Unit-Iv Small-Signal Stability Analysis With Controllers

UNIT-IV
SMALL-SIGNAL STABILITY
ANALYSIS WITH CONTROLLERS
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POWER SYSTEM STABILITY STUDIES
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 The mechanical–electrical transient of a power system that has experienced a
large disturbance can evolve into two different situations.
 In the first situation, the relative rotor angles among generators exhibit
swing (or oscillatory) behavior, but the magnitude of oscillation decays
asymptotically; the relative motions among generators finally disappear, thus
the system migrates into a new stable state, and generators remain in
synchronous operation. The power system is said to be transiently stable.
 In another situation, the relative motions of some generator rotors
continue to grow during the mechanical–electrical transient, and the
relative rotor angles increase, resulting in the loss of synchronism of these
generators. The system is said to be transiently unstable.
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Single-Machine Infinite Bus (SMIB) Configuration without controllers
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Excitation System Modeling
 The general functional block diagram of an excitation system (for

all the three types defined earlier) is shown in Figure. The
modelling of the various components of the excitation system
Where ESS= Excitation System Stabilizer
Figure: Functional block diagram of excitation control system

EFFECTS OF EXCITATION SYSTEM
Single-Machine Infinite Bus (SMIB) Configuration with Exciter and AVR controllers
Refer class notes: derivation

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Single-Machine Infinite Bus (SMIB) Configuration with Exciter and AVR controllers
K1 and K2=electric torque

K3 and K4 =origin in the field voltage
K5 and K6 =governing the terminal voltage magnitude
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Thyristor Excitation System with AVR
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Substituting for ∆Et to above eq
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from the block diagram
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POWER SYSTEM STABILIZER
Operating Principle of PSS:

 The basic function of power system stabilizer (PSS)is to add damping to the
generator rotor oscillations by controlling its excitation by using auxiliary
stabilizing signal(s).
 Based on the automatic voltage regulator (AVR) and using speed
deviation, power deviation or frequency deviation as additional
control signals, PSS is designed to introduce an additional torque coaxial
with the rotational speed deviation, so that it can increase low-
frequency oscillation damping and enhance the dynamic stability of power
system.
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APPLICATION OF POWER SYSTEM STABILIZERS
 High performance excitation systems are essential for maintaining
steady state and transient stability of modern synchronous
generators, apart from providing fast control of the terminal voltage.
Bus fed static exciters with thyristor controllers are increasingly used
for both hydraulic and thermal units .
 They are characterized by high initial response and increased
reliability due to advances in thyristor controllers.
 The block diagram of a typical static exciter is shown in Fig. The
time constant TA of the regulator is negligible. The other time
constant TR, in the range of 0.01 to 0.02 sec, is necessary for filtering
of the rectified terminal voltage waveform.
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The choice of control signal for PSS can be based on the following criteria
(a) The signal must be obtained from local measurements and easily
synthesized.
(b) The noise content of the signal must be minimal. Otherwise complicated
filters are required which can introduce their own problems.
(c) The PSS design based on a particular signal must be robust and reject
noise. This implies that lead compensation must be kept to a minimum to
avoid amplifying the noise.
 All the control signals considered-rotor speed, frequency, electrical power are
locally available.
 The speed signal can be obtained from a transducer using a tooth wheel
mounted on the shaft.
 Alternately it can be obtained from the angle of the internal voltage which
can be synthesized.
 The bus frequency signal can be obtained by measuring the period using
zero crossing detection.
 The power signal can be derived from a Hall effect transducer.
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Power System Stabilizer with AVR and PSS
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WASHOUT CIRCUIT
 The washout circuit is provided to eliminate steady-state bias in the
output of PSS which will modify the generator terminal voltage.
 The PSS is expected to respond only to transient variations in the
input signal (say rotor speed) and not to the dc offsets in the signal.
 This is achieved by subtracting from it the low frequency components
of the signal obtained by passing the signal through a low pass filter
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CONT…..
 The washout circuit acts essentially as a high pass filter

and it must pass all frequencies that are of interest.
 If only the local modes are of interest, the time constant
Tw can be chosen in the range of 1 to 2.
 However, if inter area modes are also to be damped, then
Tw must be chosen in the range of 10 to 20.
 A recent study has shown that a value of Tw = 10 is
necessary to improve damping of the inter area modes.
 There is also a noticeable improvement in the first swing
stability when Tw is increased from 1.5 to 10.
 The higher value of Tw also improved the overall terminal
voltage response during system islanding conditions.
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Any small changes
Any small changes

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 Structure Types (IEEE Power Engineering Society
(1992))
 Power system stabilizers (PSS) are added to excitation systems to enhance the damping
of power system during low frequency oscillation.
 For the potential power oscillation problem in the interconnected power networks, the
power system stabilizers solution is usually selected as the relative practical
method, which can provide the additional oscillations damping enhancement through
excitation control of the synchronous machines.
 The general power system stabilizer model with a single input, and from which, it
can be seen that as for the additional damping control of the excitation system of the
synchronous machines, basically the general input signal is the rotor speed
deviation.
 The damping amount is mostly determined by the gain KSTAB, and the following sub-
block has the high-pass filtering function to ensure the stabilizer has the relative better
response effect on the speed deviation. There are also two first-order lead-lag
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transfer functions to compensate the phase lag between the excitation model and the
synchronous machine.
Input signal to PSS,VIS , usually is generator speed, terminal voltage, power,
system frequency, or combination of some of them. Output signal Vs is
superimposed on the AVR input signal.
For PSS to play an effective role, its installing location must be selected and
parameters be set properly.
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POWER SYSTEM MODELS WITH DUAL INPUTS
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 The power system stabilizer mode with dual-input singles, which is
designed by using combinations of power and speed or frequency as
stabilizing singles.
 From it, it can be seen this model can be used to represent two
distinct types of dual-input stabilizer implementations.
 One hand, as for electrical power input stabilizers in the frequency range
of system oscillations, they can use the speed or frequency input for
the generation of an equivalent mechanical power signal, to make the
total signal insensitive to mechanical power change.
 On the other hand, by combining the speed /frequency and electrical
power, they can use the speed directly (i.e., without phase-lead
compensation) and add a signal proportional to electrical power to
achieve the desired stabilizing signal shaping.
 Although the conventional stabilizer model has a certain damping effect

on the active power oscillation, the action on the special oscillation such as
inter-area or global oscillation cannot be considered very well.
 To solve such oscillation problems, various methods have been
provided with the special consideration of the inter-area or global
oscillation.
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 In essence, the standardized multi-band power system
stabilizer is the multi-structure of the general stabilizer
with three kinds of frequency bands action function to
consider the mostly potential power system oscillations.
 In that case, the measured input signal, which has been
transferred through high-pass filter sub-block, can be
used by the related gain, phase compensation block,
and limiter to generate the special output control
signal for the local oscillation damping mode.
 Similarly, the measured input signal, and the related
transfer function blocks are used to damp the impossible
inter-area and global power oscillation
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UNIT-IV

 The general functional block diagram of an excitation system (for

Figure: Functional block diagram of excitation control system

Refer class notes: derivation

Refer class notes: derivation

K1 and K2=electric torque

from the block diagram

Operating Principle of PSS:

 The washout circuit acts essentially as a high pass filter

Refer class notes: derivation

Any small changes

Refer class notes: derivation

 Although the conventional stabilizer model has a certain damping effect

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