The document provides information on cell biology, including the structure and functions of plant and animal cells. It defines key terms like protoplasm, cytoplasm, cell membrane, nucleus, organelles, and differences between plant and animal cells, prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Specific organelles of plant and animal cells are described such as cell wall, vacuoles, plastids, and centrosomes. The functions of cell parts like nucleolus and chromosomes are also summarized. Examples of high performing students in biology, chemistry, physics and math exams are listed at the end.
The document provides information on cell biology, including the structure and functions of plant and animal cells. It defines key terms like protoplasm, cytoplasm, cell membrane, nucleus, organelles, and differences between plant and animal cells, prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Specific organelles of plant and animal cells are described such as cell wall, vacuoles, plastids, and centrosomes. The functions of cell parts like nucleolus and chromosomes are also summarized. Examples of high performing students in biology, chemistry, physics and math exams are listed at the end.
The document provides information on cell biology, including the structure and functions of plant and animal cells. It defines key terms like protoplasm, cytoplasm, cell membrane, nucleus, organelles, and differences between plant and animal cells, prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Specific organelles of plant and animal cells are described such as cell wall, vacuoles, plastids, and centrosomes. The functions of cell parts like nucleolus and chromosomes are also summarized. Examples of high performing students in biology, chemistry, physics and math exams are listed at the end.
The document provides information on cell biology, including the structure and functions of plant and animal cells. It defines key terms like protoplasm, cytoplasm, cell membrane, nucleus, organelles, and differences between plant and animal cells, prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Specific organelles of plant and animal cells are described such as cell wall, vacuoles, plastids, and centrosomes. The functions of cell parts like nucleolus and chromosomes are also summarized. Examples of high performing students in biology, chemistry, physics and math exams are listed at the end.
BIOLOGY SUMMARY 01. CELL: THE UNIT OF LIFE. 2019 – 20.
➢ Scope: Basic understanding of cell theory, structure of plant and animal cells with functions of various cell organelles like (protoplasm, cytoplasm, cell wall, cell membrane, nucleus, nucleolus, golgi bodies, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosome, mitochondria, lysosomes, plastids, centrosomes and vacuole). Major difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells; plant and animal cell with respect to – cell wall, centrosome, vacuoles and plastids.
➢ Cell is the smallest, basic functional and structural unit of life.
➢ Diagram: A GENERALISED ANIMAL CELL: A GENERALISED PLANT CELL:
➢ Protoplasm / Protoplast: It is the living matter, the total substance of a living cell comprising of the cytoplasm, the nucleus and all living organelles in it. ➢ Cell membrane/ plasma membrane/ plasmalemma: Cell membrane is a semi/selectively/ differentially permeable membrane, which allows only certain substances to pass through while preventing others. ➢ Cytoplasm: Colorless, transparent, gel like substance filling the entire cell within the cell membrane and around the nucleus is called the cytoplasm. ➢ Cytosol: The part of the cytoplasm other than the organelles is called cytosol, which constitutes mainly the liquid medium. ➢ Nucleus: Nucleus is the key performer or the master of each cell. ➢ Prokaryotic cells: Prokaryotic cells are cells in which nuclear membrane is absent. ➢ Eukaryotic cells: Eukaryotic cells are cells in which double nuclear membrane is present. ➢ A collection of tissue system performing some same specific function inside the body, is an organ. Ex tongue, liver, stomach etc. ➢ Membrane bound parts of a cell, which have definite shape, definite structure and definite functions are called organelles.
Falguni Thakker 03, Sapna bldg. S.V Road, Vile Parle (w), Mumbai 56. Tel: 9820428493 Page 1 FALGUNI MISS PARTS OF THE CELL Living organelles/parts Non-living organelles/parts Cell membrane Cell wall (only in plant cell) In the Cytoplasm Golgi apparatus Granules Endoplasmic reticulum Vacuoles Ribosomes Fat droplets Mitochondria Lysosomes Centrosome (only in animal cell) Plastids (only in plant cell) In the Nucleus Nuclear membrane Nucleoli Chromatin fibers
➢ Differences between: o Plant and animal cells: Plant cell Animal cell 1. Cell wall A definite cell wall, made up of No cell wall. cellulose. 2. Centrosome Centrosome is not present. Centrosome is present. 3. Plastids Usually contain plastids. Do not contain plastids. 4. Vacuoles Vacuoles large and prominent, Vacuoles, if any, are small and mostly one or two. temporary; concerned with excretion or secretion. 5. Size Usually larger, with distinct Usually smaller, with less outlines. distinct boundaries. 6. Cytoplasm Cytoplasm not too dense. Cytoplasm denser and more granular. 7. Arrangement Only a thin lining of cytoplasm, Cytoplasm fills the entire cell. of cytoplasm mostly pushed to the periphery.
o Organ and organelle:
Organ Organelle Many cells make tissues and many tissues Membrane bound parts of a cell having together contributing to some specific definite shape, definite structure, and a function inside the body constitutes an definite function are called organelles. organ.
Falguni Thakker 03, Sapna bldg. S.V Road, Vile Parle (w), Mumbai 56. Tel: 9820428493 Page 2 FALGUNI MISS o Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells: Prokaryotic cell Eukaryotic cell 1. No well-defined nucleus, but has a 1. Well defined nucleus with a nuclear region of nuclear material called membrane. nucleoid. 2. A single circular DNA molecule with 2. Several lengths of genetic material, no proteins. called chromatin fibers containing DNA wound around certain proteins. 3. Small Ribosomes, scattered in the 3. Larger Ribosomes, free or attached to cytoplasm. endoplasmic reticulum. 4. No other cell organelles. 4. Several organelles like mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, chloroplasts, etc. 5. Examples: Bacteria, blue-green algae 5. Examples: Euglena, Amoeba and all (Cyanobacteria). plants and animals. o Protoplasm and cytoplasm: Protoplasm Cytoplasm It is the living matter, the total substance Colorless, transparent, gel like substance of a living cell comprising of the filling the entire cell within the cell cytoplasm, the nucleus and all living membrane and around the nucleus is organelles in it. called the cytoplasm. o Nucleolus and nucleus: Nucleolus Nucleus Nucleolus are spherical round body inside Nucleus is a spherical dense body in the the nucleus. cytoplasm containing the nucleolus and chromatin fibers. It participates in protein synthesis by It regulates entire cell function and forming and storing RNA. contains chromosomes bearing genes which carry hereditary factors. o Centrosome and chromosome: Centrosome Chromosome It initiates and regulates cell division in an They carry hereditary information or animal cell. genes. It is located in cytoplasm near the nucleus. It is located in the nucleus.
o Cell wall and cell membrane:
Cell wall Cell membrane It is present only in plant cell. It is present in plant and animal cell. It is made up of polysaccharide It is made up of lipoproteins. form of starch called cellulose. It is freely permeable. It is semipermeable. It is non-living. It is living.
Falguni Thakker 03, Sapna bldg. S.V Road, Vile Parle (w), Mumbai 56. Tel: 9820428493 Page 3 FALGUNI MISS o Living cell and brick in the wall: Living cell Brick in the wall A living cell can respire, locomote and It cannot respire, nor locomote nor reproduce. reproduce. It has a life cycle after which it dies. It has no life cycle. It will remain as it is until some external force cracks it or demolishes it. The size of cell is fixed. The size of brick wall can be altered.
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Falguni Thakker 03, Sapna bldg. S.V Road, Vile Parle (w), Mumbai 56. Tel: 9820428493 Page 5 FALGUNI MISS
An Interview Between A Doctor and A Reporter Took Place To Answer The Question of The Mass About The Current Situation and About The Different Types of Covid
An Interview Between A Doctor and A Reporter Took Place To Answer The Question of The Mass About The Current Situation and About The Different Types of Covid
