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Digital System:: A Digital System Is A System That Stores Data in A Discrete Way

A digital system stores data in a discrete binary format of zeros and ones. Number systems define sets of values to represent quantity, with the primary system being decimal base-10 using 0-9. Other systems include binary base-2 using 0-1, octal base-8 using 0-7, and hexadecimal base-16 using 0-9 and A-F. Numbers can be converted between these systems by repeatedly dividing by the base and recording remainders.

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Abdullah AL MA'MUN
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56 views

Digital System:: A Digital System Is A System That Stores Data in A Discrete Way

A digital system stores data in a discrete binary format of zeros and ones. Number systems define sets of values to represent quantity, with the primary system being decimal base-10 using 0-9. Other systems include binary base-2 using 0-1, octal base-8 using 0-7, and hexadecimal base-16 using 0-9 and A-F. Numbers can be converted between these systems by repeatedly dividing by the base and recording remainders.

Uploaded by

Abdullah AL MA'MUN
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Digital System:

A digital system is a system that stores data in a discrete


way.

Usually, digital systems store the information in a binary


way; that is, every bit of information can not have a value other
than zero (off) or one (on).
Number Systems
What is Number System?
A number system defines a set of values used to represent
quantity.

Quantifying values and items in relation to each other is helpful


for us to make sense of our environment.
The Decimal Number System
•The primary number system used is a base ten number
system.

•Base ten number systems are called decimal number


systems. - ten numerals, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9.

9735 = (9 * 103) + (7 * 102) + (3 * 101) + (5 * 100).


General Rule of Number Representation

A number with a decimal point is represented by a series


of coefficients:
a5a4a3a2a1a0 . a-1a-2a-3
aj : the coefficients
Subscript j : the place value

In decimal (base 10): The coefficients aj are any of the 10 digits 0,


1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
Different Number Systems
Octal Number ystem (base 8)

Number system with only eight numerals : 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7

Hexadecimal number system (base 16)

Number system with sixteen numerals : 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 , A,


B, C, D, E, F

Binary Number System (base 2)

Number system with only two numerals : 0 and 1


Number Conversion
From any base or Radix r to Decimal or base10

A number expressed in base or Radix r system


can be converted to Decimal by applying the
follwing formula:

i -j
i= 0 to n
Σ (a i
r ) + j= 1 to m
Σ (a j
r )
Example : Base-r to Decimal Conversion
Octal to Decimal
(127.4)8 = 1x82 + 2x81 + 7x80 + 4x8-1 = (87.5)10

Hexadecimal to Decimal
(B65F)16 = 11x163 + 6x162 + 5x161 + 15x160 = (46687)10

Binary to Decimal
(110101)2 = 1x25 + 1x24 + 0x23 + 1x22 + 0x21 + 1x20 = (53)10
Converting Decimal integer to any Base-r
General Rule
▪ Simply repeat dividing the number and all successive
quotients by r and saving the remainder

▪ First remainder will be the fast digit from right, Second


remainder will be the second digit from the right ….. and
so on
Converting Decimal to Binary
▪ Simply repeat dividing by 2 and saving the remainder.
▪ First remainder will be the last digit in the binary number, Second remainder
will be the second digit from the right; ….. and so on

Step Divide Equals Remainder Digits

(1) 105 / 2 = 52 1 1
(2) 52 / 2 = 26 0 01
(3) 26 / 2 = 13 0 001
(4) 13 / 2 = 6 1 1001
(5) 6/2= 3 0 01001
(6) 3/2= 1 1 101001
(7) 1/2= 0 1 1101001
So 105 in decimal is written as 1101001 in binary.
Converting Decimal to Octal
▪ Simply repeat dividing by 8 and saving the remainder.
▪ First remainder will be the last digit in the octal number
▪ Second remainder will be the second digit from the right;
….. and so on.

Step Divide Equals Remainder Digits


(1) 3034 / 8 = 379 2 2
(3) 379 / 8 = 47 3 32
(5) 47 / 8 = 5 7 732
(6) 5/8= 0 5 5732

So 3034 in decimal is written as 5732 in Octal


Converting Decimal to Hex
▪ Simply repeat dividing by 16 and saving the remainder.
▪ First remainder will be the last digit in the octal number
▪ Second remainder will be the second digit from the right;
….. and so on.
Conversion of 16242 from decimal to hex

Step Divide Equals Remainder Digits

(1) 16242 / 16 = 1015 2 = 2 (hex) 2


(2) 1015 / 16 = 63 7 = 7 (hex) 72
(3) 63 / 16 = 3 15 = F (hex) F72
(4) 3 / 16 = 0 3 = 3 (hex) 3F72

So 16242 in decimal is written as 3F72 in hex.


Converting Decimal fraction number to Base-r
General Rule

▪ Simply repeat multiplying the number and all successive


fractions by r and saving the integer parts.

▪These integer parts will be the coefficient of the Base-r


number

▪ First integer will be the fast digit from left after the radix
point, Second integer will be the second digit from the left
after radix point ….. and so on
Converting Decimal fraction number to Base-r
Example: convert (0.6875)10 to binary Base-2

Integer Fraction Coefficient

0.6875 x 2 = 1.3750 1 + 0.3750 a-1 = 1

0.3750 x 2 = 0.7500 0 + 0.7500 a-2 = 0

0.7500 x 2 = 1.5000 1 + 0.5000 a-3= 1

0.5000 x 2 = 1.000 1 + 0.000 a-4= 1

(0.6875)10 = (0.1011)2
Conversion of Decimal number
with radix point to Base-r
▪Separate the integer and fraction part
▪Convert the integer and fraction point to Base-r number
separately
▪Combining the two answer

Example : conversion of (105.6875)10 to Binary


Separate the Integer and Fraction parts
(105.6875)10 = (105)10 + (0.6875)10

Convert Integer and Fraction part to Base-r number separately


(105)10 = (1101001)2 as discussed before
(0.6875)10 = (1011)2 as discussed before

Combining the two answers radix point


(105.6875)10 = (1101001.1011)2
Converting Between Hex, Octal and Binary
Decimal (base 10) Binary (base 2) Octal (base 8) Hexadecimal (base 16)
00 0000 00 0
01 0001 01 1
02 0010 02 2
03 0011 03 3
04 0100 04 4
05 0101 05 5
06 0110 06 6
07 0111 07 7
08 1000 10 8
09 1001 11 9
10 1010 12 A
11 1011 13 B
12 1100 14 C
13 1101 15 D
14 1110 16 E
15 1111 17 F
Converting from Binary to Octal
▪Simply by taking the binary digits in groups of three (from
right to left) and converting to each group to Octal.

Consider the binary number


10110100111100101101001011

If we take the digits in groups of three from right to left and


convert, we get:

10 110 100 111 100 101 101 001 011


2 6 4 7 4 5 5 1 3
10110100111100101101001011 (bin) is 264745513
Converting from Octal to Binary

Since each octal digit can be expressed in exactly three


binary digits, all we have to do is convert each octal digit to
three binary digits.

Converting 7563021 in octal to binary goes as follows:

7 5 6 3 0 2 1
111 101 110 011 000 010 001

So 7563021 (octal) is 111101110011000010001 (binary.)


Converting from Binary to Hex
▪Hex is base 16 and 16 is 24. That is, it takes exactly four binary
digits to make a hex digit

▪By taking binary digits in groups of four (right to left) we can


convert binary to hex.

▪Consider once more the binary number


10110100111100101101001011. By grouping in fours and
converting, we get:

10 1101 0011 1100 1011 0100 1011


2 D 3 C B 8 B

So 10110100111100101101001011 (binary)
= 2D3CB8B (hex)
= 264745513 (octal)
Converting from Hex to Binary

Simply write each hex digit as four binary digits.

In this way we can convert 6F037C2:

6 F 0 3 7 C 2
0110 1111 0000 0011 0111 1100 0010

Since we can drop the leading zero,

6F037C2 (hex) is 110111100000011011111000010 (binary).

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