid Habib2
1School of Civil Engineering and Environmental Sciences, University of Oklahoma (e-mailyanghong@ou.edit

Ph: 405-3253644; Fax: 405-325-4217) '
2NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771
ABSTRACT
Motivated by the increasing availability of global remote sensing data for estimating precipitation and describing
land surface characteristics, we have developed and implemented a near real-time, satellite remote sensing-bastf i
NASA-OU CREST distributed hydrologic model to simulate hydrological state and flux variables (runoff, ET, so 1
moisture, and TWS) at l/8th degree and 3-hourly space-time scales (http://oas:gsfc.nasa.gov/CREST/). The higj]-
resolution version of the CREST model has also been implemented for the regional decision-making support arji
capacity building system SERVIR-Africa (www.servir.net) in East Africa at 1-km resolution. In this presentatior,
we utilize the high-resolution CREST distributed hydrological model to retrospectively simulate water cycles :i
several African nations spanning the period of 1985-2009. The objective of this study aims to facilitate practical
application* of remote sensing products and predictive models to advance water resources management in Africa^ l
nations. The ultimate goal is to build and transfer the hydrological modeling capacity to African countries for
supporting their decision-making processes of water resources management and disaster prevention activities. This
project directly address the first objective of GEOSS: Enabling the use of Earth observations and predictive models
for timely disaster decision making to benefit society.
AARSE20W International Conference - Earth Observation for Africa's Development Agenda - Abstract Book 9?
The future of water availability in the Nile Basin: Decoupling the
effects of agricultural land development from climate change
Mutlu Ozdogan, Benjamin E Zaitchik, Shahid Habib, Martha Anderson
ABSTRACT
Climate change is expected to fundamentally alter the hydrological fluxes and water availability in the Nile Basin.
Equally important are the changes in agricultural water use through irrigation and water needs of other land
development including urban areas.
What is less known, however, is the contribution of each of these confounding factors to the availability of water in
the basin. For example, as the upstream countries (e.g. Ethiopia, Sudan) move towards intensive land development
with the help of irrigation, what will be the impact of this development on water availability in the downstream
countries like Egypt? Further exacerbating this situation will be the projected climate change. Will the impact
of climate change have a similar magnitude or eclipse the impact of agricultural land development? To answer
these critical questions, our research investigates the combined and individual effects of climate change and land
development using a spatially explicit land use model coupled with an advanced hydrologic model.
For predicting the intensity and the spatial distribution of land development in the upstream countries, we are using
the Conversion of Land Use Change and its Effects (CLUE) model (Verburg et al, 2001). The objective of CLUE is
to make a spatially explicit, multi-scale, quantitative description of land-use changes through the determination and
quantification of the most important bio-geophysical and human drivers of agricultural land-use on the basis of the
actual land-use structure. In our case, the bio-geophysical drivers include existing land-cover (from remote sensing),
topography, soil, climate, and protected areas and the human drivers include, population, GDP, and Foreign Direct
Investment. We will incorporate the results of this analysis into a dynamic land allocation model, which describes
changes in the area of the different land-use types (Veldkamp et al., 2001). Our primary objective is to explore
possible land-use changes in the near future under different development scenarios and to assess the hydrologic cost
of land development coupled and uncoupled from climate change.
For hydrologic simulations, we are using the Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) model (Liang et al 1994) which
is a macroscale hydrologic model that solves full water and energy balances by taking into account the soils, land
use, and atmospheric forcing. VIC is a research model and in its various forms has been applied to many watersheds
globally. We will run the VIC model under changing land-use and climate conditions with the main objective of
separating the effects of climate change from land development in terms of their effects on water availability and, by
extension, food security in the basin over the course of next several decades.
98 AAKSE.2010 International Conference - Earth Observation for Africa's DevelopmentAgenda - Abstract Book
Potential terrestrial ecosystem response and feedback to
| future climate change in western Africa
Clement A. Alo, Gulling Wang, Benjamin E Zaitchik
(calo @engr. uconn. edu)
ABSTRACT
A number of previous studies have shown that a changing climate due to increasing anthropogenic greenhouse gaS
concentrates over the coming decades may substantially affect the world's ecosystems. However, most regional
climate modeling studies on the impacts of greenhouse warming for West Africa, a region where climate is highly
sensitive to land surface conditions and feedback from vegetation dynamics has been demonstrated to substantially
influence climate, do not consider the impact on/of vegetation dynamics. Here, the International Centre for
Theoretical Physics (ICTP) regional climate model (RegCM3) is nested in the National Center for Atmospherk
Research (NCAR) global climate model (CCSM3.0), and then RegCM3 is linked to a dynamic vegetation model
(CLM-DGVM) to allow transient (yearly) feedback between vegetation and climate in simulation of future climat^
over western Africa. The focus here is on the response of vegetation to climate changes and the effects of feedback
from such vegetation changes on surface hydrology and climate in West Africa. Our main findings include:
(1) A widespread increase in leaf area index (LAI) in West Africa under nature climate change, with an
increase of drought deciduous trees at the expense of evergreen trees in the south and an expansion of
grass cover in the north;
(2) .The physiological and radiative effect of elevated CO2 leads to a decrease in precipitation in most areas
ofWest Africa; feedback from vegetation changes mediates this rainfall reduction, leading to a smaller
reduction over the Guinean coast and an increase in rainfall over the Sahel (Fig. 1);
(3) The hydrologicai effects of vegetation feedback are of magnitudes comparable to those attributable to
the radiative and physiological effects of CO2.
These results demonstrate the critical importance of accurate satellite monitoring of vegetation, and show the
complementarity of modeling and remote sensing research tools.
Rapid Response Flood Water Mapping
Fritz PoliceUi, G. Robert Brakenridge, Alexis Coplin, Megan BunneU, Laura Wu, Shahid Habib>
Hussein Farah, Tesfaye Korme
ABSTRACT
Since the beginning of operation of the MODIS instrument on the NASA Terra satellite at the end of 1999, an
exceptionally useful sensor and public data stream have been available for many applications including the rapid
and precise characterization of terrestrial surface water changes. One practical application of such capability is the
near-real time mapping of river flood inundation.
With the launch of the MODIS sensor aboard the NASA Aqua satellite in 2002, the two MODIS sensors provide
nearly global daylight acquisitions twice daily of calibrated multispectral optical radiance and reflectance values at
three spatial resolutions: 250 m, 500m, and 1000 m.
The primary obstacles to using these data for surface water characterization are: 1) cloud cover obstruction, and 2)
the lack of higher spatial resolution. Other properties of these data are, however, exceptionally useful: including the
wide area, frequent-repeat coverage (twice daily, on a global basis), and the precise geolocation information provided
by the well-characterized orbital geometry (positional accuracies of the image pixels are at a nominal +/- 50 m with
reference to a global datum and geoid).
We have developed a surface water mapping methodology based on using only bands 1 (620-672 nm) and 2 (841-
890 nm). These are the two bands at 250 m, and the use of only these bands maximizes the resulting map detail. In
this regard, most water bodies are strong absorbers of incoming solar radiation at the band 2 wavelength: it could be
used alone, via a thresholding procedure, to separate water (dark, low radiance or reflectance pixels) from land (much
brighter pixels) (1,2). Some previous water mapping procedures have in fact used such single band data from this
and other sensors that include similar wavelength channels. Adding the second channel of data (band 1), however,
allows a band ratio approach which permits sediment-laden water, often relatively light at band 2 wavelengths, to
still be discriminated, and, as well, provides some removal of error by reducing the number of cloud shadow pixels
that would otherwise be misclassified as water. The most desirable outcome of a water mapping algorithm for flood
surveillance is complete coverage from one image: because floods are a dynamic phenomenon, and surface water
extent can change over a few hours of time. On the other hand, cloud cover commonly obscures significant land
areas during flooding, so that accumulating data from more than one image is necessary in order to expand spatial
coverage. Also, cloud shadow removal can be facilitated by combining data from at least two images (cloud shadows
that vary in location can be distinguished from surface water present in both images). Our procedure provides a
flexible approach in which raster image processing of at least four MODIS images is the initial input, and then,
once the water area data are translated into GIS vector format (water polygons), accumulation of water area can be
extended over several days, or more, in time: in the case when cloud cover is heavy and only relatively small areas
of the ground surface are captured in even four images.
The resulting GIS files, outlining surface water, are then best used in comparison to other data obtained through
identical processing but on dates prior to flooding and when surface water was at approximate mean conditions.
This constitutes a change detection approach, but occurs within the GIS environment: one flood water layer,
perhaps colored red, can be displayed below a normal water layer, perhaps colored light blue. All areas of visible red
then represent defined parcels of land that are under water in the flood image and were not in the comparison scene.
In our mapping, we normally superimpose these GIS water layers over reference map information, such as shaded
relief and cultural feature files such as cities and towns, and over all of these layers we superimpose a layer showing
the persistent cloud cover. Because of the importance of having the latest information for disaster management
100
application; we are developing a prototype automated system to implement the processes described above. We
expect to driw on near real time data from the recently implemented
NASA MODIS LANCE system to provide MODIS based flood maps with a latency time ofless than six hours, wj:
expect to fo|ms our future work in this area toward developing a global near real time capability, and investigating
the addition; of satellite radar data and higher resolution optical data sources as available.
AARSE20W International Conference - Earth Observationfor Africa's Development Agenda - Abstract Book 101
Space Technology for Disaster Management and Sustainable
Development in NE-Africa - Reconciling Nature With Knowledge
M.E. Andrews Deller
The Open University, UK(m.e.andrews@open.ac.uk)
ABSTRACT
The ways in which remotely sensed data can be used to manage and alleviate the consequences of natural disasters
have never been fully exploited. If prediction of impending disaster is to be useful, those affected by catastrophe
and those who come to their aid must work together. Adequate planning to manage disasters that come with little
or no warning is difficult but many problems are entirely foreseeable and can be tackled at community level. A
person's ability to survive disasters is more likely if he or she lives in a safe environment and has access to good food
and water. Satellite data can help achieve this. It can be used to plan infrastructure: the best routes for roads, the
whereabouts of building materials, agricultural possibilities, mineral wealth to finance projects, areas best avoided
and safe water supplies. Although local people affected by hazards and disaster are generally unaware of the potential
for space technology and the usefulness of remotely sensed images for disaster mitigation, they are experts in ground
truth and quickly grasp the essentials of image interpretation in the context of their lives or duties. All that is
needed is for those with expertise in remote sensing to pass on their skills, knowledge and data in a way that can be
understood and valued. To do this, those threatened by catastrophe must be given the chance through community
education schemes to understand how freely available satellite data can be used with confidence to prepare for local
hazards and rehabilitation and how to apply information that can help lessen the effects of catastrophe. This can be
achieved by making available remotely sensed images with simple explanations that enhance vegetation, topography
and geology as well as those features that typify hazards - volcanoes, landslides, active faults, Hash floods, and
areas desiccated by drought. With timely, reliable information, preventative measures can be taken, hazards can be
anticipated and contained and plans can be made for sustainable development and disaster risk reduction.
Marine and Costal Management
Why the Somali Coast? A Satellite Perspective
Erastus Chege1, Mwangudza Mwasasba?
'Geomatic Engineering and Geospatial Information Systems, JKUAT

2Italian Space Agency, Broglio Space Center-San Marco Project
ABSTRACT
The Gulf of Aden and the region off the Somali coast is a haven for many sea fairing activities. Its proximity to
Europe and the Far East as well as a linkage to several ports in East and Southern Africa makes it ideal as a conduit
for movement of goods. There are also prevailing factors that make the area suitable for development of natural
resources that are attractive to foreign interests. One of these resources is phytoplankton, a key resource in marine
aquaculture. Phytoplankton is fed upon by marine biology and occurs in regions where there is a convergence of
currents that cause upwelling. This component can be detected using satellite imagery by studying chlorophyll, the
component used by phytoplankton for photosynthesis. This study analyses the concentration of phytoplankton off
the Somali coast and the Gulf of Aden for 5 years. MODIS AQUA satellite imagery has been utilized to extract data
for statistical analysis. Using the data, mean Chl-a levels of around the region were obtained for each year, which
were generally high levels compared to those of other regions such as the East African coast. This may have been
due to upwelling caused by south East Monsoon winds (Swallow, Scott, & Fieux, 1991) and the Coriolis Effect
off the coast of Somalia at around June. There is also an interesting shift in Chl-a level from 2005 to 2006. The
prevalence of phytoplankton has also been analyzed for a particular period. Potential zones for fishing various fish
species including Tuna have been identified and found to coincide with suspect pirate sites as determined by United
Nations University. The region has been concluded to have high prevalence of Chl-a, which sustains consistent
zones for fishing.
KEY WORDS: Somali Coast, Gulf of Aden, Chl-a, Fishing, MODIS Aqua, Ocean Colour Remote Sensing,
Potential Fishing Zones
7o4 ~~ ~~ AARSE.2010 International Conference - Earth Observationfor Africa's Development Agenda - Abstract Book
Using Meris for Monitoring Eutrophication and Water Quality in
Southern African Inland Waters: Demonstration Products
from an Empirical Algorithm
I Mark Matthews (mark.matthews@uct.ac.za), Stewart Bernard
; Marine Remote Sensing Unit, Department of Oceanography, University ofCape Town
ABSTRACT
Detection <^f water quality parameters such as chlorophyll a (Chi a) and total suspended matter which are indicators
of eutrophication might be achieved using relatively simple top ofatmosphere empirical algorithms with the Medium
Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MERIS). This paper gives demonstration products from one such algorithm
derived frorji an eutrophic South African lake for the detection ofeutrophic conditions (Chi a) in a southern Afrkjsn
reservoir. Farther application and validation of the algorithm presented here could lead to rapid and effector
assessment bf eutrophication in inland waters throughout Africa. The routine generation of such products will
have a broai range of conservation, trend analysis, status determination, quality auditing, and ecosystem analysis
applications.
KEYWORDS: Eutrophication, water quality, cyanobacteria, MERIS, southern Africa, optical remote sensing.
A Primary Validation of Meris Case2Water Products in the
Natal Bight, South Africa
Marie Smith (ocean. chiq@pnail com), Sean O'Donoghue, Stewart Bernard
Marine Remote Sensing Unit, Department ofOceanography, University ofCape Town
ABSTRACT
The Natal Bight is an extremely dynamic area - whilst predominantly influenced by the fast-flowing oligotrophic
waters from the Agulhas current, this unique environment of riverine influxes, retention mechanisms and
topographically induced upwelling makes it highly optically variable and a fascinating environment for ocean colour
applications. Seasonal and event scale fluctuations in freshwater inputs, combined with the influence of Agulhas
waters, produce substantial bio-optical variability: water types across the Bight can range from highly riverine
influenced Case 2 waters to oligotrophic. The nature of the system, and the historic lack of regional bio-optical
observations, presents challenges for ocean colour applications. This study aims to characterise the variability of the
Natal Bight region with regard to the primary optical constituents, undertaking both radiometric and geophysical
validations of the MERIS standard and Case 2 Regional products, and developing regional algorithms based on
these data. This first regional validation exercise uses co-incident MERIS, and in situ radiometric and bio-optical
data from two different seasons: firstly the summer rainy season of 2009 (November), specifically targeting high
Case 2 water type occurrence associated with flood events; and secondly the dry autumn season of 2010 (May) that
tends to be associated with low riverine input. A first assessment and validation of MERIS algorithm performance
in the area is presented, with a demonstration of ocean colour use to assess freshwater impacts on the Natal Bight
and recommendations for regional ocean colour application.
KEYWORDS: Coastal waters, ocean colour, MERIS, southern Africa, optical remote sensing.
106 AARSE.2010 International Conference - Earth Observation far Africa's Development Agenda - Abstract Book
Assessment of Land Degradation Processes for Sustainable
Environmental Management of Natural Resources in
| the costal Areas, Egypt
SayedArafat1 (Smarafat@Narss.Sci.Eg); Salah Taboun2, MohamedAbdelBaiy', MohamedElsayetP
'Agricultural Applications Dept., NationalAuthorityfor remote sensing and Space Science, Cairo, Egypt ■
2Faculty ofAgriculture, Soil Dept., Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt ■\
ABSTRACT
Deterioration of natural resources, and their losses, are increasing the stresses felt by communities benefiting
from them, ând degradation leading to direct loss of soil, and indirect impacts on plant cover, with resultant
desertification is the major concern of this paper. This work focuses on assessing coastal land degradation on some
hot-spot costil Areas ofEgypt, using parametric approach, geo-statistical and modelbuilder methods. Universal Soil
Lose Equations (USLE) was used to calculate five major of land degradation for assessment of land degradation
processes in the study area. The area is selected based on being representative of most of the physiographic units ok
North Sinai and the eastern outskirts ofNile Delta region. It is located in the two sides ofSues Canal and in between
latitudes 31^2'11.30 and 30°54'0.12 and longitudes 32°3'5.93 and 32°33'18.90, with total area 135008.14
hectars (321448 feddans). In order to understand the variation of land degradation types, graphical interpretation
of parametric; factors of land degradation performed using geostatistics. All spatial models were created using Arc
GIS 9.2 a software from ESRI. The soil degradation by water erosion in the studied area was obvious, that the slight
water erosion |(less than 0.02 t/ha/year), while the whole area is subjected to slight wind erosion (less than 2.63 t/ha/
year) while the present state of salinization in the area is Slight to very high while the present state ofAlkalinization
in the area is Slight to very high while the whole area is subjected to slight to high physical degradation (from 0.01
to 7.5 t/ha/year). The dominate land degradation were Salinization and alkalization.
Keyword: Land Degradation, USLE, Geostatistics, ModelBuilder, Port Said, Egypt
AARSE.2010 International Conference - Earth Observationfor Africa's Development Agenda - Abstract Book | 07
Identifying potential fishing grounds in the Gulf of Guinea
using remote sensing
Kwame Adu Agyekum and George Wiafe
Department of Oceanography & Fisheries, University ofGhana, Legon
ABSTRACT
Current trends in global climate indicates a gradual warming of tropical oceans, which has the potential of increasing
stratification leading to reduced spatial extent, duration and intensity of major upwelling centers. The direct
impact of this situation will adversely affect migratory pathways, spawning and recruitment, and abundance of
economically important fisheries. Sea surface temperature (SST), surface chlorophyll a (Chi a) distribution and sea
surface height (SSH) are important parameters of the marine environment that are direcdy related to production
and dynamics offish populations. In this study SST, Chi and SSH obtained from DevcoCast will help identify
potential fishing grounds in the Gulf of Guinea. By correlating upwelling indices from SSTs and SSH anomalies
with Chi a levels, a correlation matrix will be generated providing an index for delineating potential fishing grounds.
Such geospatial information has numerous management benefits for fishery resource management by aiding in the
identification ofareas to concentrate surveillance efforts on for monitoring illegal fishing activities and areas that are
likely to be impacted negatively in an event of an environmental disaster. Also, the fishing industry will also benefit
immensely by reducing time spent on searching for fishing grounds.
|08 AARSE.2010 International Conference- Earth Observationfor Africa's Development Agenda -Abstract Book
A Multidisciplinary Framework for Assessing the Environmental
and Socio Economic impact of Resource Extraction
I in the Niger Delta
Jimmy O. Adegoke1, Godsthne K. James2, Peter Nwilo3, Joseph Akiyede2, Sylvester Osagie4, \
1 Francis E. Bison^
'Department ofGeosciences, University ofMissouri-Kansas City, Kansas City MO USA,

(adegokej@umkc.edu; +1816 2352978)
2National Space Research and Development Agency (NASRDA), Garki, Abuja, Nigeria
3Department ofSurveying & Geoinformatics, University ofLagos, Lagos, Nigeria
4DivisioH ofBusiness and Engineering, the Pennsylvania State University, Altoona Campus & Alliancefor
Earth Sciences, Engineering and Development in Africa (AESEDA), the Pennsylvania State University,
\ University Park, PA 16802 USA
5pepartment of Geography & Regional Planning, University ofCalabar, Calabar, Nigeria
ABSTRACT
This study Qmployed a multidisciplinary framework for detecting and understanding the dynamics and processes
of ecological change in mangrove ecosystems and their effects on the human populations they support. The Driveifi;
— Pressures -- State — Impacts - Response (DPSIR) framework was considered critical in integrating vital indicate!!;
{environmental, social and economic) for change detection in ecosystems, highlighting drivers of change, and th|c
resultant socio-economic impact from the change process. The implementation of DPSIR framework for assessing;
and analyzirg human impacts on the mangrove ecozones in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria was described. Thk>
was carried out in five phases involving change estimation over time with remote sensing and GIS methodologies,
identifying ihe pressures responsible for the change through participatory and field research methods, delineating
the principal drivers behind the pressure, determining the impact of change on livelihoods through economic
valuation methods, and identifying the appropriate policy response. Results show a significant change in the spatial
extent of mangrove formation between 1986 and 2003 with a loss of 21, 340 hectares of Mangrove vegetation.
Urbanization, dredging, oil industry operations, invasive Nypa Palm, and resource extraction for consumption
and livelihood support in mangrove communities were identified as the primary pressures responsible for change
in the stock and spatial extent of Mangrove vegetation. The drivers behind the pressure were identified to be
rooted in rapid population growth and increase in global and local demand for energy resources. A significant
decline in the economic productivity of the Mangrove was observed in the study which translated into huge loss in
revenue in Mangrove communities. Policy response put forward to combat threats to Mangrove ecosystem and the
communities dependent on its resources include establishing a Mangrove replanting programme, job creation in
Mangrove communities, building capacity of Mangrove dwellers in deep sea fishing to relieve pressure on mangrove
resources, cessation of gas flaring in the ecozone, and legislative instruments to minimize impact of dredging on the
mangroves.
Keyword: Marine and Coastal Management
AARSE.2010 International Conference - Earth Observationfor Africa's Development Agenda — Abstract Book 109
Characterisation of the Dabus Marshes in Ethiopia
using optical and SAR data
Rebelo, L.-M.', Dubeatt, P2
'International Water Management Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

2Dept. of Geography and Environmental Studies, Carleton University, Ottawa Canada
ABSTRACT
Both coastal and inland wetland ecosystems are found extensively across Africa. The recognition of their values, both
environmental and socio-economic, has recendy been gaining momentum in the Nile Basin in particular. The Nile
Transboundary Environmental Action Project has recendy completed an inventory and mapping of wedands at the
basin scale (Nile Basin Initiative and Nile Transboundary Environmental Action Project, 2009). In Ethiopia, inland
wedands found within the highlands present unique characteristics due to their geographical location as well as their
socio-economic environment (Sutcliffe, 2009). A recent report (Wedands International, 2009) highlights that the
current drought in eastern Africa has been worsened by the loss and degradation ofwetland ecosystems. In addition to
being rich centres of biodiversity, wedands in the Ethiopian highlands are an important resource for rural livelihoods
and their sustainable management is thus critical. In order to prevent depletion of resources and the ecosystem services
and functions provided by these wedands, a balance is required between ecological and socio-economic factors.
The sustainable management of wetlands requires information describing these ecosystems at multiple spatial and
temporal scales, and as a result remote sensing is frequently seen as a fundamental component in the development
of wetland management plans (Rosenqvist et al 2007). However, many African countries do not have national
wetland inventories, and lack regional baseline information on the temporal extent, distribution, and characteristics
ofwetlands. As a result there are large discrepancies in available estimates ofwetland extent and characteristics across
much of Africa (Rebelo et al 2009). The establishment of a national inventory and regional baseline information
on wetland ecosystems is still at its infancy in Ethiopia. Techniques are required that can fill the gaps in baseline
inventory, as are effective means of assessing and monitoring change both temporally and spatially (Davidson and
Finlayson 2007). In order for seasonal variations in wetland extent to be accurately identified, spatial information
is required during both the dry and wet season. While remote sensing data from optical satellites provides a useful
information source which has traditionally been used to map wetlands and characterize the vegetation, it is not
always suitable due to the frequent cloud cover which occurs across tropical areas during the rainy season, at the
time of greatest wetland inundation and spatial extent. In contrast, the cloud penetrating as well as day and night
capability of Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) systems make them extremely attractive data sources for wetland
mapping. The combination of both optical and SAR remote sensing images provides a powerful dataset for the
characterization of wedands.
The ALOS Kyoto and Carbon Initiative is an international collaborative project led by the Japanese Aerospace
Exploration Agency (JAXA) which aims to build on the experiences of the Global Rain Forest and Global Boreal
Forest Mapping (GRFM/GBFM) project. The aim of the initiative is to support the information needs of carbon
cycle science and environmental conventions through the use of data acquired by the Advanced Land Observing
Satellite (ALOS). Launched in January 2006, ALOS carries, amongst other sensors, the Phased Array L-band
Synthetic Aperture Radar (PALSAR) instrument. Led and coordinated by JAXA, the Kyoto and Carbon Initiative is
being undertaken by an international Science Team and focuses primarily on defining and optimizing the provision
of data products and validated thematic information derived from in-situ and satellite sensors, focusing on data
acquired from PALSAR. Using the Dabus Marshes as a case study, this paper reports on analysis planned under the
Wetland Theme of this Initiative to map wetlands in Ethiopia that are intensively used for agricultural activities and
are an important natural resource for local communities.
KEYWORDS: ALOS PALSAR, wetlands, Ethiopia, vegetation, livelihoods
Capacity-building: achievement
and challenges
Capacity building issues: Demand, as challenges on the
application of Earth Observation Systems in Ethiopia
Degelo Sendabo1, Eyob Teshome?
Remote Sensing and GIS Directorate, Ethiopia Mapping Agency (degelo@yahoo.com)

GIS Society ofEthiopia (eyob.gisrs@gmail.com)
ABSTRACT
The first introduction of earth observation systems and technologies to some of the Ethiopian institutions goes
to the early 1990s. In fact Mapping institutions like the Ethiopian Mapping Agency have been applying airborne
products since the WWII. In early times the application was mainly for production of topographic maps. Currently
different institutions have started application the earth observation system products such as satellite imagery, GPS,
Radar and LIDAR data. The demand, therefore, is tremendously increasing from time to time. On the other hand,
there exist very critical issues such as limitation in capacity building, diversity of application areas, limitation of
source of the data, prices of high resolution remote sensing data, ICT infrastructure challenges and so on. There
exists range of coping mechanisms to overcome those challenges such as non-formal trainings, use of freeware, and
etc. This paper compares and analyzes the trends in development of the applications with the increasing demands in
relation to future solutions qualitatively and quantitatively. Institutions playing active role in the earth observation
technology at different levels are also incorporated.
KEYWORDS: Earth observation systems/ technologies, satellite images, remote sensing, GIS, capacity building,
challenges, solution mechanisms.
I 12 AARSE.2010 International Conference - Earth Observation for Africa's Development Agenda - Abstract Book
Institutional Capacity Building in Disaster Management:
The National Emergency Management Agency (NEMA)
! experiment in Nigeria
! Adeniyi Gbadegesin
Department of Geography, University oflbadan, Ibadan, Nigeria (e-mail address: adeniyig@yahoo.com

as.gbadegesin @mail. ui. edu. ng)
ABSTRACT
i
Capacity building involves making available through training, a critical mass of skilled manpower as well as provisip r.
of necessary equipment and infrastructure about an activity. In Nigeria, the National Emergency Managemepi:
Agency (NEMA) recently initiated a capacity building programme in disaster management through the selectio:
of six federal universities across the six geopolitical zones of the country to establish a collaborative post-graduau
programme jin disaster risk management and development studies.
Generally, the action taken by NEMA is timely and is in the right direction especially as there is inadequate
manpower j n disaster and risk management in the country, in addition to the fact that in recent times, disaster
occurrences and emergencies have increased in frequency and intensity not only in Nigeria but all over the worlc|
Furthermore , the spread of the selected universities across the country's political and coincidentally ecological zonei
is commen dable given the wide range of hazards in the different zones, from coastal and gully erosion to drought
and desertification in the northern part of the country.
Nevertheless, there is the need for all stakeholders involved in the NEMA experiment to focus more on Geospatial
information technology (GIT) in their curriculum, especially in terms of acquisition, use and dissemination in
order to improve early warning systems and minimize disaster occurrence in the country. The paper also addresses
the need to, put in place education networks and partnership not only among participating and relevant non-
participating institutions at national level, but also at the international level involving both south-south and north-
south networks and collaboration.
KEY WORDS: Capacity building, Disaster management, National emergency management agency, Geospatial
information technology, early warning systems.
AARSE.2010 International Conference — Earth Observation for Africa's Development Agenda - Abstract Book 113
Geoinformation-based Monitoring and Sustainable Management
of Secondary Schools in Ife Central Local
Government Area, Osun State, Nigeria
R.O. Oyinloye*, M. Soumah2,^ OUntkof, O.O. Ige-Olumide
Regional Centrefor Training in Aerospace Surveys (RECTAS),

Obafemi Awofawo University (OAU) Campus,
Science and Technology Park, OffRoad 1, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
1oyinloye@rectas.org, 2soumah@rectas.org, 3ofaukoi@rectas.org
ABSTRACT
The building of critical capacity in the Surveying and Geoinformatics profession has now been accepted to start
from the required subjects at secondary school level {"catch them young') but the quality of secondary education in
many third world countries such as Nigeria has been said to be on the decline over the past two decades as portrayed
in the students' poor performance in the entrance examinations into the universities and other higher institutions
of learning. For example in Nigeria, the students' University Matriculation Examination (UME) results have been
very poor (especially in the subjects required for studying Surveying and Geoinformatics, Engineering and other
allied disciplines) over these past years. The UME results for 2010 showed that only 41% of the entire students
passed (scored 50% and above). Many reasons have been adduced to this poor performance but they are subjective
and no attention has been paid to the geo-information aspect in all the considerations by the government and other
stakeholders. The geoinformation complement is required so as to have a good picture of the spatial organisation
and other associated characteristics of the secondary schools. This will ensure proactive and effective monitoring and
sustainable management of the schools. An attempt has been made in this investigation to integrate geo-information
with other non-spatial information to come up with an innovative decision support system (DSS) that will raise the
performance of the students to the expected level in the university matriculation examinations in particular and their
good performance in their chosen course of study in the higher institutions after gaining admission. The secondary
schools in Ife Central Local Government Area, southwestern Nigeria, have been examined as a case study. High
resolution IKONOS satellite image has been processed and analysed for the necessary geoinformation extraction
while field observations including administration of structured questionnaires were carried out. These data were
organised and used to create a relational geo-database in a GIS environment. The geo-database was queried and
could further be queried as a decision support system for government's monitoring and sustainable management of
secondary schools in the study area.
KEYWORDS: Remote Sensing, Geographic Information Systems (GIS), Monitoring, Sustainable Management,
Decision Support System (DSS), Image Processing, Global Positioning (GPS), Geoinformation
114 AARSE.2010 International Conference - Earth Observationfor Africa's DevelopmentAgenda - Abstract Book
Geoinformatics-based Mapping Philippine's Higher Education
Institutions and Programs
Carlos M. Pascual1, Phebe M. Paston2, Ciriaco T. RaguaP
1Department ofAgricultural Engineering, College ofAgriculture and Forestry

Mariano Marcos State University, Philippines
2Information Systems Researcher, Management Information Service
3Department ofMathematics, College ofArts and Sciences
Email: cmpascuall23@yahoo.com
ABSTRACT
Geoinformatfics is a useful tool for environmental scanning and project planning which uses GIS, GPS, remote
sensing, andjthe internet. The outputs of the project are needed not only for the design and implementation of
rationalizatiqn measures but also for the conceptualization of financial/resource management reforms in higher
education, including the introduction of normative financing in the Philippines. Thus, a commissioned study
was co nduct sd to develop a geoinformatics-based decision support system to establish geo-referenced data and
information of higher education institutions (HEIs) and programs in the Philippines for policy research and
development.
KEYWORDS; Geoinformatics, GIS, GPS, remote sensing, ubiquitous and internet mapping
AARSE.2010 International Conference - Earth Observationfor Africa's Development Agenda — Abstract Book I 15
GIS:A Spatial Analysis Tool for Electoral Mapping and Planning
(Sierra Leone case study)
Foster Mensahy Benjamin Akuetteh, George Owusu and Henry Baffoe
Centrefor Remote Sensing & Geographic Information Services (CERSGIS), University of Ghana, Legon
(Email: cersgis@ugedu.gh> url: www.cersgis.org)
ABSTRACT
As part of the UNDP-Sierra Leone funded programme on "Strengthening Electoral Management Capacities" the
Centre for Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Services (CERSGIS), University of Ghana, Legon was
contracted by the National Electoral Commission to develop and implement a GIS based Mapping and Spatial
Data Management System for the National Electoral Commission (NEC) in line with its 5-year Strategic Plan.
The assignment included knowledge transfer in the use of GPS and GIS to selected staff of Commission and
recommendations for setting up a GIS Unit within the Information Technology (IT) Directorate.
Thirty-one (31) Electoral Officers comprising of 3 Regional Officers from the Eastern, Western and Southern
Regions and 27 District Officers from all 14 Districts were trained in the use of GPS receivers for mapping and
assigned to capture GPS data and related key attributes of all Polling Centers in their respective Districts as base
input for the GIS development. Additionally, four IT officers from the NEC Head-Office in Freetown received
training at CERSGIS in GIS and GPS data processing. The IT officers also provided useful input for the design and
development of a customized database application for capturing, maintaining, analyzing and presenting elections
data at politico-administrative level.
Spatial data processing of various geographic features and the integration of GPS data captured in the field by the
District Field Staff culminated in the development of an electoral geodatabase useful for planning monitoring and
evaluation of electoral resources. By this development, NEC is now able to use the GIS based spatial analysis tools
for planning elections, analyzing resource need and allocation, and communicating the outcome of elections in a
spatial context.
I 16 AARSE.2010 International Conference - Earth Observation for Africa's Development Agenda - Abstract Book
RECTAS Capacity Building:
Strategies, Achievements and Challenges
1st A. Ikhuoria
Regional Centrefor Training in Aerospace Surveys (RECTAS), Ile-lfe, Nigeria (e-mail: edrectas@rectas.org)
ABSTRACT
The Regionjd Centte for Training in Aerospace Surveys (RECTAS) was established in 1972 under the auspices cj>f
the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA) as a joint Institution ofAfrican countries currcntl;
constituted by Benin, Burkina, Cameroon, Ghana, Mali, Niger, Nigeria (host country) and Senegal. RECTAÎ
vision is to jbe a leading centre of excellence providing one-stop solution for quality geospatial science training
education and research and critical capacity for sustainable development in Africa. The mission is to contribute itt
rapid sustainable development of member states in particular and Africa in general, through the development 'o:
critical capacity for timely delivery and responsible use of appropriate geospatial information. In this presentatiot
the strategic: and synergy of accomplishing the objectives, vision and mission of the Centre as well as prospects an
challenges are discussed.
Spatial Data Infrastructure, SDI
Nigeria National Geospatial Data Infrastructure Update:
Pilot Implementation Phase I
O. Kufoniyi",' O.A Ogundele by E. Adetutu % G. Agbaje d
a Department of Geography, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria -jkufoniyi@oauife.edu.ng

b Instititute of Geoinjbrmatics, University ofMuenster, Germany — zinmanship@yahoo. co. uk
CNAVTEQ Europe B.V De Run 1115, 5503 LB Veldhoven, The Netherlands.
emmanuel. adetutu &>navteq. com
^National Space Research and Dev.. Agency (NASRDA), Obasanjo Space Centre, Abuja, Nigeria
gagbaje@nasrda. net
www. ngdi-nigeria. org
ABSTRACT
In the effort to make progress on the implementation of the National Geospatial Data Infrastructure (NGDI) in
Nigeria, the National Space Research and Development Agency (NASRDA) — the Secretariat and lead Agency of
the NGDI in partnership with indigenous consultants implemented a pilot phase of the NGDI initiative in the
country. The pilot phase was implemented with four node agencies which are actively participating in the initiative.
One of the main strengths of the project was the involvement of indigenous consultants and developers to carry out
the process. The result of the pilot implementation is a scalable geo-portal for the Nigerian NGDI with metadata
from the four pilot agencies. This is a significant development in African SDI and an important milestone in
Nigeria.
KEYWORDS: National Geospatial Data Infrastructure (NGDI), Metadata, Geo-portal
Corresponding author
........ ,,__T.,_; I
The African Regional Spatial Data Infrastructure (ARSDI)
I Andre Nonguierma, Makane Faye, Aida Opoku-Mensah

i
! United Nations Economic Commission for Africa

i PO Box 3001 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
\ (ANonguierma@uneca. org)
ABSTRACT .
i
The United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA) has been assisting member States to develop
spatial data infrastructures as the appropriate mechanism for the production, management, dissemination and u;;e
of spatial dita and information products. At the national level, the Commission works with member States to: uit
up institutianal arrangement so that to assign custodianship and responsibilities as appropriate; build fundamental,
core and thematic datasets; develop capacity and retain a critical mass of expertise in Africa; develop Standards and
interoperability streamlining and enforcement for common base themes, geodetic reference, metadata production.
To date, more than 30 African countries have embarked on the development and implementation of these polices
and plans alnd are at various stages in this process.
ECA has also long proposed the establishment of an African Regional Spatial Data Infrastructure (ARSDI) to ensure
that reliable spatially enabled information is easily made available in support of needs and priorities at regional and
regional and national levels.
Despite the efforts of ECA and other partners, progress in developing SDIs in Africa has been very slow, due mainly
to poor awareness and understanding of the link between the content and components of the SDI on the one hah it,
and the day-to-day decisions and activities of society on the other. Developing an SDI has sometimes been seen asj an
end in itseli. Therefore, given the limited financial resources available to governments, priority is given to supposedly
more pressing activities without realizing the dependence of most of them on the availability of timely, accurate and
reliable geoinformation resources. ECA has responded by seeking to integrate SDI policies into the very successfiil
work on National Information and Communication Infrastructure (NICI) plans and strategies. This is still at tie
policy level and there remains a need for closer linkage between the geoinformation products and societal needs. Th e
paper further looks on the nascent fields of spatially enabled government services (SEGs), discussing how to develop
knowledge,; skills and capacity to advise African governments on spatially enabling their services to citizens (G2C),
businesses (G2B) and other government departments and agencies (G2G).
KEY WORDS: Spatial Data Infrastructure (NGDI), Spaialiy-enabled Governement Services, e-Application,
Africa
Corresponding author.
AARSE.20W International Conference - Earth Observation for Africa's Development Agenda - Abstract Book I2J
National and regional programs
and projects
SERVIR-Africa: an earth observation platform for collaboration
Kate Lance
ABSTRACT
An agricultural extension officer in western Uganda may feel he is worlds away from a hydrological modeler at NASA's
Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama. SERVIR is lowering the degrees of separation between those
who need information where the action is and those who are immersed in developing technologies to observe and
model the Earth. This NASA/USAID supported project is establishing an integrated web portal and geoportal to
provide a searchable and viewable 'one-stop shop' for earth observation data, geospatial services, data documentation
(metadata), animations, visualization, analysis, and reports. The evolving platform supports dissemination of
scientific knowledge in a range ofapplication areas (e.g., biodiversity conservation, disaster management, agricultural
development, climate change adaptation, etc.). This paper describes, from a user's perspective, the components of
the geospatial platform that enable discovery, acquisition, use, and sharing of geospatial data and information. The
paper also discusses the methods and results of the needs assessment that the SERVIR-Africa team conducted in
2009 to guide platform and product development.
SERVIR-Africa: advancing operational flood prediction
! and post-event flood mapping
Kate Lance
ABSTRACT
SERVIR-Afj-ica is an ambitious regional visualization and monitoring system that integrates remotely sensed dat-
with predictive models and field-based data to monitor ecological processes and support response to disasters. ]):
aims to address a wide range of thematic areas that are important to communities in Africa, by turning data im~:
actionable ir formation for decision-makers. Floods are a form ofdisasters that commonly plague Africa, second oril f
in impact to drought. This paper summarizes the development thus far of an integrated platform to support flocL:
prediction and monitoring in the Lake Victoria Basin. The process starts with the identification of flood potent^
and flood fo recasting using satellite data and hydrologic modeling. It continues with the mapping of flooded are^ s
using satellite data via the MODIS Rapid Response System and EO-1 tasking. The predictive and post-evejii
outputs are combined with field-based data collection and analysis of the socio-economic and ecological conditions
of the area, and result in the dissemination of synthesized information products to aid in disaster management.
AARSE.2010 Intrmational Conference - Earth Observationfor Africa's Development Agenda - Abstract Book 125
Monitoring earth observation sector in Africa
Kate Lance
ABSTRACT
The Earth observation field offers new capability for forecasting, multi-temporal analysis, and real-time intervention,
as well as increased business and employment opportunities. Recent investments in digital mapping products and
mobile services in African countries lend support to the growth and potential of the earth observation market.
While it is clear that Earth observation applications are on the rise in Africa, it is still difficult to assess the magnitude
of the community and trends within specific sectors such as energy, health, and agriculture. Typically, in global
assessments of the geospatial industry, the African continent is lumped into a category marked as other' or 'rest of
the world.' This paper considers various methods and mechanisms that could support systematic monitoring of
Earth observation activity in Africa and enable reporting on the sector to African Cabinet/policy-makers and the
global industry at large. Data collected in a standardized way would allow for comparisons over time, comparison
between nations, and comparisons between segments of the market (e.g., academic, government, and commercial
end users).
126 ~ " AARSE.2010 International Conference - Earth Observationfar Africa's Development Agenda - Abstract Book
I
Digital Aerial Photography of Shabelle and Juba rivers and

associated main irrigated areas
ColJJacob, VSM (Veteran), CP & CMS (RS), ASPRS; FRSPSoc(UK)
President andAbhilashJacob, Head Remote Sensing, Orthophoto and LiDAR of

Mapping and Remote Sensing Group
Genesys International Corp Ltd
Prestige Terminus-1, HAL Airport Exit Rd,
Bangalore 560017, INDIA Tele: +918025229736 Fax: +918025229838
1 (E-mail -jakes.j@igenesys. com, abhilash.j@igenesys. com)
Background
i
SWALIM (Somalia Water and Land Information Management System) is a European Union Funded Proje<[
requested by various Somali Administrations, NGO's, developmental agencies and UN organizations on behalf 4:
Somali communities whose life directly depend on water and land resources.. One and a half decades of civil strife
in Somalia has resulted in the loss of most land information collected in the previous half century. SWALIM J
trying to recover lost information from all over the world and at the same time re-establish data collection network
in collaboration with partner agencies. During the 2006 floods, organizations struggled with trying to assemble tht
rudimentary information on river morphology, dike conditions and basic flood information. Realizing the need rU
more accurate topographic and morphologic information, SWALIM prepared a proposal titled - Somalia projects
for 'Increased capacity to respond effectively to a disaster through a strengthening of the Somalia informatioj
Base". One ^f the key components of the project was "Digital Aerial Photography of Shabelle and Juba rivers an«j
associated main irrigated areas" this Project included the creation of a detailed DEM and Orthophotos of the river
basins as the basic vital input. The creation of this input was awarded to Genesys International Corporation in
January 2008-09 for execution.
Significance ofdata modelling alongJuba and Shabelle rivers
Juba and Shabelle rivers originate in the Ethiopian highlands where the main streams and the tributaries are deeply
incised on the steep slopes of the upper sections. However in the middle sections and lower sections in Somalia
there is a virtual absence of tributaries and other drainage channels; there are some springs fed streams, some local
run off and seasonal streams / gullies, but these contribute to significant flow only in times of heavy rainfall. The
river banks lie above the level of surrounding lands so that any spillages are lost permanently from the river and no
return flow occurs
Objective of the project was to acquire aerial orthoimagery and accurate ground elevation that meets important
information needs for planning and development in the Shabelle and Juba Rivers. The works and the products which
are the subject of this project were intended to provide an urgently needed up to date highly resolved topographical
picture of Somalia on its two large rivers ( Juba and Shabelle) essential for all aspects of flood management and
irrigation development.
Methodology
Genesys performed aerial flights over Juba and Shabelle basins using a VexcelUltracam-X mounted in an aircraft
equipped with Aerocontrol Global Positioning System /Inertial Navigation System' (GPS/INS) linked to the
OMNISTAR Satellite system. Aerial Triangulation was performed using ABGPS / IMU as well as the ground
surveyed control points by applying appropriate weightages based on the challenges faced during GCP collection.
An accurate DTM was modelled which would support flood modeling as required by SWALIM. RGB as well as
CIR Orthophotographs were also prepared for the study area.
AARSE2010 International Conference - Earth Observationfor Africa's Development Agenda - Abstract Book 127
Challenges andproject significance
Genesys initiated the Ground Survey and collected 23 GCP's using the Milindi and Adis Abba Reference stations
for processing. However the Ground survey was interrupted with the abduction of the Survey Team leaders on 1st
April 2008 by Somali terrorists. The paper will describe in detail about the many challenges that can come across
while executing an aerial photography / survey project in politically disturbed regions. The paper is intended to
describe the technical / operational and financial challenges faced due to the same and how they were overcome to
produce a hydrologically correct elevation Model which suited SWALIMs requirement..
Results
Implementation of the project greatly enhanced the capacity of FAO Somalia Emergency Co-ordination unit and
all other humanitarian actors to respond more effectively in livelihood and food security areas to humanitarian
agencies in Somalia
Investigating the geometric and radiometric properties
of DMC-Nigerisat-I
| Ebenezer Yemi OGUNBADEWA
Remote sensing/GIS Unit, Geography Department, Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba-Akoko,

\ Ondo-State, Nigeria (Tel +2347033285361, Email: ogunbadewa202@yahoo.com)
ABSTRACT
The DMCNigerisat-1 is among the group of satellites called the Disaster Monitoring Constellation (DMQ
satellites de;igned and built by Surrey Satellite Technology Ltd (SSTL) in the UK. The geometric and radiometric
quality of the DMC-Nigerisat-1 including sensor inter-calibration of datasets acquired at different dates in the year
2005/2006 were evaluated over different targets in the UK. The purpose of this evaluation is to test the consistent
and adequacy of the datasets for quantitative analysis of time-series environmental change. Geometric correction
was performed using Ground control points (GCPs) derived from Ordnance Survey maps in British National
Grid referer.ce system and transformed to UTM coordinates while the atmospheric correction was carried out \tr
using the CWne of the Solar Zenith Angle (COS(TZ)/COS) model and spectrally invariant targets were utilized
to develop linear regression equations for establishing inter-sensor relationship, also included were the dynam.-;
range and the effective spatial resolution of this satellite sensor. The results shows that DMC-Nigerisat-1 has ;i
good geometric fidelity with Root Mean Square Errors (RMSE) of less than 0.5 pixel, strong linearity and high
correlation co-efficient of the sensor inter-calibration equations ranging from R2 0.76 to 0.96 is promising sirio;
they were statistically significant at 95% confidence level. The results obtained indicates that the DMC satellite
having the characteristics ofhigh temporal resolution ofdaily revisits and spatial resolution of32 metres may provid*
the first time-series datasets at medium spatial resolution for applications in phenology, resource management
environmental monitoring and climate change detection.
KEYWORDS: Investigating geometric radiometric properties dmc-nigerisat-1
AARSE.2010 International Conference - Earth Observation forAfrica's Development Agenda -Abstract Book 129
Use of hyperspectral data"SWIR HySpex-320m" for the
identification and mapping of minerals and carbonate rocks
in Jurassic formations of the basin of Agadir
(South western Morocco)
KamalLabbassi1, Rachid Baissa h2> Patrick Launeau2, &Brahim Ouajbain 1
1 Laboratoire de Geosciences & Environnement, Faculte des Sciences, Universite Chouaib Doukkali,
BP 20, 24 000 Eljadida, Maroc
2 Laboratoire de Planetologie & Geodynamique/ UMR-CNRS 61121, Universite de Nantes,
BP 92209 -44322 Nantes Cedex 3, France
ABSTRACT
The development of sensors for acquiring hyperspectral images has contributed greatly to the identification of
different constituents of the earths surface and therefore to the improvement of cartographic products.
Carbonate rocks are considered the seat of diagenetic processes and alteration, which can reach all of the rock.
These processes lead to the formation of new carbonate minerals with a high variability phases of crystallization.
Frequently, the optical microscope, the precise identification and discrimination of these phases is beyond the
resolving power of the eye, which makes the mineralogical mapping of fades difficult. It requires, first, the use of
staining techniques.
This work proposes to study the carbonate formation ofJurassic age in the Agadir Basin, using hyperspectral imagery
provided by the camera HySpex SWIR-320m, in wavelengths ranging from 1300 to 2500 nm. These images offer the
possibility to identify with precision the different carbonate minerals and to allow the characterization diagenitique
facies.
The approach involves the development and implementation of a standardized index of carbonates (NDCI) and a
supervised classification by the method "Spetrcal Angle Mapper (SAM). This method allowed the preparation of a
wide mineraiogical mapping of samples sufficient to identify the mineral phases and their degrees of crystallization
by overcoming the different states of the geometry of the sample surface. It is a method that proved useful for
detection and precise on a scale never achieved until now in the region.
Travail realise dans le cadre du programme Volubilis. Action Integre n° : MA/07/171
130 AARSE.2010 International Conference - Earth Observation for Africa's DevelopmentAgenda - Abstract Book
Atlas ofAfrican Hydrogeology: a proposal
Steve Drury
The Open University, UK(s.a.drury@open.ac.uk)
ABSTRACT
Being the continent with the greatest shortage of clean drinking water, Africa needs comprehensive informatw
about its gfoundwater endowment to relieve that fundamental want. Yet the greater part of Africa lacks geological
maps at scdles better than 1:250 000. Even where geological maps are available, many do not necessarily give myuch
assistance in assessing groundwater potential. That applies especially to superficial deposits that traditionally hjs
been favoured for wells: many different unconsolidated materials are generally combined under a single category
geological map legends.
The whole continent is now covered by low-cost 15-90 m resolution image data from the geologically-orientfjd
US--Japanes e ASTER
\STER system
system aboard
aboard the NASA Terra satellite. This includes superb medium-resolution stereoscofl ic
images, w.hich together with 5 well-placed spectrally narrow SWIR bands allow lithological and mineral mapping!
1:50 000 s cale .The multispectral thermal infrared sensor carried by ASTER offers an opportunity to map lithologi
on the basi of spectral signatures of rock-forming felsic, mafic and carbonate minerals. ASTER stereo data has be<
used to struct a global DEM (GDEM) with 30 m spatial resolution that permits detailed hydrological aii|d
construct
topographi surveys in areas that are poorly known geomorphologically.
Together with other free or low-cost data, ASTER potentially enables geologists to fill the information gap tn
faces groundwater evaluation across much of Africa. It makes it feasible to create useful maps systematically at
pace never possible before the first decade of the 21st century. Producing such a vital resource as an Atlas ofAfrican
Hydrogeology that involved geologists from across the continent would form the basis for comprehensive training
of participants in geological image interpretation techniques. Such on-the-job' training, motivated by the social
urgency and universal popularity of the task, would spin-off to other geoscience issues that are less urgent: hazard
assessment; soil evaluation; physical resource exploration, etc.
As well as sharpening the geological focus of water exploration, being suitably equipped with Earth Observation
skills also helps to address other vital issues in water supply:
Convenience - both the proximity of targets to long-established communities and the possibility of
siting refuges for displaced people at points of supply of their most urgent need;
• Water quality - avoiding natural and human-induced contamination;
Yield and sustainability - depending on aquifer properties and on opportunities for recharge that
match water demand;
The presentation will show examples of a range of applications drawn from the authors own experience, and outline
the requirements for a multinational programme of work.
Application of Geospatial Database for Sustainable
Mineral Development in Nigeria
H. O Dairies,
Nigerian Geological Survey Agency, Abuja, Nigeria (e-mail: rkbase_res@yahoo.com)
ABSTRACT
Over the years, Nigerian Geological Survey Agency has generated and acquired lots of digital dataset such as
geological, geophysical, geochemical, core samples and mineral occurrences information.. In this multi dataset
environment, field scientists currently face a huge challenge of combining and analysing dataset from different
sources to meet their objectives.
The present work deals with the development of a geological and mineral information system capable of carrying
out the integration of the various available digital dataset using ArcObject, ArcMap and relational database. An
interactive GUI was created to enhance interaction with the Geodatabase. This will facilitate the spatial analysis
of multiple layered dataset and provide access to all the digital dataset within the Agency at the click of a mouse.
These integrated dataset gives the user a unified view of these data and satisfies the need for efficient data storage,
management, manipulation, retrieval and analysis of multiple dataset. It will also meet the need to spatially link field
observation with ancillary data for the purpose of mapping and modelling. The geodatabase provides a platform to
access, query and produce report of various kinds from the database. It also affords an investor an opportunity to
preview the information on any mineral occurrence within the country.
The conceptual design of the geodatabase was carried out followed by the development of the graphical user
interphase (GUI), training of test dataset, plotting and population of test database, prototype testing and correction
and finally database implementation. The overall focus of the project is to establish an operational information
system supporting specific requirements of mineral resources studies. The system design, allow manipulation of data
by means of intelligent queries and to provide information in different forms. Most importantly it can be used for
mineral prediction modelling.
The implementation of this information system will sustain the country's economic performance and support the
current drive to promote sustainable development through mineral production.
Pan-African Space Agency or An African Space Forum?
!
! Etim Offiong
African Regional Centerfor Space Science and Technology Education in English (ARCSSTE-E) Obafemi
Awolou)p University (OAU) Campus, PMB 019, OAUPost Office, Ile-Ife, Nigeria (eooffiong@arcsstee.or£
: eooffiong@gmail. com)
ABSTRACT
The utilization of outer space, as well as the development of space capability, is very low in Africa. A few count. ■\es
w
in the continent have Earth Observation and Communication satellites. Only South Africa has demonstrated some
level of capability in building a satellite while Egypt, Morocco, Algeria and Nigeria engaged the services of][ tie
advanced Countries in building and launching their satellites. There is no space transport/propulsion capability m cu
is there anjr launching pad in Africa. Most of the countries neither have a space policy nor a space program.
In view of the benefits derivable from the exploration and exploitation of space, how best can individual council
in Africa, (fevelop capacity in space science and technology applications, especially in the field ofEarth Observatki a?
What modalities can be worked out, so that Africa can be recognized as a contributor to advances in space? h{:
best can Africa harness the resources - knowledge, facilities, funds and so on - available in the different county
in Africa? !
There are resources and potentials which will not only enable Africa contribute to space research and technology
development, but will also have immense socio-economic impacts across Africa. These, and more, can be achieved
with the right platform and strategy.
AARSE.2010 International Conference - Earth Observationfor Africa's Development Agenda - Abstract Book | 33
Space Policy in Africa:The Nigerian Space Policy
and Programmes
Clement D. Ibilewa
National Space Research and Development Agency (NASRDA), Obasanjo Space Centre, Airport Road,
Abuja, Nigeria (Tel. +234 (0)8036442365, +234(0)7025817821, e-mail: dibilewa2001@yahoo.co.uk or
cibilewa@nasrda. net)
ABSTRACT
Space activities around the world have been flourishing in the last few years of the 20th century. The role of space
activities in a country's overall development strategy is becoming increasingly salient and their influence on human
civilisation and socio-economic progress is increasing.
In realisation of the unique role of space science and technology in national development, the Federal Government
of Nigeria approved the establishment of the National Space Research and Development Agency (NASRDA) in
April 1999 and subsequently approved the National Space Policy and Programmes in June 2001. The National
Space Research and Development Agency (NASRDA) is responsible for the co-ordination of the Nigerian space
programme and is entrusted with a mandate to consolidate all space related activities in order to make greater
impact on development efforts in Nigeria.
The policy statement is that Nigeria shall vigorously pursue the attainment of space capabilities as an essential
tool for its socio-economic development and the enhancement of the quality of life of its people. The Nation shall
achieve this through research, rigorous education, engineering development, design and manufacture of appropriate
hardware and software in space technology, including transport and payloads, such as satellites, telescopes and
antennas for scientific research and applications.
Government shall also foster Bi-laterai and international cooperation in all aspects of Space Science and Technology
to ensure that Nigerian Scientists and Engineers benefit from global developments in the space enterprise.
The major thrust of the Nigerian National Space Policy and Programme is to make space research and development
activities parts of the overall strategies for sustainable national development. The space programme is classified into
two: short and long term programmes.
The vision of Africa is to attain competence and capabilities in relevant areas of space science and technology that
would impact on sustainable socio-economic development and improve the quality of life of citizens, and to make
Africa pro-active and also compete in space exploration.
The Urban Climate and Land use Change in case
of Addis Ababa Ethiopia
BisratKifle
Ethiopian Civil Service College, Urban Management Masters Programme, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (E-
mail;bisrat_k2002@yahoo. com)
ABSTRACT
i
This paper presents with the aims to identify and compare the development pattern of land use change in relatioji
with climate; of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia to highlight the underlying process by utilizing Land-sat satellite images;,
The spatial Analysis of total population and density of each sub-city obtained from the State Statistics Institute;.
The national and the city climate change were studied using temperature and rainfall observation data. Surface
temperatures pattern were also studied to investigate the urban heat island (UHI) effect associated with increasing
impervious surfaces both spatially and temporally.
The results ipdicate that urbanization pattern of the city of Addis Ababa not only has a great impact in looses,
agricultural Bind and of natural and semi-natural forest and its eco-system also it has a grate impact on UHI. Urban,
coverage in ^ddis Ababa was significantly changed from 35% in 1973 to 74% in 2005. The 2006, total density
of the city a* compared with year 2000 increased by 1624 person/km2. The annual surface warming induced
by urbanization at Addis Ababa (OBS) station has been increasing by about 0.71 °C for the period 1981-2003
analyzed. Significant warming ofminimum and maximum temperature at Addis Ababa (OBS) Station and the rural
Bole station tan be found from 1965 to 1983, but the warming at Addis Ababa (OBS) station is larger than that at
the rural station of Bole. The result of this change can have significant effects on city local weather and its climate.
The study also recommends an adaptation and mitigation measures to reduce the negative effects of urban climate
change.
An analysis of the changing land use of settlements around
Abuja Nigeria: Its physical planning implications
Abdul Husaini
Niger State Urban Development Board, Minna, Nigeria (E-mail:abdulhusaini@yahoo.com)
ABSTRACT
The capital of Nigeria was moved from Lagos to a central location in Abuja in 1976. The movement was gradual
until 1991 when the then Head of State finally relocated. This movement set in series of activities within and around
Abuja. The rate of infrastructural development was lagging behind population increase occasioned by the movement
of all government activities. The medium and low income workers, who are not able to secure accommodation in
Abuja, move to surrounding settlements like Madalla and Dakwa. Employing Landsat TM of 1987 and Landsat
ETM of 2001 this paper show that the built-up area of Madalla which is 33km from Abuja grew by 17.55% and
Dakwa which is 44KM away grew by 13.99 %. The result of the analysis indicates that the closer a non built-up
land is to Abuja the more likely it is to change to built-up. The growth in built up area, from the result, is inversely
proportional to change in arable land. The arable land of Madalla and Dakwa shrank by -3.63% and -6.04%
respectively. This rapid but unplanned expansion of the two settlements is posing a serious challenge to government
and exposing the residents to many environmental hazards.
GlobWetland II, A regional pilot project of the
Ramsar Convention on Wetlands
HerbertHansen, WeiseKatbrin2,Jenoptik** Marc Paganini4, EUniFitoka5, ManfredKeil6,
i Eric Van Valkengoed7, Inge Melotte8
'Keyobs, Belgium, 2hhansen@keyobs.com, ^Germany, 4ESA-ESRIN, Italy, 5EKBY, Greece, 6DLR, Germany,
7Terrasphere, Netherlands, 8I-mage, Belgium
ABSTRACT
The overall ibjective of Globwetland-II (GW-II) is to facilitate the integration of remote sensing techniques intk
the ion and management ofwetlands. GW-II will develop a G-WOS (Global Wetland Observing System1'
conservation
pilot system for the production of a number of wetland related geo-information maps and indicators but alsfc
demonstrate the capability of the system for 200 wetland sites and surrounding areas of the Southern and Easterj:
part of the Mediterranean basin. '
i
The project ij intended to serve the needs ofmany wedand conservation practitioners from the wedands managers up t*
the stakeholders of the Ramsar Convention. The targeted user communities of the project are the Ramsar Administrative
Authorities and National Focal Points of the subject countries and their supporting conservation agencies.
The project team will apply three major instruments to achieve the ambitious objectives of GlobWetland II, thd
active involvement of users, capacity building and the provision of prototype products together with instruments t0
integrate and extrapolate the use of Earth Observation within the users range of activities.
To demonstrate and ensure the use of the GW-II system the user will be provided with the system software and
prototypes. The user will also be trained to the use of the prototype products and software.
Wetlands conservation and management is one of the many thematic domains in which satellites observations
together with novel and cutting edge geo-spatial technologies have contributed to improve the assessment and
monitoring of essential wetland ecosystem variables by wetland managers and local territorial authorities.
Geo-spatial analysis and modelling tools as used in the predecessor project GlobeWetland I has demonstrated how
satellite Earth Observation technology can be a cost-effective and productive tool for the Ramsar Convention and
for the conservation and management of wetlands in overall. In GlobeWetland II the establishment of EO-based
services to support the inventory, mapping, monitoring and assessment of wetlands ecosystems will be evaluated
especially to ûild the foundation in the Ramsar community for a wide scale deployment of a Global Wetland
Observing System.
The GW-II Astern which is based on satellite Earth Observation technologies and state-of-the-art geo-spatial
technologies can support the inventories especially in the countries in the coastal catchment basins of the Southern
and Eastern of the Mediterranean Sea that have not achieved their national inventory. Inventory and delineation
of wetlands is one of the major basic steps to establish their conservation and management. The coastal catchment
basins of the Southern and Eastern part of the Mediterranean Sea, from Morocco to Turkey, are of particular
interest for biodiversity due to the fact that several endemic species listed as critically endangered or extirpated by
the IUCN.
The GlobWecIand II project is funded by the Data User Element (DUE). The Data User Element (DUE) is a
programmatic component of the 3rd Earth Observation Envelope Programme (EOEP-3), an optional programme
of the European Space Agency.
KEYWORDS: wetlands, land cover, mapping, remote sensing
AARSE2010 International Conference - Earth Observationfor Africa's Development Agenda - Abstract Book 137
Supporting monitoring of forests, rangelands and natural
parks in Kenya with remote sensing
Josefien Delrue1, Lieven Bydekerke1, Flore Devriendt2, Robert De Wulf, Charles Situma3,
Christian Lambrechts4
WTO-TAP, Mol, Belgium

2University of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
3DRSRS, Nairobi, Kenya
4UNEP, Nairobi, Kenya
ABSTRACT
Natural ecosystems in East-Africa have been changing drastically in the last decades [1,2]. The 'Kenya Atlas of
our changing environment' of UNEP [3] illustrates how rapid changes are taking place due to pressures from
human activities. As a result, there is an increased demand from ecosystem managers, both government agencies and
environmental NGO's, for updated information on these changes. Regularly updated vegetation indicators derived
from satellite images allow to monitor the vegetation status and the dynamics over time. They may be used to assess
the extent and the drivers of change and to evaluate policy measures.
The ENDELEO project [3], supported by the Belgian government, wants to enable stakeholders involved in
management offorests, rangelands and natural parks in Kenya to use this crucial information from Earth Observation
data A web-based ENDELEO monitoring tool was developed which is updated every ten days with data obtained
from SPOT-VEGETATION [4] and MODIS [5] (obtained from MARS [6]). It consists of an image viewer,
interactive graphs and the calculation of statistics. The tools allow a broad range of users to easily derive relevant
information from the images, including those users without much experience in Remote Sensing.
User involvement is a key aspect of the ENDELEO project. Stakeholders have been involved since the beginning
to define their information needs and based on the feedback during workshops, the services have been constantly
improved. The help desk supports users with their analyses of field data in combination with vegetation indicators
from satellite images. In every newsletter and on the website, a number of case studies are elaborated, illustrating
the practical use of the ENDELEO tools and data and giving inspiration to other users.
To make this vegetation monitoring system sustainable, ENDELEO aims to operate the web services locally in
Kenya The system will be moved to the Department of Remote Sensing and Resource Surveys (DRSRS) or
Kenya's Ministry of Environment, who will provide the tools to users such as the Kenya Forest Working Group
(KFWG), the Northern Rangeland Trust (NRT), etc. In the near future, an EUMETCast [71 reception station is
going to be installed at DRSRS, through which they will receive the necessary 10-daily image updates. This also
links ENDELEO to other initiatives (e.g. DevCoCast [8]) involved in data reception and capacity building on
distribution to downstream users.
KEYWORDS: ecosystem monitoring, web based tools, user involvement, ENDELEO
'AARSE.2010 International Conference - Earth Observation for Africa's Development Agenda - Abstract Book
African Monitoring of the Environment for Sustainable
Development (AMESD)
Marc Leroy
i
i
AMESD Project, African Union Commission (P.O. Box 200 288, Addis Ababa, marc.leroy@amesd.org)
i
ABSTRACT
The overall goal of the African Monitoring of the Environment for Sustainable Development (AMESD) project 1
to establish jpanafrican environmental information services using satellite remote sensing data. Four specific results
are aimed at in this project:
(i) i Improve data access in Africa. This is achieved by implementing in most African countries a reception
j station capable to acquire in near real time environmental and meteorological satellite data through
the so-called EUMETCast satellite telecommunication system,
(ii) i Establish environmental information services, one in each of the 5 Regional Economic Communide|s
; (RECs) : CEMAC, CEDEAO, IOC, SADC, IGAD, in Regional Implementation Centres (RICs&
, chosen by the RECs, associated to a specific thematic area ("Thema")),
(iii) ! Sensitize institutional decision makers and stakeholders at continental, regional and national level ojn
, the interest of the use of satellite data for environment ressources management and for the implication
, of African stakeholders in global environmental treaties, I
(iv) Build capacity, through training actions, in each of the RICs as well as in their network of partner!
at national level to be able to process the data and produce environmental information suitable for
institutional decision makers. !
The five Themas in the RICs are the following :
(i) Water Resource Management in Central Africa, with the development of radar altimetry products and
river height bulletins for monitoring river navigability, and of bulletins analysing mesoscale rainfall
and evapotranspiration satellite products for monitoring elements of the hydrological cycle in the
Congo basin,
(ii) Water Management for Cropland and Rangeland Management in West Africa, with development of
drought indicators, small water bodies and fire products, and associated environmental bulletins at the
regional scale,
(iii) Land Degradation Mitigation and Natural Habitat Conservation in East Africa, with one service of
provision of land degradation risk maps at regional scale, together with land cover change assessment
at higher resolution in the natural parks and protected areas of the Region,
(iv) Coastal and Marine Management in the South West Indian Ocean, with the production of potential
fishing zones for fishing authorities and of oceanographic indicators such as primary production and
temperature anomalies for a variety of users,
(v) Agricultural and Environmental Resource Management in Southern Africa, with development of
products and services providing crop monitoring status, drought indicators and fire alarm products to
the ministries of agriculture and environment of the Region.
The training program aims at establishing capacities in each of the five RICs and associated network of partners at
national level for (i) using and maintaining the satellite reception stations and associated processing software, (ii)
mastering the knowledge necessary to handle the processing of satellite data and the production of environmental
bulletins usable for decision making. National workshops of sensitisation of decision makers are also foreseen.
Altogether more than one thousand people should benefit of this training and sensitisation program throughout
Africa.
The AMESD project is an ambitious institutional construction gathering the African Union Commission, which
manages the program, the European Union that provides funding through its 9th European Development Fund, the
five Regional Communities which provide programme guidance together with the ACP Secretariat, and international
partners such as the European JRC and EUMETSAT. The project started in 2008 and is now underway, the
construction of the 5 Themas has begun, the implementation of satellite reception stations throughout Africa is
foreseen in the second semester 2010, and the project should last until the beginning of 2013.
The paper will present the project, detail the expected achievements in terms of use of remote sensing data and of
derived environmental products and services, and discuss some of the challenges faced by the programme to reach
sustainability.
140 AARSE.2010 International Conference — Earth Observationfir Africa's Development Agenda - Abstract Book
'he DevCoCast project - Impact on decision making
processes in Africa ,,
RoyeryA., Gilliams, S., Jacobs, T.*, and Tote, C.
Flemish Institutefor Technological Research (VITO), Research Unit Remote Sensing and Earth Observation
; Processes, Boeretang 200, B-2400 Mol, Belgium (tim.jacobs@vito.be)
ABSTRACT
Many Afritfan countries face serious environmental risks and need accurate Earth Observation (EO) data and
derived environmental information for their sustainable development. GEONETCast provides reliable, worldwidje
and fast access to information and can be an easy and low cost way for countries to receive satellite and environmental
data. The fGEONETCast for and by Developing Countries" (DevCoCast) project, funded by the European
Community's 7th Framework Programme for Research (FP7), involves developing countries more closely in tiije
GEONETCast initiative. Many EO data products, some produced in Latin America and Africa, are freely shared
via GEONiETCast. These products can be received using simple and low cost ground reception infrastructure.
More impo|rtantly, the actual use of the products by a broad user community is supported through training arii
building 01} the existing networks and capacities. This is done across continents and application themes such gs
vegetation ^nd agriculture, fires and floods, water resources and ocean and weather/climate. The goal is to embfti
GEONETCtast and the data it offers into research, environmental monitoring and planning and decision makinjg
processes, in support of sustainable development.
This paper Presents an example of the integration of operationally received DevCoCast data into decision making
processes inj Africa. Each year the UN-FAO and UN-WFP receive the request from African governments to perform
a Crop andi Food Supply Assessment Mission (CFSAM). These missions are performed by a team of international
and national experts making an assessment of the agricultural and food supply situation in a specific country
resulting in|a report that supports the national government(s) in their decisions influencing the agriculture in the
country. Palrtially based upon the data operationally provided by DevCoCast, VITO has developed and tested
methodology over Southern Sudan to support the CFSAM experts in their analysis. The CFSAM support kit
consists of a qualitative analysis section and a yield estimate section with a synoptic overview of the different
products based upon time series graphics and maps.
The qualitative analysis is based on 4 sources of information:
• vegetation indicators (NDVI) from SPOT-Vegetation (SPOT-VGT); - water body detection from
SPOT VGT (source: "Small Water Body Product, Developed by the Joint Research Centre, produced
by VITO, with contribution from the Geoland 1 and 2, and VGT4Africa projects (FP6 and FP7)). -
phenology detection from SPOT VGT (source: "Phenology Product, Developed by the Joint Research
Centre, produced by VITO, with contribution from the Geoland 1 and 2, and VGT4Africa projects
(FP6andFP7)).
• rainfall estimate from METEOSAT (source: FEWS NET); All of these products are distributed by
GEONETCast, except for RFE (2009). However, from February 2010 the RFE from TAMSAT/
MARS are disseminated via GEONETCast. The analysis is mainly focused on the detection of
anomalies (vegetation stress, excess of water, ...)•
For the vegetation indicators like NDVI, classical graphs evolution analysis were made with comparison with the
long term average and +/-2SDT after aggregation at administrative level and main land cover. It shows the vegetation
development and cycle compare to the reference situation.
These graphs were superimposed with the corresponding MSG (Meteosat Second Generation) cumulative rainfall
of the ongoing season and the long term average. In order to summarise the whole campaign evolution for arable
and pasture a cluster analysis of the difference between the ongoing season with the average were made. This gives a
synthetic overview of the campaign evolution with a straightforward identification of the area with vegetation stress
during a significant period.
From the ten day water body two types of analysis were performed.
• The duration over the season of each pixel were calculated and compared with the long term average
duration to derive the analysis of the extension and length of the rainy season.
• For each administrative units a graph was generated to show the number of detected water body pixels
over the time with the historical average to detect the water body occurrence particularly in rangeland
area.
The phenology products give an indication of the main phase of vegetation growth and duration. The analysis was
mainly focused on the anticipated or delay in the start of the season and on the duration of the whole vegetative
cycle to better understand if the season was shorten or under normal duration.
Several training session have been organised to enable African experts to perform the above mentioned analysis
based upon the DevCoCast data they are already receiving.
142 AARSE.2010 International Conference — Earth Observation for Africa's Development Agenda — Abstract Book
New estimation of Kibera population using Remote Sensing
Sophie Taupin1, Herbert Hansett2, Amelie Desgroppes3
1KeyobsJ Belgium (hhansen@keyobs.com), 2Keyobs, Belgium (staupin@keyobs.com),

3IFRA Kenya (Amelie.desgroppes@gmail.com)
ABSTRACT
Satellite imagery constitutes an interesting support or alternative to ground surveys in many fields. Concerning
population Estimates, it can be of great help to provide a rapid updated assessment of a population. Low cost,
comprehensive vision of a region which may be otherwise inaccessible, time sparing and updated situation arc)
incentives to resort to this kind of technique.
In the case pf Kibera (Nairobi, Kenya), one of the biggest informal settlements in the world where people live
in an extremely dense urban context, the challenge was to provide an updated estimate of the population where
many varying figures have been suggested. On basis of a satellite image acquired in February 2009, buildings were
extracted an* 1 helped supporting field surveys and estimates. Field surveys were organised randomly throughout the
slum and co lected figures were then extrapolated for the whole Kibera on basis of the information extracted from
the image. ;
Comprehensive field surveys should be made in order to further validate our result and to answer some questions:
• i To what extent is the satellite imagery useful with regards to field survey? What is the best combination
\ to reach the most accurate estimate?
• , Is the degree of error in estimating the population proportional to the level of detail extracted from
the satellite imagery?
• Can we draw rules for any kind of urban settlement?
Keyobs experts are now developing operational techniques in order to propose new services for population estimates
and follow-up in rural and urban areas.
KEYWORDS: remote sensing, population estimate, landcover
Land-Use Decision Making and Local Stakeholder Perceptions
in the Copperbelt Province of Zambia
Mulemwa Akombelwa1, RobertAbrabart2, Roy Haines-Young
School of Civil Engineering, Surveying & Construction, University ofKwaZulu-Natal, Howard College
Campus, King George VAvenue, Durban, 4001, South Africa
1 University ofKwaZulu-Natal, akombelwa@ukzn.ac.za
2School ofGeography, University ofNottingham, NG7 2RD, UK, b.abrahart@nottingham.ac.uk
3School of Geography, University ofNottingham, NG7 2RD, UK, roy.haines-young@nottingham.ac.uk
ABSTRACT
The use of spatial data and the application of modern spatial analysis techniques in Africa have enabled the improved
monitoring and modelling of the environment on the continent. Several governmental and non-governmental
institutions around the continent are using satellite images in conjunction with local information obtained from
various sources for spatial decision-making purposes with respect to the development and planning of mitigation
measures and integrated sustainable natural resources management.
The major challenge is twofold: [i] the encapsulation of local stakeholder perspectives into a GIS-based digital
decision-making process; [ii] the production of operational scenarios based on a local model. This paper addresses
these challenges and evaluates the potential benefits of using a decision tree-based toolbox in the spatial analysis of
land use decision-making in informal settlements encroaching on protected forests. It utilises agricultural activity
as a basis for the analysis of local stakeholder land-use decision-making in the Copperbelt Province of Zambia.
The findings suggest that decision trees in conjunction with spatial analytical approaches have an important role
to play in the modelling and understanding of spatial land-use decision-making in the informal settlements where
information is likely to be scant and disparate.
KEYWORDS: decision tree, bayesian belief networks, decision support, soft systems methodology
144 AARSE.2010 International Conference — Earth Observationfor Africa's Development Agenda - Abstract Book
A GIS Mapping of Farmland in Sabon Gari Local
Government Area of Kaduna State-Nigeria
Youngu, T.T.y Isioye, O.A.,Azua, S. &Jacob, R.J
Department ofGeomatics Engineering, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria-Nigeria

' (E-mail: terwa$ey2000@yahoo. co. uk, terwasey2000@gmail. com,
I Telephone: +234 802 945 3463, +234 806551 2804) \
ABSTRACT !
In recent times, the world has been experiencing a scarcity in food thereby resulting in a dramatic rise in food prices.
One of the Ways to tackle this problem is to shift from traditional farming to sustainable farming by investing in
research an<jl technology. GPS and GIS technologies were combined to carry out this study. A GPS hand held
receiver (Gajrmin 76S chart plotting receiver) was used to acquire the boundary coordinates (waypoints) of eacfi
farmland arjd attribute data were collected by the use of questionnaire. A database was created using Ms Accesp
2007 and converted to dbase (IV) format that is compatible with the ArcGIS 9.0 software. It identified farmland
ownership, :rops grown, source of farm input, soil type, system of farming, storage facility, and farmland yield!.
The database was queried and the results of the queries were analyzed. Simple spatial (distance) analyses were
performed to provide an idea of the proximity of the farmland to roads and rail tracks (means of farmland produce
distribution!) that transverse it. The farmland mapped were 15 with a total size of 649.42 hectares. The river Kubaiai
was found tp be a major source of irrigation for the farmland along it, and by which, the latter can be related to the
concept of Ifadama. This can be linked to the National Fadama Development Project under World Bank financing.
The study wjill help provide timely, consistent and accurate information to decision makers for use in planning for
the present And future of agriculture in the local government area.
KEYWORDS: Food Security, Fadama, GIS & Mapping
Miscellaneous Themes
Space Technologies to Support HIV/AIDS Treatment in Africa
5. Taupin (staupin@keyobs.com), H.Hansen (Keyobs), F. Garvizu (UNOSAT),

E. Bjorgo (UNOSAT)
ABSTRACT
Considering the dramatic situation of HIV/AIDS in Africa, there is a growing international consensus to amplify
and boost the comprehensive response to HIV. The access to the Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) has been proven
to be an effective way to treat infected people. However, in most African countries the demand of ART as a daily
and lifelong treatment is outstripping the capacities to supply it. One one hand, the logistics management of a
constant supply of ART, involving forecasting, procurement, supply and delivery is a challenging task, particularly
in remote rural regions. On the other hand humanitarian organisations are extremely interested in knowing and
representing how HIV/AIDS epidemics evolve in space and time. And improving methods for the collection,
diffusion of patient's information have their importance in that context.
With the support ofESA, pilot projects are carried out aiming at investigating to what extent satellite communication,
navigation/localisation, GIS and remote sensing can contribute to a more efficient treatment of HIV/AIDS in the
in Sub-Sahara Africa.
The GISA project is carried out by UNOSAT, KEYOBS with World Health Organization (WHO) and Medecins
Sans Frontieres (MSF) as the main users.
We plan developments at two different levels.
• With MSF we'll mainly work in Malawi (Thyolo district) on the link between the medical data and the
geographical information for analysis, capitalisation and communication on the HIV/AIDS issues.
• With WHO some developments will be done on the (tele)communication aspects (space or not) to
enable teams to exchange information efficiently
The need for reliable communication system to support logisticians' work is an evidence. In particular it is essential
to be able to transmit patient aggregate data collected from health centres to district hospitals, then to regional
centers and finally to national authority where decisions have to be taken.
The solutions presented, will serve as the basis for the technical solution to be adopted on a case by case basis, after
inventory of the transmission/reception needs (volume and frequency) for each network point.
148 AARSE.2010 International Conference - Earth Observation for Africa's Development Agenda — Abstract Book
Hype rspectral Analysis of Carbonates in the Moroccan Atlantic
High Atlas: Application to the Liasic Formation of Arigh Ouzla
in the Bassin of Essaouira (Western Morocco)
Rachid Baissa '•2, Kamal Labbassi h Patrick Launeau 2, Anne Gaudin 2 & Brahim Ouajhain l ,
1 Laboratpire de Geosciences et Environnement, Faculte des Sciences, Universite Chouaib Doukkali, BP 20,
: 24 000 Eljadida, Maroc
2 Laboratoire de PLtne'tologie & Geodynamiquel UMR-CNRS 61121, Universite de Nantes, BP 92209
i -44322 Nantes Cedex 3, France
i i
ABSTRACT
I !
Today, the ihyperspectral remote sensing, through the field spectrometry, is a powerful tool to discriminate atyi
identify mineral surfaces with a reasonable cost. The aim of this paper is the spectral identification of carbonajt
facies in thi Moroccan Atlantic High Atlas basin to establish a regional spectral library with a view to preparatiiji
a campaign! of airborne remote sensing. The spectra acquired were used to characterize and monitor the diageneitjic
state of dolomites of the Lower Lias in the Arigh Ouzla formation. The separation of facies and the consideration
of the diversity of the alteration phenomena imposed standardization and the limitation of the spectral window
avoid overlapping information. The absorption bands vary between 2.319 and 2.323 um. These values reflect toe
total dolomite characters and estimate the degree of diagenesis. Hie analysis of the spectra showed that a relationshi
could be esltablished between the degree of crystallinity and depth of the absorption band.
Travail realise dans le cadre du programme Volubilis, Action Integre n°: MA/07/171
The Internet: a new prospect for GIS in Africa
RolfBecker
ABSTRACT
This presentation concentrates on the Internet and its foreseeable impact on distribution, controlled access and
exploitation of spatial data, be it on a local, national or international level.
But apart from pointing to the collection, management and controlled distribution of spatial data, for instance in
connection with a NSDI, the presentation is mainly to draws attention to the fact that internet allows for analyzing
a multitude of different data regardless of their format, accuracy origin etc.,all tasks that can only be performed
by very specialized personnel. Ie. Personnel that is less and less available on the level the required information is
needed.
However, the internet enables the forester, the town planner, the irrigation engineer, the geologist, name him what
you want, without being an GIS expert to benefit from the wealth of information GIS can provide, and this without
first having to become a GIS.
A call for an accelerated implementation of internet access for Africa
150 AARSE.2010 International Conference - Earth Observation far Africa's Development Agenda — Abstract Book
Affordable Access to Synthetic Aperture Radar (SARSATS)
Luis Gomes', Phil Whittaker2 Rachel Bird* Simon Crouch4 Andrew Cawthorne5
Sir Martin Sweeting
Lgomes@ssfl.co.uk'',p.whittaker@sstl.co.uk2, r.bird@sstl.co.uP, s.crouch@sstl.co.uk4, a.cawthonre@sstico.uP,

\ m.sweeting@sstl.co. uP
Surrey Satellite Technology Limited
ABSTRACT
Recent developments in RF technology are making space based Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) an affordable
alternative to optical systems. The advantages and uses of such systems are widely known, but their high cost
has until n<yw prevented the widespread use of SAR, limiting it to the military and institutional users of a few
countries, rurthermore, even countries that can afford such expensive systems find it economically difficult co
deploy constellations of SAR systems, required for some of the more interesting applications. Based on its long
experience <|>f innovative use of technology, Surrey Satellite Technology Limited (SSTL) is currently completing
the design oif a SAR system, offering two different levels of performance. The system is designed to follow the sarrii:
fundamental principles of the DMC spacecraft designed by SSTL: high data quality, wide coverage, designed to
work in constellation mode, affordable. The system price will be considerably less than existing systems. Wide swatj^
modes of up to 150km and resolutions comparable to DMC support environmental and disaster management
tasks, and cin also be used for maritime law enforcement. Narrow swath modes offer a higher resolution capability
for surveillance. In both cases a multi-polar capability is available further increasing the rage of applications of the
SAR. Modei can easily be switched, providing a significant level of operational flexibility. Based on the avionics of
the SSTL30J0 platform, the space segment incorporates mostly heritage avionics and all the data handling is based
on a tried alid tested chain, compatible with the latest generation of SSTL ground segment. The radar instrument
component^ also have extensive test and flight heritage. The system is capable of real time downlink of data in
broadcast or! ARQ modes, or store and forward data capture for future download. Two structural configurations arte
possible for the platform, with one being optimised for shared launches of two or three spacecraft, hence reducing
the costs of constellation deployment. The platforms are designed to be compatible with different types of small
launcher, offering the opportunity for further launch cost savings. With an expected first launch in 2013, the
system will ultimately include several spacecraft, operated in a similar way to the Disaster Monitoring Constellation,
with distributed ownership of spacecraft and cooperative use of part of the system capacity. This paper provides
an overview of the technical solution, concept of operations (CONOPS), applications and current status of the
development, as well as a summary of planned extensions of service and capabilities of the system.
A Fuzzy Based Decision Support System for Evaluating
Land Suitability and Selecting Crops
SlehakMelak
(e-mail:sile$mab@gmail.com, Mobile: +251911920396, P.o.box- 20128, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia)
ABSTRACT
Evaluating land suitability and selecting crops in modern agriculture is of critical importance for sustainable
agricultural production. This is because the narrower area of land, the more effectiveness in planting is required in
accordance with the desires of the land. Process of evaluating land suitability class and selecting plants in accordance
with decision markers requirements is complex and unstructured.
In this study a fuzzy-based Decision Support System (DSS) is to be used for evaluating land suitability and selecting
crops to be planted. A fuzzy rule is to be developed for evaluating land suitability and selecting the appropriate crops
to be planted considering the decision maker's requirements in crops selection with the efficient use of the powerful
reasoning and explanation capabilities of DSS.
As a result, effective decisions can be made for land suitability evaluation and crop selection problem.
Fuzzy based model can represent and manipulate agriculture knowledge that is incomplete or vague and it can be
used to determine land limitacion rating. The rating value is to be used to determine limitation level of the land and
used to determine what the most suitable crops to cultivate for the existing condition of the land.
KEYWORDS: Decision analysis, decision support systems, fuzzy
152 AARSE.2010 International Conference — Earth Observation for Africa's Development Agenda -Abstract Book
An integrated database for Location Based Service (LBS):
A case study of Obafemi Awolowo University lie Ife, Nigeria
| Alaigba, D. B.', Adeleke, J. A.2
i
Regional Centrefor Training in Aerospace Survey (RECTAS), Obafemi Awolowo University Campus,
lie Ife. Nigeria.
1debbiebless2000@yahoo. co. uk;
2]udeleke@yahoo. com
ABSTRACT
In ancient times, places where located based on paper maps, stone markings and landmarks including pictorial
representation of places on the earth surface. The advancement in technology in recent times has allowed for tide
development of digital databases of locations on the earth covering various areas of interest to man, thus allowing
easy access ito information on places on the earth surface. Location Based Service (LBS) seeks to give positional
(geometric)! and semantic (attribute) information to end users based on positional Information of the user, through
mobile devices and depending on the request of the user.
This work seeks to provide an LBS database for Obafemi Awolowo University (OAU), Ile-Ife, Nigeria. Location,
attribute arid route information of key places in OAU campus were presented for movement within the University
campus. This information will be very useful to all stake holders in the University community and the public in
general.
Data was derived from both primary data source and secondary sources such as GPS point collection of key location's
in the campus, scanned topographic map of OAU, ALOS image of Ile-Ife, and field survey.
GIS software was used to create, and update a Digital database, ArcGIS Network Analyst tool was employed tb
create route information between places in the university and SVG map view to present the integrated data.
Sustainable Wetlands Management (In the Wake of Climate
Changes) Using Remote SensingTechniquestA Case of
Usangu Wetlands in Mbeya,Tanzania
M. Hagai
Department of Geoinformatics, School ofGeospatial Sciences and Technology, Ardhi University,

Dar es Salaam Tanzania
ABSTRACT
Assessment of Vegetation Cover degradation and regeneration of Usangu wetlands ecosystem in Tanzania is so
imperative for its sustainable management, protection, and strategic functioning. The Usangu Wetlands are socio-
economically valuable to both Human and Nature. In recent years it has been said that Usangu Wetlands vegetation
cover have been degraded due to increasing number of livestock and agricultural activities in the wetlands to the
extent of threatening its existence of as an ecosystem. This is attributed mainly to global climatic changes which
have led to depletion of vegetation cover as due to degradation in some parts of Tanzania, forcing indigenous
and particularly, pastoralists to move to fresh areas such as the Usangu Wetlands. This called for The Tanzania
Government intervention by evicting pastoralists and agro-pastoralists and small scale holding communities from
the wetlands. Despite the interventions, no quantitative researches have been carried out to assess the effectiveness
of the interventions to the effect that the strategies should be uphold or not.
This study investigated vegetation cover degradation and regeneration in Usangu wetlands in the period between
1994 and 2006 (i.e. before the interventions) and Vegetation Regeneration in the period between 2006 and 2008
(i.e. after the interventions), so as quantify the extent of degradation and regeneration. Remote sensing Techniques
have been applied to analyze both primary and secondary data. Ground-truth information "reference data" and
satellite images from Landsat TM of 1994 and Landsat 7 ETM of 2006 and 2008 have been used. Data processing
has been done by using ERDAS IMAGINE software version 9.1.
These results shows that there was a decrease in area by 14.1%, ha of Grassland, 5.4%, ha of Bushy Grassland and
0.5%, ha of Swamps between 1994 and 2006 which is an indication ofvegetation cover degradation, while between
2006 -2008 there was an increased in area of 2.6%, ha of BushyGrassland, 2.1% ha of, WoodedGrassland, and
1.3% ha of Swamps indicating vegetation regeneration taking place in the wedands.
Remote sensing Technology have proved to be an appropriate tools in analyzing changes in an ecosystem thus,
suitable in assisting decision-makers in undertaking informed decisions and effecting sustainable management of
the wetlands.
It is being recommended that in the light of global climatic changes (i) the government should develop effective
policies on wetlands management, as there is growing interests in wetlands as climatic changes continue to pose harder
survival conditions (ii) participatory management ofwetlands should be embraced, as wetlands are multifunctional,
(iii) The Government should promote of utilization of space technologies in ecosystem management.
154 AARSE.2010 International Conference — Earth Observation for Africa's Development Agenda -Abstract Book
Accuracy Assessment of Landuse/ Landcover Analyses in
South Western Area of Nigeria
Ojo A. G.' and F. A. Adesina2
'Afiican Regional Centrefor Space Science and Technology Education (ojobayous@yahoo.com)

\2 Department of Geography Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria
(faadesin @oauife. edu. ng)
ABSTRACT
Remote sensing data types are now available for environmental studies. The variety has increased as many nations
including sQme African countries to invest in satellite remote sensing. However, each data type has its own peculiar
features that may limit or enhance its relevance to capture for specific range of information. This study used geo-
informatiom techniques based on multi-source imageries to enhance the utilization of images with coarser resolutions
in landuse analysis in Ekiti west area of south western Nigeria. The objective of the study is to evaluate accuracy
assessment with multi-source satellite data sets. The remotely sensed data sets used included Landsat TM 1986^
SPOT XS 1995 and NigeriaSat-1 2007 satellite images. To make the images comparable, they were georeferencedi,
re-sampled and enhanced for visualization in a GIS environment. The tonal values recorded in the images with the
features on the ground were validated by ground truthing. The data from ground truthing were combined with
visual image interpretation for "supervised" classification. The classes defined and analyzed included "built-up area",
"bare rock",; "farmland", secondary forest regrowth" and "water body". The results show that there were variations
in levels of accuracy among the three sets of imageries from landuse characterization. For instance NigeriaSat-1
had the highest accuracy (97.3%) followed by Landsat TM (82.8%) and SPOT (81.9%) for "built-up area". While
"farmland" (88.1 %) and "secondary forest regrowth" (78.3%) were more accurately classified in NigeriaSat-1, othet
landuse such as "bare rocks" (89%) and "water body" (85.5%) were more accurately classified in SPOT imagery. The
study confirftis the relevance of the growing interest in the use of geo-information techniques for landuse analysis,.
I
KEYWORDS: landuse/landcover; accuracy assessment; remote sensing imageries and classification
AARSE.2010 International Conference - Earth Observation for Africa's Development Agenda — Abstract Book 155
Crop Intensification Implications for Food Security amongst
Rural Households in the Northern Guinea Savanna of Nigeria
Salau, SA, *FakayodetS.BandAdewumi>M.O
Department ofAgricultural Economics and Farm Management, P.M.B 1515, University ofIlorin, Ilorin
Nigeria (e-mail: segunjakayode@yahoo.com phone no : +2348060236283)
ABSTRACT
Agriculture development is being increasingly recognized to be central to sustained improvement in the economic
development of Nigeria. This is more so as agriculture plays significant role in her food security, poverty alleviation
and human development chain. However in recent years, marked deterioration has been documented in the
performance of Nigeria's agriculture. The contribution of agriculture to the gross domestic product (GDP) which
averaged 56 percent between 1960-64 declined to 47 percent and 35 percent between 1965-69 and 2002-2004
respectively (Amaza and Maurice, 2005). Consequently food insecurity has remained a fundamental challenge in
the country. The Food and Agricultural Organisation in 2005 enlisted the country among countries faced with
serious food insecurity problems.
In this vein, crop intensification which is the process of raising yield and or land productivity over time by increasing
inputs of one form or another on a per unit area basis in many SSA has become one of the major challenges to
sustainable agricultural production for food security. This will be the case for the 21st century and beyond because
of increasing population pressure, declining agricultural productivity, environment degradation, food insecurity
and wide spread rural poverty (Eswaran et al, 2001). Farmers in SSA have not sufficiently improved their land
management practices to the condition of continuous cultivation and shorter fallow periods which were caused by
increasing population pressure. In the past, long fallow periods have traditionally been used to restore soil quality
and yield levels in SSA. In the recent years, demographic pressure on land has shortened the number of years
farmlands are kept to fallow to the point that fallowing alone is insufficient to maintain soil fertility.
The broad objective of this research work was therefore to investigate crop intensification vis -a-vis food security
situations among majority farming households in the Northern Guinea Savannah of Nigeria, using Kwara state as a
case study. Specifically the study estimated the levels of crop intensification among farming households; determined
the major factors influencing crop intensification; determine food insecurity status of rural households; and
investigated implications ofprevalent crop intensification on majority rural farming households in the study area. The
study target population was the rural farm households in the Northern Guinea Savannah zone of Nigeria. The study
is focused on the rural households/farm households. This is because a sizeable proportion of Nigeria's population
resides within the rural areas. In spite, of the invasion of the urban sector by rural and semi-rural population, about
70% Nigerians depend on agriculture and live in the rural areas (Okolocha, 1993; Abdullahi, 2002). Also, the bulk
of those suffering from food insecurity remain in the rural areas (Fresco, 2000). The study sample comprised two
hundred rural households who were drawn via a three stage sampling procedure. Analytical tools employed were the
crop intensity index, multiple regression analysis, food security index and correlation coefficients analyses. Results
revealed three categories of farmer crop intensification practices- low, medium and high intensity farmers, factors
influencing crop intensification included number of years of household head education, adjusted household size
and land tenure system. Amongst significant factors determining the food security situation /status of the rural
area were farmers the kinds of crops cultivated by the farmers whether cash or foods and the farmers extent of crop
intensification practices
KEY WORDS: - agricultural production, gross domestic product, population pressure, household size, high
intensity farmers
156 AARSE.2010 International Conference - Earth Observation fir Africa's Development Agenda — Abstract Book
'he Use of Satellite Data in Detecting and Predicting
Climate Change and Desertification in Africa:
Case study of the Sahel Region
i
'. Babagana Abubakar
Kanuri Development Association (KDA), (Email: babaganabubakar2002@yahoo.com,

kanuridevetopmentassociation@gmail.com)
ABSTRACT
11
Desertification and climate change are two primary issues affecting the fertile lands of the Sahel and its peopl^.
This Sahel Region stretches all the way from Senegal to Somalia or the Horn of Africa while cutting across ove}r
ten different African countries within the Sub-Saharan Africa. It borders the "Sahara desert" in the North and tfae
"Sudan Savjinnah" in the South. This region has an annual rainfall of an average of 50-55 cm in the late 1960s arid
has drastically dropped to an annual average of 35-40 cm per annum since the late 1990's.While the Sahara desejit
of the regiop keeps expanding from an average 0.5 kilometers per annum in the late 1980s to 0.8 kilometers per
annum since the last decade.
In view of the above mentioned desertification and climate change situations the agricultural out puts and pastoral
activities asi well as the sizes of lakes, rivers and ponds upon which the inhabitants of this region depends has
drastically teduced significantly over the last two decades and further keeps increasing the rate of rural-urbatfi
migrations, Job losses, poverty and land disputes. I
i
Considering the above dynamic changes going-on in the Sahel region a faster, precise and reliable data are required
by researchers conducting research in this field and such data can only come through space application such as
applying the GNSS Technologies to water resource management as well as thematic mapping and forest management
in the regiop.
AARSE.2010 international Conference - Earth Observationfor Africa's Development Agenda - Abstract Book 137
NigeriaSat-2: Africa's Commercial Earth Observation System
Francis Chizea (NASRDA), TaiElemide (GeoApps Plus), David Hodgson (DMCii)
ABSTRACT
To date Africa has been poorly served by commercial earth observation satellite systems. The NigeriaSat-2 satellite
is the 1st such system designed to service the commercial, research and humanitarian needs ofAfrica, and the wider
world. Developed by the Nigerian National Space Research and Development Agency (NASRDA) in conjunction
with Surrey Satellite Technology Ltd. (SSTL) this system represents a huge leap in the availability and quality of
commercial satellite imagery supply in Africa. The 2.5 metre high resolution, high capacity satellite will revolutionise
commercial applications of satellite imagery throughout Africa.
Through an international collaboration of NASRDA, Nigerian company GeoApps Plus and UK company DMCii
the NigeriaSat-2 system will be brought to market within Africa and the rest of the world to serve growing demand for
high resolution satellite imagery. This paper discuss' the system, its market and the unique opportunities it provides
to meet demand for high resolution satellite imagery in Africa for Environmental and Security monitoring.
KEYWORDS: Africa, Satellite, NigeriaSat-2, Commercial EO
158 AARSE.2010 International Conference — Earth Observation for Africa's Development Agenda — Abstract Book
Mapping sub-Saharan Africa with the DMC satellite constellation
David Hodgson, Paul Stephens
DMCHLtd. UK
ABSTRACT
The DMC satellite constellation, formed in 2002, has significantly increased capacity with the launch of the latest
22 metre 65pkm wide swath multispectral imaging satellites in 2009. The constellation, coordinated by DMCiH
Ltd., UK, includes African satellites operated by Algeria and Nigeria, as well as those from UK, Spain and Chinas
The award of a contract by the EC GMES programme for the acquisition of full image coverage of sub-Saharaij:
Africa during a single year demonstrates the success of the constellation in providing a high quality rapid imaging
service on a (Continent scale, and the commitment of the EC to the Africa GMES programme. This paper review*'
the 32metre tmd 22metre sensor systems, the quality of the imagery, and discusses the coverage achieved and how
access to the idata can be acquired.
Wetland Utilization and Development in Mayegun Area of Lagos
Adepoju Olusegun
Geography Department, University ofLagos, Akoka, Yaba Lagos, Nigeria

(Email: prince_segun@yahoo.com, mobile: +234-0802-593-6148)
Problem Definition
Wetlands are productive and dynamic systems of flora and fauna and biological diversity supporting millions of
people by related ecosystems services (Nidhi, 2007). As a vital ecological resource, wetland is significant in respect
of their functions and services. These functions and services are well known and documented and can be classified
as positive uses or negative. Positive uses include withdrawal of clean water for domestic uses, and fishing. Also,
some plants within the wetlands provide medicinal service while some are used as fodders for catties, for roofing,
and crafts among others.
On the other hand, negative uses include wedand conversion, draining for agriculture, filling for urban uses such as
industrial, commercial, residential, transportation; reclaiming from wetland, degrading from polluted waste water
(industrial effluents), and eutrophication. It should be noted that negative uses impair ecohydrological capacity to
yield or provide its benefits. It also depletes groundwater, increases local temperatures, deteriorate environmental
conditions and generally affect the environmental sustainability of wetland. Over utilisation of wetlands has led
to falling water table levels, ecological deterioration and the loss of critically important functions and benefits. In
consequence, most wetlands have been under serious threats of going into extinction or outright extermination and
at a fast rate.
However, realising the dangers and great consequences trailing the deteriorating environmental conditions following
constant over utilisation and destruction of wetland resources, the global team of scientists and intergovernmental
bodies were brought together to ratify wetland treaty in 1971 during Ramsar convention. The basic thrust of this
management initiative was to conserve the wetland resources of significance. Central to this initiative was 'wise use'
of wedand resources in order to maintain the ecological character achieved through implementation of ecosystem
approaches within the context of sustainable development since wise use cannot be achieved in the absence of
resource planning and development. Thus, the increasing urban encroachments on wetlands in Lagos megacity call
for concern if sustainable development is to be achieved.
Methodology
In this study, both topographic and satellite imageries of parts of Lagos were used to estimate the various imprints
of wetland conversion activities and their consequences using Remote Sensing and the related techniques.
Conclusion
Landuse resulting from urban expansion is the single human imprint accounting for the loss of wetland in Lagos.
In view of 'wise use' element inherent in the sustainable principle of the Ramsar convention, there is absolute need
to deploy a more advance technology with Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) in wetland
inventory. This important information will be most useful for development and sustainable management of the
wetland resources in Africa and Nigeria in particular.
Author's index
Abdul Husaini 136

Abdulkadir A. 38
O. S. Aboyeji 28
Adam P. Nyaruhuma 85
Adeniyi Gbadegesin 113
Adepoju Olusegun 160
Adia S. Oro-Ghene 76
Aiaigba 153
Ametelwokil Mohammed 58
Andre Nonguierma 121
Andualem Aldilu 36
Appeaning Addo 60
Ayeni 16
Babagana Abubakar 157
Bakary Djaby 37
Bisrat Kifle 135
Brilliant M. Petjal 42
Carlos M. Pascual 115
Charles Ichoku 67
Charles Paradzayi 56
Claudia Patricia Romero-Hernandez 18
Clement A. Alo 99
Clement D. Ibilewa 134
M. Clerici 33
Dang Bitrus Akila 78
David Hodgson 91, 158, 159

H.O Davies 132
Degelo Sendabo 112
Douglas S. Way 71
Ebenezer Yemi Ogunbadewa 129
Efron. Gajere 88
R. E. Ekpenyong 13
Elhadi Adam 55
Elham M. Ali 12
Ephrem G. Beyene 30
Erastus Chege 11, 104
Estifanos Lemma Goshu 22
Etim Offiong 133
Farai Dondofema 61
Fashae Olutoyin 68,92
Fekerte Arega Yitagesu 44
AARSE.2010 International Conference — Earth Observation for Africa's Development Agenda — Abstract Book 161!
Foster Mensah 116
Francis Chizea 158
Francis Danquah Ohemeng 72
Francis Omokekhai Aitsebaomo 3

Francois Kayitaldre 43
Fritz Policelli 100
Gbadegesin Adeniyi 68
Getnet Feyissa
M. Hagai 154
Herbert Hansen 34, 137,143
A. T. Ibrahim 6
Isi A. Ikhuoria 117
Jimmy O. Adegoke 23,109
Josefien Delrue 138
Joseph Oloukoi 82
Kamal Labbassi 130, 149
Kate Lance 124, 125,126
Kayode A. Adepoju 21
Kenneth Abaagu Uchua 40

O. Kufoniyi A 120
Kwame Adu Agyekum 108
Luis Gomes 151

Luncedo Ngcofe 75
M. Massart 24
M.E. Andrews Deller 102
Mahgoub Suliman Mohamedain 69

Mahmoud Ibrahim Mahmoud 95
Marc Leroy 139
Marie* Smith 106
Mark Matthews 105
Markus Niklaus 52
Martha C. Anderson 45
Mekonnen Gebremichael 27
Mulemwa Akombelwa 144
Musa, A. A. 47
Mudu Ozdogan 98
Mxolisi E. Shongwe 7,41
Nathaniel O. Adeoye 70
S.J.Nindi 10
Ojigi, M. L. 83
OjoA.G.A 155
Olayinka D.N. 66
J. Oloukoi 1 8
162 AARSE.2010 International Conference - Earth Observationfor Africa's Development Agenda-Abstract Book
Omodanisi 74
A.M. Omotayo 39
Onafeso Olumide 51
Onwusulu 26
Opaleye Oluwafemi Akinola 35
O.O.I. Orimoogunje 46
Owen Hawkins 48, 91
A. B. Owusu 9,15
Oyedepo 4, 39, 94
R.O. Oyinloyel 114
Paul Stephens 48,91, 159
RachidBaissa 130, 148
Rebelo 110
Richard Tamungang 50
Robert Etim Ekpenyong 96
Rolf Becker 150
Royer,A. 29,141
Salau.S.A. 156
Sayed Arafat 107
Sisay Eshetu 5
Siva Subramanian 20
SlehakMelak 152
Sophie Taupin 143, 148
M. Soumah 114,79
Stefan Kienberger 86
Stepanie Horion 80
Steve Drury 131

Steve Mackin 62
Sven Gilliams 29
Teshome E 59
Tsegay Fithanegest Desta 93
Tsehaie Woldai 54
Yang Hong 96
G.U.Yesuf 90
Youngu 145

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Earth Observation for Africa's Development Agenda

United Nations Conference Centre (UNCC)

Food and Water Security Scientific Presentations

SPONSORS and Partners of AARSE 2010

Food and Water Security I

Environmental Sensitivity Index Mapping of Atlas Cove, Lagos Nigeria 4

Indian Contribution to African Food Security - A Geospatial Solution 20

Multi-Disciplinary Research on Hydro-Climatic Processes to Advance Water Resource Management

AARSE.2010 International Conference - Earth Observation for Africa's DevelopmentAgenda-Abstract Book

Analyses of East African Vegetation Trends (1982-2008) using NOAA-AVHRR NDVI 30

National Wetlands Mapping in Uganda 34

Effects of Urban Sprawl on Agricultural productivity in Ile-Ife, Nigeria 35

Spatio-temporal Trend of Eco-Climatic Characteristics and Food Security in the Sudano-Sahelian

Mapping ofOfada Rice Production Areas 39

Mapping the Crop Production System Zones of the IGAD Region 43

Mapping Variation in Soil Volumetric Shrinkage Using Aster Imagery 44

Satellite-based monitoring of evapotranspiration in the Nile basin 45

Assessment of Solar and Wind Energy Potentials in Nigeria 51

NPP modeling for biomass energy estimation for South Africa 52

Numerical Modelling of Flooding and Erosion Using Cellular Automation 65

Spatio-temporal Analysis of Land Degradation in Ibadan, Nigeria 68

Wetland Mapping using Geo-Spatial Technology 70

An Integrated Evaluation of Eco-Environmental Vulnerability in Efon Alaye Using Remote Sensing

Automatic Identification of Buildings Demolished by Disasters Using Oblique Images 85

Space Technology for Disaster Management and Sustainable Development in NE-Africa -

Marine and Costal Management 103

Capacity-building: achievement and challenges \\\

Geoinformation-based Monitoring and Sustainable Management of Secondary Schools in Ife

Geoinformatics-based Mapping Philippines Higher Education Institutions and Programs 115

Rectas Capacity Building: Strategies, Achivements and Challenges 117

Spatial Data Infrastructure, SDI 119

The African Regional Spatial Data Infrastructure (ARSDI) 121

National and regional programs and projects 123

SERVIR-Afirica: an earth observation platform for collaboration 124

Monitoring earth observation sector in Africa 126

Investigating the geometric and radiometric properties of DMC-Nigerisat-1 129

Atlas of African Hydrogeology: a proposal 131

Application of Geospatial Database for Sustainable Mineral Development in Nigeria 132

A Pan-African Space Agency or An African Space Forum? 133

African Monitoring of the Environment for Sustainable Development (AMESD) 139

The DevCoCast project - Impact on decision making processes in Africa 141

New estimation of Kibera population using Remote Sensing 143

Space Technologies to Support HIV/AJDS Treatment in Africa 148

The Internet: a new prospect for GIS in Africa 150

Affordable Access to Synthetic Aperture Radar (SARSATS) 151

NigeriaSat-2: Africa's Commercial Earth Observation System 158

Mapping sub-Saharan Africa with the DMC satellite constellation 159

Wetland Utilization and Development in Mayegun Area of Lagos 160

Author's index 161

Oyedepo, JA and Adeofun, CO.

University ofAgriculture, Abeokuta Ogun State Nigeria (oyedepoja@unaab.edu.ng)

KEYWORDS: Environmental Sensitivity Index, Oil spill, Remote sensing

(s. eshetu @yahoo. com)

A. T. Ibrahim1,J. E. NichoP, C M. Birkett3, M. M. Badamasi1

/. Oloukoi^R. O. OyinUye2; E A Seton

1oloukoi@rectas. org; 2oyinloye@rectas. org

! George Mason University, Fairfax VA, USA

1 Centrefor Sustainable Rural Development, Sokoine University ofAgriculture (SCSRD),