Hydro Graph
Hydro Graph
Hydro Graph
Introduction
Drainage basin
Drainage basin or watershed or catchment area of the river flowing is the total area of a river basin whose surface runoff (due to a storm) drains into the river in the basin
Drainage divide
The boundary line, along a topographic ridge, separating two adjacent drainage basins
Concentration time
The time required for the rain falling at the most distant point in a drainage area (i.e. on the fringe of the catchment) to reach the concentration point. tc = 0.0195 L 0.77 S -0.385
tc: time of concentration in minutes. L: maximum length of flow in meters. S: the difference in elevation between the outlet and the most remote point divided by the length L.
Rainfall-Runoff relationship
Rational Method
Qp = C . I . A
C: runoff coefficient (dimensionless). I: intensity of rainfall (L/T). A: area of watershed (L2).
Rocky and impermeable Slightly permeable, bare Cultivated or covered with vegetation Cultivated absorbent soil Sandy soil Heavy forest
0.8 1.0 0.6 0.8 0.4 0.6 0.3 0.4 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.2
Required time for reaching the peak flow rate Qp is equal to the time of concentration tc.
Rational method can be applied to watersheds with area not more than 15*106 m2 (relatively small area). In this method the whole rainfall losses (by evaporation, infiltration, interception, depression storage, etc.) are considered as a constant ratio from the rainfall intensity I.
Example:
The following figure shows a plan view of an urbanized area. The area topography and the system of streets and gutters induce the flow pattern shown by arrows. Inlet I collect runoff from this area. The collected water from this area is routed through pipe P. The relationship between mean rainfall intensity and duration for a given recurrence can be represented as (I = a/(b + tc)), where a and b are constants have values equal 3 cm and 0.17 hr respectively. Take the coefficient C equals 0.7 and the time of concentration equals Z 10 minutes. Use Manning equation to design the pipe diameter. Take Manning coefficient equals 0.015 and the slope of the designed pipe equals 0.005.
I = a / (b + tc) I =3 / (0.17 + tc) C = 0.7, tc = 10 min = 0.167 hr, n = 0.015, and S = 0.005
Solution:
I = a / (b + tc) = 3 / (0.17 + 0.167) = 8.91 cm/hr = 0.089 m/hr Qp = C.I.A = 0.7 * 0.089 * 40000 * (1/3600) = 0.7 m3/sec Qp = (1/n) . Ap . R2/3 . S1/2 0.7 = (1/0.015) * ( r2) * (r/2)2/3 * (0.005)1/2 Then, r = 0.38 m = 38 cm, D = 2 * 38 = 76 cm V = Qp/A = 0.7 / 0.454 = 1.54 m/sec
Hydrograph
Hydrograph is the relationship between discharge in the channel and the time.
Description of Hydrograph
qt = qo . e -kt
Time t tb tp P tc tr
DRO
k : recession constant.
A
A
BF
Time t
Peak time (tp): the time from the start of rainfall excess to the peak of the resulting hydrograph.
Base flow
Base flow represents the relatively steady contribution to stream discharge from groundwater return flow
= A0.2
(1) E
(3) (2)
Time t
Excess rainfall
Rainfall that is neither retained on the land surface nor infiltrated into the soil Graph of excess rainfall versus time is called excess rainfall hyetograph Direct runoff = observed streamflow baseflow Excess rainfall = observed rainfall abstractions
Unit hydrograph
A unit hydrograph is defined as: the DRO hydrograph resulting from unit depth of excess rainfall that produced by a storm of uniform intensity and a specified duration.
1-hr unit hydrograph is mean that the hydrograph produced by 1mm of rainfall excess falling over the basin in 1 hr at a rate of 1 mm/hr
3-hr unit hydrograph means the hydrograph produced by 1 mm of rainfall excess occurring
uniformly during a 3 hr period at a rate of 1/3 mm/hr.
The following general rules should be observed in developing unit hydrographs from gauged watersheds:
Storms should be selected with simple structure with relatively uniform spatial and temporal distributions.
Watersheds sizes should generally fall between 1000 acre and 1000 mi2. Direct runoff should range from 0.5 to 2.0 in. Duration of rainfall excess D should be approximately 25 30 % of lag time (L). A number of storms of similar duration should be analyzed to obtain an average unit hydrograph for that duration. Step (5) should be repeated for several different durations.
Divide the ordinates of the DRO hydrograph by the volume in inches (cm) and plot these results as the unit hydrograph for the basin. The time base (tb) is assumed constant for storms of equal equal durations and thus it will not change.
Check the volume of the unit hydrograph to make sure it is 1.0 in (1.0 cm), and graphically adjusted ordinates as required.
Chapter (4)
Stream feeding
Surface flow Subsurface flow Groundwater flow
Example:
Convert the following hydrograph into a 2-hr unit hydrograph. The rainfall intensities are 0.5 in/hr, 1.5 in/hr, 1.5 in/hr, and 0.5 in/hr for first hour, second hour, third hour, and fourth hour respectively. The index for the storm was 0.5 in/hr. The base flow in the channel was 100 cfs (constant). Calculate the time from the mass center of rainfall excess to the peak of the hydrograph and the total
T (hr) Q (cfs)
0 100
1 100
2 300
3 700
4 1000
5 800
6 600
7 400
8 300
9 200
10 100
11 100
Solution:
The net rainfall = the total rainfall - index value Then, the net rainfalls for four hours are 0, 1.0, 1.0 and 0.0 in/hr. this represents 2 in of rainfall or 1 in/hr for 2 hr.
T (hr)
10
11
Q (cfs)
Q-BF (cfs) 2-hr UH, Q
100
0 0
100
0 0
300
200 100
700
600 300
1000
900 450
800
700 350
600
500 250
400
300 150
300
200 100
200
100 50
100
0 0
100
0 0
1 in/hr
Q (in/hr)
250.0 200.0 150.0 100.0 50.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 11.0 Time (hr)
L = 4 2 = 2 hr, tb = 9 hr
Example:
The following table lists the storm hydrograph and the rainfall pattern given in the following figures. Construct and draw a 4-hr unit hydrograph. What is the area of the basin?
T (hr) Q (cfs)
2.5
0 0
1 50
2 150
3 350
4 500
5 400
2.5
6 300
7 200
10 50
11 0
150 100
2.0
2.0
P (in/hr)
1.5
Losses (in/hr)
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 Time (hr) 4.0 5.0
1.5
1.0
1.0
0.5
0.5
0.0
7.0 1.0
2.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
Solution:
T (hr) Q (cfs) 4-hr UH 0 0 0 1 50 25 2 150 75 3 350 175 4 500 250 5 400 200 6 300 150 7 100 8 75 9 50 10 50 25 11 0 0 200 150 100
300.0
250.0
0.5 in/hr
200.0
Q (cfs)
150.0
100.0
50.0
0.0 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 Time (hr) 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 11.0 12.0
To calculate the area of the basin: Area under UH = volume of direct runoff t1125 cfs.hr, where t =1 h = Ui *= = 1125 * 3600 = 4050000 ft3 (Volume of direct runoff)/A = 1in A = (4050000 * 12/1) / 43560 = 1115.7 acre
Example:
The following table listed the values of a hydrograph resulted from a 6-hr storm on a basin of 770 km2. Deduce the values of unit hydrograph.
T, hr Q, m3/s 0 40 6 65 12 215 18 360 24 400 30 350 36 270 42 205 48 145 54 100 60 70 66 50 72 42
Solution:
T, hr Q, m3/s Base flow DRO, m3/s DRD*, cm 6-hr UH = DRO/DRD
0 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 66 72
DRD
40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40
5.0
0 5 35 64 72 62 46 33 21 12 6 2 0
358
Calculation of a flood hydrograph from existing unit hydrograph having the same storm duration: Determine the volume of excess rainfall in inches (cm).
S-curve or the summation curve is the hydrograph of direct surface discharge that would result from a continuous succession of unit storms producing 1 cm of rainfall in tr (hr).
Qe = 2.78 A / tr
Qe: constant outflow (m3/s) tr: duration of the unit hydrograph (hr) A: area of the basin (km2)
for each
Example (4.5):
Convert the following tabulated 2-hr unit hydrograph to a 3-hr unit hydrograph using the S-curve method.
T, hr 2-hr UH, cfs 0 0 1 75 2 250 3 300 4 275 5 200 6 100 7 75 8 50 9 25 10 0
Solution:
it is necessary to repeat the process for five times tb/tr = 10/2 = 5
T, hr 0 2-hr UH 0 2-hr lagged UH's SUM 0
1
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
75
250 300 275 200 100 75 50 25 0 0 75 250 300 275 200 100 75 50 25 0 75 250 300 275 200 100 75 0 75 250 300 275 200 0 75 250 300 0 75
75
250 375 525 575 625 650 675 675 675 675
T, hr
S-curve ordinate
3-hr UH ordinate
A
0
75
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
0
75 250 375 525 575 625 650 675 675 675 675 0 75 250 375 525 575 625 650 675
Exam 2011
The following table listed the values of a 2-hr Unit Hydrograph.
T, hr
2-hr UH, cfs
0
0
1
75
2
250
3
300
4
275
5
200
6
100
7
75
8
50
9
25
10
0
(i)
Convert the tabulated 2-hr UH to a 3-hr UH using the S-curve method. (ii) Using the results of the previous step to calculate the ordinates of a flood hydrograph resulting from 3-hr uniform excess rainfall of intensity 0.83 in/hr and the base flow was 100 cfs (constant). (iii) Use the obtained value of peak flow, resulting from aforementioned step, to design a collecting drain having trapezoidal cross section using Chezy equation if b = 2y, z = 1, C = 50, and S = 0.0001.
Solution:
(ii) Volume of excess rainfall = 0.83 * 3 = 2.49 in
3 hr UH, cfs 0 50 166.7 250 300 216.7 166.7 88.3 66.7 33.3 16.7 0 DRD, in DRO, cfs 0 124.5 415.08 622.5 747 539.6 415.08 219.9 166.08 82.9 41.6 0 BF, cfs 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Q, cfs 100 224.5 515.08 722.5
847 max.
639.6 515.08 319.9 266.08 182.9 141.6 100
2.49
Multiply the ordinates of unit hydrograph by rainfall excesses to obtain DRO hydrographs corresponding to each time increment. Lag each estimated DRO hydrograph for time step equal to the time increment of rainfall excess. Add the ordinates of lagged DRO hydrographs that occurs in the same time to obtain the flood hydrograph resulting from complex storm. Added the base flow to the ordinates of the flood hydrograph resulted from the previous step to obtain a more realistic hydrograph.
convolution equation
Qn P iU n i 1
i 1 n
Example (4.6):
The rainfall excess hyetograph and the 1-hr unit hydrograph are given in the following figures. Derive the flood hydrograph for the watershed. Assume no losses due to infiltration or evapotranspiration.
3
2.5
1.5
Q, cfs
0 1 2 3 4 5 T, hr 6
0.5
100 0
7
0 8
1 9
2 10
5 Time (hr)
10
Solution:
T, hr P1 * 1 hr UH P2 * 1-hr UH P3 * 1-hr UH P4 * 1-hr UH P5 * 1-hr UH Flood hydrograph
1
2 3 4 5
125
250 187.5 125 62.5
0
250 500 375 250 0 375 750 562.5 0 0 0 0 125
125
500 1062.5 1250 1000
6
7 8 9 10
125
0
375
187.5 0
0
0 0 0
250
187.5 125 62.5 0
750
375 125 62.5 0
Solution:
T, hr Q, cfs Q-BF, cfs 0 10 0 = Q1 1 20 10 = Q2 2 130 120 = Q3 3 410 400 = Q4 4 570 560 = Q5 5 510 500 = Q6 6 460 450 = Q7 7 260 250 = Q8 8 110 100 = Q9 9 60 50 = Q10 10 10 0 = Q11
Q1 = P1 * U1 = 0.0 Q2 = P2 * U1 + P1 * U2 = 10 Q3 = P3 * U1 + P2 * U2 + P1 * U3 = 120 Q4 = P4 * U1 + P3 * U2 + P2 * U3 + P1 * U4 = 400 Q5 = P4 * U2 + P3 * U3 + P2 * U4 + P1 * U5 = 560 Q6 = P4 * U3 + P3 * U4 + P2 * U5 + P1 * U6 = 500 Q7 = P4 * U4 + P3 * U5 + P2 * U6 + P1 * U7 = 450 Q8 = P4 * U5 + P3 * U6 + P2 * U7 + P1 * U8 = 2560 Q9 = P4 * U6 + P3 * U7 + P2 * U8 = 100 Q10 = P4 * U7 + P3 * U8 = 50 Q11 = P4 * U8 = 0
j
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
T, hr
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
610 *1* 3600 = 605 acre Area of the drainage basin = 1 / 12 * 43560