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    Review Hydrology

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    Alamgir Khalil
    The document outlines hydrology, hydraulics, and open channel flow concepts including the hydrologic cycle, precipitation measurement and analysis, runoff calculation methods, structure flow equations and properties, and open channel geometries and flow equations that are critical to watershed and hydraulic structure design and would normally take several weeks of class time to cover, but are compressed here with example problems to highlight key points and calculations. Additional practice problems are recommended to fully understand the concepts and methods presented.

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    Review Hydrology

    Uploaded by

    Alamgir Khalil
    29 views82 pages
    The document outlines hydrology, hydraulics, and open channel flow concepts including the hydrologic cycle, precipitation measurement and analysis, runoff calculation methods, structure flow equations and properties, and open channel geometries and flow equations that are critical to watershed and hydraulic structure design and would normally take several weeks of class time to cover, but are compressed here with example problems to highlight key points and calculations. Additional practice problems are recommended to fully understand the concepts and methods presented.

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    Review_Hydrology

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    The document outlines hydrology, hydraulics, and open channel flow concepts including the hydrologic cycle, precipitation measurement and analysis, runoff calculation methods, structure flow equations and properties, and open channel geometries and flow equations that are critical to watershed and hydraulic structure design and would normally take several weeks of class time to cover, but are compressed here with example problems to highlight key points and calculations. Additional practice problems are recommended to fully understand the concepts and methods presented.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    29 views82 pages

    Review Hydrology

    Uploaded by

    Alamgir Khalil
    The document outlines hydrology, hydraulics, and open channel flow concepts including the hydrologic cycle, precipitation measurement and analysis, runoff calculation methods, structure flow equations and properties, and open channel geometries and flow equations that are critical to watershed and hydraulic structure design and would normally take several weeks of class time to cover, but are compressed here with example problems to highlight key points and calculations. Additional practice problems are recommended to fully understand the concepts and methods presented.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 82

    Hydrology

    • Hydrologic Cycle
    • Precipitation
    – Average over Area
    – Return Period
    • Abstractions from Rainfall
    • Runoff
    – Hydrographs
    – Determination methods
    Hydraulics of Structures
    • Weir flow
    • Orifice flow
    • Pipe flow
    • Spillway flow
    – Stage-Discharge relationship
    Open Channel Flow
    • Channel geometries
    – Triangular
    – Trapezoid
    – Parabolic
    • Manning’s equation
    – Manning roughness, “n”
    • Grass waterway design
    A few comments
    • Material outlined is about 3 weeks or more in a
    3-semester hour class. I’m compressing at least
    6 hours of lecture and 3 laboratories into 2
    hours, so I will:
    – Review highlights and critical points
    – Do example problems
    • You need to:
    – Review and tab references
    – Do additional example problems, or at least
    thoroughly review examples in references
    Hydrologic Cycle

    From Fangmeier et al. (2006)


    Precipitation
    • Input to the Rainfall-Runoff process
    • Forms include:
    – Rainfall
    – Snow
    – Hail
    – Sleet
    • Measured directly
    • Varies temporally and areally
    Rainfall Data
    • Daily
    • Hourly
    • 15-minute
    • Continuous
    • Reported as depth, which is really volume
    over a given area, over a period of time
    Average Rainfall
    • Simple arithmetic average
    • Theissen Polygon
    Example 1
    How do different calculation methods of rainfall average compare?

    Consider:
    Raingage data
    • Gages (clockwise from upper left): 1.9”,
    2.1”, 1.8”, 1.9”, 2.1”, 2.2”

    Arithmetic average: 2.0”


    Theissen Polygons
    • Areas closest to each raingage
    determined by perpendicular bisectors of
    each line between raingages.
    • Areas for each raingage, again clockwise
    from upper left: 65ac, 150ac, 55ac, 140ac,
    215 ac, 270ac
    • Figure is repeated with Theissen polygon
    construction added.
    Is the watershed average
    rainfall using the Theissen
    Polygon method most nearly:

    A. 2.0”
    B. 2.1”
    C. 2.2”
    D. 1.9”
    Theissen calculation
    • Uses areal weighted average, so the sum of the
    products of area x depth divided by total area
    • Hint: If you measure the areas yourself, the
    denominator should be the sum of the areas, not
    the known watershed area
    • So, average Theissen rain: Answer B, 2.1”
    (65*1.9+150*2.1+55*1.8+140*1.9+215*2.1+270*2.
    2)/(65+150+55+140+215+270)=2.07”, which is
    best represented as 2.1” given most data is 2
    significant digits.
    Return Period (two descriptions)
    • A 10 year-24 hour rainfall volume is that
    depth of rainfall over a 24 hour period that
    is met or exceeded, on the long-term
    average, once every 10 years.
    • Another way to describe it is the 24 hour
    rainfall depth that has a 1 in 10 (10%)
    chance to be met or exceeded each year,
    on the long term average.
    US 100yr-24hr Rainfall

    100yr-24hr data from TP-40 (Hershfield (1961)


    as referenced by Fangmeier et al. (2006)
    Return Period Data
    • Constructed from historical rainfall data
    • Available in tabular form via website or
    state USDA-NRCS reports.
    • Available as national maps (similar to
    previous slide) in several references such
    as Haan, Barfield & Hayes (1994).
    Example
    A reservoir is to be designed to contain the
    runoff from a 10yr-24hr rainfall event in
    Northeastern Illinois. What rainfall
    volume is to be considered?

    A. 4.5”
    B. 3.9”
    C. 4.1”
    D. Cannot estimate from available maps
    10yr-24hr map from Haan, Barfield & Hayes (1994)
    Example
    • Answer is C. From map, 10yr-24hr rainfall
    in NE Illinois is just over 4”, use 4.1” to be
    conservative.
    Abstractions from Rainfall
    • Abstractions from rainfall are “losses” from
    rainfall that do not show up as storm water
    runoff:
    – Interception
    – Evapotranspiration
    – Storage
    • In bank
    • On surface
    – Infiltration
    Runoff by other names…
    • “Effective” rainfall
    • Rainfall “excess”
    Runoff
    If rainfall rate exceeds the soil infiltration
    capacity, ponding begins, and any soil
    surface roughness creates storage on the
    surface. After at least some of those
    depressions are filled with water, runoff
    begins. Additional rain continues to fill
    depressional storage and runoff rate
    increases as more of the hill slope and
    subsequently the watershed contributes
    runoff.
    Rainfall/Runoff process
    Time of Concentration, tc
    The time from the beginning of runoff to the
    time at which the entire watershed is
    contributing runoff that reaches the
    watershed outlet is called the Time of
    Concentration. It is also described as the
    “travel time from the hydraulically most
    remote point in a watershed to the outlet”.
    Curve Number method
    CN Method, continued
    Time of Concentration, tc
    CN values
    Runoff Volume determination
    Runoff Example
    In a previous problem, a design rain event in NE
    Illinois was determined to be 4.1”. Assuming the
    watershed in question was a completed 300 ac
    residential area with an average lot size of ½ ac,
    all on Hydrologic Group C soils, what is the
    needed pond volume?
    A: 2.5 runoff-inches
    B: 53 acre-inches
    C: 630 acre-ft
    D: 53 acre-ft
    Runoff Example, continued
    Runoff Volume determination
    Answer to Runoff Example
    The answer is D, 53 acre-ft. From the table,
    the CN for Hyd group C soil with ½-ac lot
    is 80. Using the graph with a 4.1” rainfall,
    runoff depth is 2.1”. Volume is then
    300ac*2.1in = 630 ac-in, divided by 12 is
    53 ac-ft.
    Additional example
    You discover that the subdivision is actually 100
    acres of ½ ac lots on C soils, 100 acres of ½ ac
    lots on D soils, 50 acres of ¼ ac lots on B soils
    and 50 acres of townhouses on A soils. What
    CN value would you use?
    A: 79
    B: 85
    C: 80
    D: 75
    Answer
    The correct answer is C, 80. Use an area-
    weighted average, similar to Theissen
    method. The respective CN values for ½
    ac on C, ½ ac on D, ¼ ac on B and
    townhouses on A are 80, 85, 75 & 77.
    The area-weighted CN is then
    (80*100+85*100+75*50+77*50)/300 =
    80.33, which is more appropriately 80.
    Peak Discharge
    The CN method also provides for Peak
    Discharge estimation, using graphs or
    tables. Required information includes
    average watershed slope, watershed flow
    path length, CN, and rainfall depth. The
    graphical method from the EFM is:
    Peak Runoff Discharge
    Peak Discharge Example
    Same residential watershed that produced
    2.1” of runoff from a 4.1” rainfall. Flow
    length is 2500’, slope is 2%. CN is 80, so
    S is 2.5”. Ia = 0.2*S = 0.5”. Ia/P =
    0.5/4.1=0.122.

    Tc = 2500^0.8*(1000/80-9)^0.7/1140/2^0.5
    =0.8hr
    Example solution
    From graph, with Ia/P of 0.122 and Tc of
    0.8hr, unit peak discharge is 0.57 cfs/ac/in
    or qp = 0.57*300*2.1 = 360 cfs
    Rational Method
    The Rational Equation is:

    Qp = CiA

    where:
    C is a coefficient
    i is rainfall intensity of duration tc
    A is area in acres

    C is approximately 0.4, A is 300ac, i is 2” in 30min, so 4iph,


    peak rate is then 0.4*300*4 = 480 cfs
    10yr, 1yr rainfall in NE IL

    From:
    http://www.erh.noaa.gov/er/hq/Tp40s.htm
    Hydraulics of Structures
    Flow through structures is important given
    that such structures control the rate of
    flow. Sizing of such structures is then
    important to allow flow to pass while
    protecting downstream areas from the
    effects of too high a flow rate. Structures
    may also be used for measurement of
    water flow. Each type of structure will
    produce different types of flow depending
    upon size and flow rate passing through it.
    Weirs
    • Sharp-crested
    • Broad-crested
    Weir Equation

    (from EFH-Ch03 Hydraulics)


    Sharp-Crested Weir

    (from EFH-Ch03 Hydraulics)


    More complex weirs
    (from Haan et al., 1994)
    Example
    • You are measuring flow using a 90° V-
    notch weir. H is measured as 0.53’ at
    2.5’ upstream of the weir. What is the
    flow rate?
    A. 230 gpm
    B. 0.51 cfs
    C. 0.51 gpm
    D. A&B
    Answer
    • The answer is D. The equation from Haan
    et al (1994) is:
    Answer, continued
    • Q = 2.5*H^2.5, where Q is in cfs and H is
    in feet
    • Q=2.5*(0.53)^2.5=0.511 cfs or 0.51 cfs
    • Q=0.51 cfs*60sec/min*7.48gal/cf=230
    gpm
    • Note: Both answers contain 2 significant
    figures
    Orifice Flow
    • Submerged vs Free Outlet
    • Shapes affecting C
    Submerged Orifice
    Free Discharge Orifice
    Orifice Coefficients
    Example
    • Markers Mark distillery just moved a 3’ diameter
    barrel of their bourbon over their charcoal filter
    bed to drain the bourbon into the system to be
    bottled. The bung plug is removed
    instantaneously, allowing barrel strength
    bourbon to flow freely from the 2” diameter
    bung, which can be considered a sharp-edged
    orifice. What is the initial flow rate (assuming
    same specific gravity as water, which is an
    incorrect assumption)?
    Answers
    A: 0.5 cfs
    B: 83 gpm
    C: 26.6 gpm
    D: 200 L/hr
    Solution
    Q=0.61*A*(2*g)^0.5*h^0.5
    =0.61*(π*1”^2)*(2*32.2f/s/s)^0.5*3’^0.5
    =0.61*3.1415/144*(64.4)^0.5*3^0.5
    =0.185 cfs

    Q=83 gpm (answer B)


    Pipe flow
    When considering pipe flow in a structure,
    Bernoulli’s equation is used:

    Frictional losses are multiples of the velocity head (V2/2g)


    and are additive.
    Head loss under pipe flow
    • Entrance loss (Ke)
    • Bend loss (Kb)
    • Pipe friction loss (Kc)
    • Each coefficient is documented in references

    Considering the Bernoulli equation for a spillway,


    the pressure at entrance and exit is atmospheric,
    the elevation difference is the water surface elevation
    difference between upstream and downstream,
    and the remaining term is the velocity head plus losses
    Consider the following
    Pipe flow
    Spillway considerations
    A given spillway may have several
    discharge relationships (weir, orifice, pipe)
    depending upon the head (stage). The
    stage discharge curve then becomes a
    combination curve, with the type of
    relationship allowing the highest flow at a
    given head in control.

    Consider a drop inlet control structure:


    Stage-Discharge Curve
    Example
    An 18” CMP with an 18” vertical riser is used
    as the principal spillway for a pond. The
    pipe is 50’ long with one 90° bend. The
    top of the inlet is 10’ above the bottom of
    the outlet. Develop the stage-discharge
    relationship assuming a free outfall.
    Weir flow
    Basic equation:

    Given 18” riser, length of weir is 2πr, or 4.7’, so


    Orifice flow

    Basic orifice equation:

    Given 18” riser and assuming C’ of 0.6,


    Pipe flow
    Basic pipe flow equation:

    After looking up each parameter:


    Stage-Discharge Relationship
    Open Channel Flow
    Flow through open channels is another
    important area to consider and review.
    Velocity and flow rate are usually
    calculated using Manning’s equation,
    which considers flow geometry, channel
    roughness and slope.
    Manning’s Equation

    Where:

    V= flow velocity in fps


    Rh = Hydraulic Radius in ft
    S = Energy gradeline slope in ft/ft (=bed slope for normal flow)
    n = Manning coefficient
    1.49 = conversion from SI to English units

    Hydraulic radius is the flow area divided by the wetted perimeter.


    Open Channel Flow – Channel Geometry
    Manning “n” values
    Example
    What is the flow rate for a rectangular
    finished (clean) concrete channel with a
    base width of 8’, channel slope of 0.5%,
    with a “normal” water depth of 2’?

    A: 140 cfs
    B: 8.5 cfs
    C: 100 cfs
    D: 200 cfs
    Solution

    n is 0.015, Rh is 8*2 sq.ft./(2+8+2) ft, S is 0.005 ft/ft, so


    V = 8.5 ft/sec

    Q = V*A= 8.5 ft/sec*16 sq.ft. = 140 cfs


    Vegetated Waterway Design
    The design of a vegetated waterway is an
    iterative process, considering both
    capacity when the grass is unmowed and
    hence higher resistance to flow and
    stability when recently mowed and more
    susceptible to bed scour at high flow
    velocities. Fortunately, the EFM has tables
    of suitable channel dimensions.
    Design steps from EFH:
    Example
    A subdivision produces a peak runoff rate of
    60 cfs from a 10yr-24hr rainfall. A
    vegetated waterway with an average slope
    of 3% is to be planted with Kentucky
    bluegrass. The soil at the waterway site is
    easily eroded. The waterway will be
    constructed with a parabolic shape. What
    top width and depth are required (ignoring
    freeboard)?
    Choices
    A: 20’, 2’
    B: 18.5’, 1.1’
    C: 15’, 1.5’
    D: 12’, 0.6’
    Permissible Velocity

    Kentucky bluegrass on a 3% slope easily eroded soil


    can handle up to 5 fps.
    Resistance to flow

    Kentucky bluegrass has a C resistance when unmowed


    and a D resistance when cut to 2” height
    EFM table
    Solution
    Reading the chart for 60cfs, V1 of 5fps, a
    top width of 18.5’ with a depth of 1.1’ is
    suitable, so answer B.

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