4 DETERMINANTS

KEY CONCEPTS INVOLVED

1. Determinant - (i) A determinant is a particular type of expression written in a special concise form of rows
and columns, equal in number.
a1 b1
For example  = is a determinant having 2 rows and 2 columns, hence it is of second order. The
a2 b2
numbers a1, b1, a2 , b2 are called the elements of the determinant. The value of the above determinant of
a1 b1 c1
third order is written as  = a 2 b 2 c 2 . It has three rows and three columns.
a 3 b3 c 3
The number of elements = 3 = 9. In general, the number of elements in a determinant of order n = n2.
2

a b a b
(ii) If A =  c d  , is a matrix then determinant of matrix A is written as |A| or det (A) = c d .
 
(iii) Only square matrices have determinants.
2. Minors - The determinant obtained by deleting the i-the row and j-th column passing through the element
aij is called the minor of element aij and is denoted by Mij.
3. Cofactors - The cofactor of element aij is (–1)1 + j times the determinant obtained by deleting the i-th row
and jth column passed through aij and is denoted by Cij i.e. Cij = (–1)1 + j Mij
4. Values of the determinant - The sum of the products of elements of any row (column) by the corresponding
co-factors is equal to the value of the determinant.
a11 b12 c13
a
let  = 21 b 22 c 23 , Then  = a c + a c + a c
11 11 12 12 13 13
a 31 a 32 a 33

5. Area of a Triangle - The area of the triangle whose vertices are (x1 , y1) , (x2 , y2) and (x3 , y3) is
x1 y1 1
1
= x y2 1
2 2
x 3 y3 1
(i) The area is positive, take only absolute value.
(ii) If the three points are collinear, the area of triangle is zero.
6. |AB| = |A| |B|
7. A square matrix is invertible if and only if A is non-singular.
8. Linear system of Equations -
Consistent System - The system of equation is said to be consistent if it has one or more then one
solutions.
 Inconsistent System - The system of equation is inconsistent if it has no solution
Consider the system of equation
a1x + b1y + c1z = d1
a2x + b2y + c2z = d2
a3x + b3y + c3z = d3
 a1 b1 c1  x  d1 
     
a b 2 c 2  , X  y and B   d 2 
let A= 2  
 a 3 b 3 c3   z   d 3 
The given system of equation can be written as
 a1 b1 c1   x   d1 
     
 a 2 b2 c 2   y   d 2 
 a 3 b3 c3   z   d 3 
or AX = B
 X = A–1 B.
9. Consistence/Inconsistence of system of Equations
(a) For a non-homogeneous system of equation AX  0
(i) If |A|  0, AX = B has a unique solution.
(ii) If |A| = 0, and (adj A) B  0
then the system of equation is inconsistent.
(iii) If |A| = 0 and (adj A) B = 0, then the system of equation has infinitely many solutions.
(b) For the homogeneous system of equation AX = 0
(i) If |A|  0, the solution is x = 0, y = 0, z = 0. This is called the trivial solution.
(ii) If |A| = 0, the system has infinitely many solution. In such a case, we put one of the variables equal
to k. let z = k, then we find the value of x and y in terms of k.
10. Adjoint of a Determinant - The adjoint of a square matrix is the transpose of matrix cofactors. If Aij is the
cofactor of aij of det A or |aij|, the
T
 A11 A12 A13   A11 A 21 A31 
 A 23    A12
 A32 
adj A =  A 21 A 22 A 22
 A31 A32 A33   A13 A 23 A33 
1
11. Inverse of a matrix - Inverse of a matrix A, A–1 = adj A ; if |A|  0 i.e., matrix A is invertible or non-
A
singular.
12. If A is a square matrix, then A (adj A) = (adj A) A = |A| . I
13. (i) (AB)–1 = B–1 . A–1 (ii) A–1 = (A–1) T (iii) (A–1)–1 = A

CONNECTING CONCEPTS
1. The value of the determinant does not change when rows and columns are interchanged. The determinant
obtained by interchanging the rows and columns is called the transpose of the determinant and is denoted
by T. Thus  = T.
2. If all the elements of a row (column) are zero, then the value of the determinant is zero.
3. The interchange of any two rows of the determinant changes its sign.
Thus if * is the new determinant obtained on interchanging any two rows (columns), then
 = – *
 If i-th and j-th row are interchanged then this operation is denoted by Ri  Rj.
4. If all the elements of a row (column) of a determinant are multiplied by a non-zero constant, then the
determinant gets multiplied by the same constant. Thus if we apply Ri  pRi, i.e, each element of i-th row
is multiplied by p, then we get
1
* = p or  = * (P  0)
p
5. If all the elements of a row (column) are proportional (identical) to the elements of some other row (column)
then determinant is zero.
6. If each element of any row (column) is sum of two numbers, the determinant can be expressed as the sum
of two determinants of the same order eg.
a1  1 b1 c1 a1 b1 c1 1 b1 c1
a 2  2 b2 c2  a 2 b2 c2  2 b2 c2
a 3  3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3 3 b3 c3
7. The value of a determinant remains unaltered under an operation of the form
Ri  Ri + pRj  similarly, for columns i.e., operation of the form Ci  Ci + pCj +q Ck; j, k  i
8. If a determinant  (x) becomes zero on putting x = , then (x – ) is a factor of  (x).
9. Determinant which have all elements equal to zero except the diagonal elements, is equal to the product of
the diagonal elements.
a 0 0
0 b 0 = abc
0 0 c
Class 12 Maths NCERT Solutions
NCERT Solutions Important Questions NCERT Exemplar
Chapter 1 Relations and Chapter 1 Relations and
Relations and Functions
Functions Functions
Chapter 2 Inverse Chapter 2 Inverse
Concept of Relations and Functions
Trigonometric Functions Trigonometric Functions
Chapter 3 Matrices Binary Operations Chapter 3 Matrices
Chapter 4 Determinants Inverse Trigonometric Functions Chapter 4 Determinants
Chapter 5 Continuity and Chapter 5 Continuity and
Matrices
Differentiability Differentiability
Chapter 6 Application of Chapter 6 Application of
Matrix and Operations of Matrices
Derivatives Derivatives
Transpose of a Matrix and Symmetric
Chapter 7 Integrals
Chapter 7 Integrals Ex 7.1 Matrix
Inverse of a Matrix by Elementary Chapter 8 Applications of
Integrals Class 12 Ex 7.2 Operations Integrals
Chapter 9 Differential
Determinants
Integrals Class 12 Ex 7.3 Equations
Integrals Class 12 Ex 7.4 Expansion of Determinants Chapter 10 Vector Algebra
Chapter 11 Three Dimensional
Properties of Determinants
Integrals Class 12 Ex 7.5 Geometry
Inverse of a Matrix and Application of Chapter 12 Linear
Integrals Class 12 Ex 7.6 Determinants and Matrix Programming
Integrals Class 12 Ex 7.7 Continuity and Differentiability Chapter 13 Probability
Integrals Class 12 Ex 7.8 Continuity
Integrals Class 12 Ex 7.9 Differentiability
Integrals Class 12 Ex 7.10 Application of Derivatives
Rate Measure Approximations and
Integrals Class 12 Ex 7.11 Increasing-Decreasing Functions
Integrals Class 12
Tangents and Normals
Miscellaneous Exercise
Chapter 8 Application of
Maxima and Minima
Integrals
Chapter 9 Differential
Integrals
Equations
Chapter 10 Vector Algebra Types of Integrals
Chapter 11 Three Dimensional
Differential Equation
Geometry
Chapter 12 Linear
Formation of Differential Equations
Programming
Chapter 13 Probability Ex Solution of Different Types of Differential
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13.1 Equations
Probability Solutions Ex 13.2 Vector Algebra
Probability Solutions Ex 13.3 Algebra of Vectors
Probability Solutions Ex 13.4 Dot and Cross Products of Two Vectors
Probability Solutions Ex 13.5 Three Dimensional Geometry
Direction Cosines and Lines
Plane
Linear Programming
Probability
Conditional Probability and Independent
Events
Baye’s Theorem and Probability
Distribution

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Chapter 12: Higher Order

Chapter 1: Relations Chapter 23 Algebra of Vectors
Derivatives
Chapter 13: Derivative as a Rate Chapter 24: Scalar Or Dot
Chapter 2: Functions
Measurer Product
Chapter 14: Differentials, Errors Chapter 25: Vector or Cross
Chapter 3: Binary Operations
and Approximations Product
Chapter 4: Inverse Trigonometric
Chapter 15: Mean Value Theorems Chapter 26: Scalar Triple Product
Functions
Chapter 27: Direction Cosines
Chapter 5: Algebra of Matrices Chapter 16: Tangents and Normals
and Direction Ratios
Chapter 17: Increasing and
Chapter 6: Determinants Chapter 28 Straight line in space
Decreasing Functions
Chapter 7: Adjoint and Inverse of a
Chapter 18: Maxima and Minima Chapter 29: The plane
Matrix
Chapter 8: Solution of
Chapter 19: Indefinite Integrals Chapter 30: Linear programming
Simultaneous Linear Equations
Chapter 9: Continuity Chapter 20: Definite Integrals Chapter 31: Probability
Chapter 21: Areas of Bounded Chapter 32: Mean and variance of
Chapter 10: Differentiability
Regions a random variable
Chapter 11: Differentiation Chapter 22: Differential Equations Chapter 33: Binomial Distribution

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JEE Main Maths Chapter wise Previous Year Questions

1. Relations, Functions and Reasoning

2. Complex Numbers
3. Quadratic Equations And Expressions
4. Matrices, Determinatnts and Solutions of Linear Equations
5. Permutations and Combinations
6. Binomial Theorem and Mathematical Induction
7. Sequences and Series
8. Limits,Continuity,Differentiability and Differentiation
9. Applications of Derivatives
10. Indefinite and Definite Integrals
11. Differential Equations and Areas
12. Cartesian System and Straight Lines
13. Circles and System of Circles
14. Conic Sections
15. Three Dimensional Geometry
16. Vectors
17. Statistics and Probability
18. Trignometry
19. Miscellaneous

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