IT Era Midterm Reviewer

I.
Number Systems Overview
1. Decimal System (Base 10)
o The most commonly used number system.
o Uses digits 0–9.
o Example: 15210152_{10}15210
2. Binary System (Base 2)
o Used in digital computing.
o Uses only two digits: 0 and 1.
o Example: 110121101_211012
o Key Rule: Each place value represents powers of 2.
o Converting Decimal to Binary: Divide the decimal number by 2, record the

remainders, and reverse the order.
3. Octal System (Base 8)
o Uses digits 0–7.
o Example: 57857_8578
o Converting Binary to Octal: Group binary digits in sets of 3 (starting from the right)
and convert each group to octal.
o Converting Decimal to Octal: Divide by 8 and record the remainders.
4. Hexadecimal System (Base 16)
o Uses digits 0–9 and letters A–F (where A=10, B=11, ..., F=15).
o Example: A316A3_{16}A316
o Converting Binary to Hexadecimal: Group binary digits in sets of 4 and convert

each group to hexadecimal.
o Converting Decimal to Hexadecimal: Divide by 16 and record the remainders.
II. Conversions Between Number Systems
1. Binary to Decimal Conversion

Multiply each binary digit by 2 raised to the power of its position (starting from 0 at the right),
then sum the results.
Example:
10112=(1×23)+(0×22)+(1×21)+(1×20)=11101011_2 = (1 \times 2^3) + (0 \times 2^2) + (1
\times 2^1) + (1 \times 2^0) = 11_{10}10112=(1×23)+(0×22)+(1×21)+(1×20)=1110
2. Decimal to Binary Conversion
Continuously divide the decimal number by 2, noting the remainders, and reverse the order
of remainders.
Example:
4310=101011243_{10} = 101011_24310=1010112
3. Binary to Octal Conversion

Group binary digits in sets of 3 (from right to left) and convert each group to the equivalent
octal digit.
Example:
1010112=(101)(011)=538101011_2 = (101)(011) = 53_81010112=(101)(011)=538
4. Octal to Binary Conversion

Convert each octal digit to its 3-bit binary equivalent.
Example:
538=101011253_8 = 101011_2538=1010112
5. Binary to Hexadecimal Conversion

Group binary digits in sets of 4 (from right to left) and convert each group to the equivalent
hexadecimal digit.
Example:
110101012=(1101)(0101)=D51611010101_2 = (1101)(0101) = D5_{16}110101012
=(1101)(0101)=D516
6. Hexadecimal to Binary Conversion

Convert each hexadecimal digit to its 4-bit binary equivalent.
Example:
3A16=0011101023A_{16} = 00111010_23A16=001110102
7. Decimal to Octal Conversion

Continuously divide the decimal number by 8 and record the remainders.
Example:
7810=116878_{10} = 116_87810=1168
8. Decimal to Hexadecimal Conversion

Continuously divide the decimal number by 16 and record the remainders.
Example:
25510=FF16255_{10} = FF_{16}25510=FF16
9. Hexadecimal to Decimal Conversion

Multiply each hexadecimal digit by 16 raised to the power of its position, then sum the
results.
Example:
A316=(10×161)+(3×160)=16310A3_{16} = (10 \times 16^1) + (3 \times 16^0) = 163_{10}A316
=(10×161)+(3×160)=16310
III. Key Binary and Hexadecimal Equivalents
Decimal Binary Hexadecimal

0 0000 0
1 0001 1
2 0010 2
3 0011 3
4 0100 4
5 0101 5
6 0110 6
7 0111 7
8 1000 8
9 1001 9
10 1010 A
11 1011 B
12 1100 C
13 1101 D
14 1110 E
15 1111 F
IV. Example Problems
1. Convert 78 to binary:
o Divide by 2 and collect remainders:

78÷2=3978 \div 2 = 3978÷2=39 remainder 0
39÷2=1939 \div 2 = 1939÷2=19 remainder 1
19÷2=919 \div 2 = 919÷2=9 remainder 1
9÷2=49 \div 2 = 49÷2=4 remainder 1
4÷2=24 \div 2 = 24÷2=2 remainder 0
2÷2=12 \div 2 = 12÷2=1 remainder 0
1÷2=01 \div 2 = 01÷2=0 remainder 1
o Answer: 100111021001110_210011102
2. Convert 1101 (binary) to decimal:
o Use the binary weights:

(1×23)+(1×22)+(0×21)+(1×20)(1 \times 2^3) + (1 \times 2^2) + (0 \times 2^1) + (1
\times 2^0)(1×23)+(1×22)+(0×21)+(1×20)
=8+4+0+1=13= 8 + 4 + 0 + 1 = 13=8+4+0+1=13
o Answer: 131013_{10}1310
3. Convert 9A (hexadecimal) to binary:
o 9 = 100121001_210012, A = 101021010_210102
o Answer: 10011010210011010_2100110102
4. Convert 255 (decimal) to hexadecimal:
o Divide by 16:
255÷16=15255 \div 16 = 15255÷16=15 remainder 15 (F in hexadecimal)
15÷16=015 \div 16 = 015÷16=0 remainder 15 (F in hexadecimal)
o Answer: FF16FF_{16}FF16
5. Convert 53 (octal) to decimal:
o Multiply each octal digit by the corresponding power of 8:

(5×81)+(3×80)=40+3=43(5 \times 8^1) + (3 \times 8^0) = 40 + 3 =
43(5×81)+(3×80)=40+3=43
o Answer: 431043_{10}4310

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I.

Number Systems Overview

1. Decimal System (Base 10)

o The most commonly used number system.

o Uses digits 0–9.

2. Binary System (Base 2)

o Used in digital computing.

o Uses only two digits: 0 and 1.

o Key Rule: Each place value represents powers of 2.

o Converting Decimal to Binary: Divide the decimal number by 2, record the

3. Octal System (Base 8)

o Uses digits 0–7.

o Converting Decimal to Octal: Divide by 8 and record the remainders.

4. Hexadecimal System (Base 16)

o Converting Binary to Hexadecimal: Group binary digits in sets of 4 and convert

o Converting Decimal to Hexadecimal: Divide by 16 and record the remainders.

II. Conversions Between Number Systems

1. Binary to Decimal Conversion

3. Binary to Octal Conversion

4. Octal to Binary Conversion

5. Binary to Hexadecimal Conversion

6. Hexadecimal to Binary Conversion

7. Decimal to Octal Conversion

8. Decimal to Hexadecimal Conversion

9. Hexadecimal to Decimal Conversion

Decimal Binary Hexadecimal

o Divide by 2 and collect remainders:

2. Convert 1101 (binary) to decimal:

o Use the binary weights:

3. Convert 9A (hexadecimal) to binary:

4. Convert 255 (decimal) to hexadecimal:

5. Convert 53 (octal) to decimal:

o Multiply each octal digit by the corresponding power of 8:

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