Data

Representation
Sabah Sayed
 Data Representation
• makes it possible to convert letters, sounds, and
images into a form computers can use for
processing
• Bit Patterns are used to represent all types of data
– Numbers
– Text characters
– Images
– Sound
 Data Representation

• In computer (digital device) :

– Everything is represented by series of 0’s and 1’s – called
Binary Digit (bit, or b)
– Everything is measured in Byte (B).
Byte 8 bits
Kilobyte 1024 or 210 bytes
Megabytes 1,048,576 or 220 bytes
Gigabytes 230 bytes
TeraBytes 240 bytes
PetaBytes 250 bytes
ExaBytes 260 bytes
 Where is the bit stored ?
• Switch open = input logic state 0
• Switch closed = input logic state1
• Lamp off = output logic state 0
• Lamp on = output logic state1

Electric
Circuit
 Why Binary System?
• It is easier to implement hardware to deal
with binary values than to deal with 10
different values.
 It can be represented by a transistor being off
(0) or on (1).
 It can be a magnetic stripe magnetized with
North in one direction (0) or the opposite (1).
 Base 10 (Decimal numbers)
• What does 269 mean?
• 269 = 2 x 100 + 6 x 10 + 9 x 1
= 2 x 102 + 6 x 101 + 9 x 100

Weight

15810 => 8 x 100 = 8

5 x 101 = 50
1 x 102 = 100
158
Base
 Base 10 vs Base 2
Base 10
269 = 2 x 100 + 6 x 10 + 9 x 1
= 2 x 102 + 6 x 101 + 9 x 100

Base 2
1011 = 1 x 23 + 0 x 22 + 1 x 21 + 1 x 20
1011 = 1 x 8 + 0 x 4 + 1 x 2 + 1 x 1
Base 10 vs Base 2
Decoding A Binary Number
 Binary mathematics
• Binary addition
• Binary subtraction
• Binary multiplication
 Binary Addition

Two n-bit numbers

• Add individual bits
• Propagate carries

10101 21
+ 11001 + 25
101110 46
 Binary Subtraction
10

- - - -
Binary Subtraction
 Binary Multiplication
• Decimal

35
x 105
175
000
35
3675
 Binary Multiplication
• Binary, two 1-bit values

A B AB
0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1
 Binary Multiplication

• Binary, two n-bit values

– As with decimal values
– E.g.,
1110 14
x 1011 x 11
1110 154
1110
0000
1110 15410 = 100110102
10011010
 Binary Fractions
• Decimal

3.14 => 4 x 10-2 = 0.04

1 x 10-1 = 0.1
3 x 100 = 3
3.14
Binary Fractions
 Binary Fractions
• Decoding the binary representation of
101.101
 Hexadecimal
• Binary code is too long in representation.
Hex is much shorter.
• Base 16
0…9
A-10 B-11 C-12 D-13 E-14 F-15
• How to do hexadecimal with hexadecimal
values:
– Addition
– Subtraction
– Multiplication
 Octal
• Base 8
0…7
• How to do octal with octal values:
– Addition
– Subtraction
– Multiplication
 Conversion Among Bases
• The possibilities:

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
 Quick Example

2510 = 110012 = 318 = 1916

Base
 Binary to Decimal

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
 Binary to Decimal
• Technique
– Multiply each bit by 2n, where n is the “weight”
of the bit
– The weight is the position of the bit, starting
from 0 on the right
– Add the results
 Example
1010112 =?10
1 0 1 0 1 1
x x x x x x
25 24 23 22 21 20
 Example
1010112 =??10

1 0 1 0 1 1
x x x x x x
25 24 23 22 21 20
 Example
1010112 =??10

1 0 1 0 1 1
x x x x x x
25 24 23 22 21 20
32 0 8 0 2 1

+ + + + + = 4310
 Example
Bit “0”

1010112 => 1 x 20 = 1
1 x 21 = 2
0 x 22 = 0
1 x 23 = 8
0 x 24 = 0
1 x 25 = 32
4310
 Octal to Decimal

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
 Octal to Decimal
• Technique
– Multiply each bit by 8n, where n is the “weight”
of the bit
– The weight is the position of the bit, starting
from 0 on the right
– Add the results
 Example

7248 => 4 x 80 = 4
2 x 81 = 16
7 x 82 = 448
46810
 Example

7248 => 4 x 80 = 4
2 x 81 = 16
7 x 82 = 448
46810
 Example

7248 => 4 x 80 = 4
2 x 81 = 16
7 x 82 = 448
46810
 Example

7248 => 4 x 80 = 4
2 x 81 = 16
7 x 82 = 448
46810
 Example

7248 => 4 x 80 = 4
2 x 81 = 16
7 x 82 = 448
46810
Hexadecimal to Decimal

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
 Hexadecimal to Decimal
• Technique
– Multiply each bit by 16n, where n is the
“weight” of the bit
– The weight is the position of the bit, starting
from 0 on the right
– Add the results
 Example

4D216 => 2 x 160 = 2

13 x 161 = 208
4 x 162 = 1024
123410
 Decimal to Binary

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
 Decimal to Binary
• Technique
– Divide by two, keep track of the remainder
– First remainder is bit 0 (LSB, least-significant
bit)
– Second remainder is bit 1
– Etc.
 Example
12510 = ?2

N NB R

125 2 1
62 2 0
31 2 1
15 2 1
7 2 1
3 2 1
1 2 1
0

12510 = 11111012 12510 = 11111012

 Decimal to Octal

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
 Decimal to Octal
• Technique
– Divide by 8
– Keep track of the remainder
 Example
123410 = ?8

N NB R

1234 8 2
154 8 2
19 8 3
2 8 2
0
123410 = 23228

123410 = 23228
Decimal to Hexadecimal

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
 Decimal to Hexadecimal
• Technique
– Divide by 16
– Keep track of the remainder
 Example
123410 = ?16

N NB R

1234 16 2
77 16 13 D
4 16 4
0
123410 = 4D216
123410 = 4D216
 Octal to Binary

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
 Octal to Binary
• Technique
– Convert each octal digit to a 3-bit equivalent
binary representation
 Example
7038 = ?2

7 0 3

111 000 011

7038 = 1110000112
Hexadecimal to Binary

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
 Hexadecimal to Binary
• Technique
– Convert each hexadecimal digit to a 4-bit
equivalent binary representation
 Example
10AF16 = ?2

10 15
1 0 A F

0001 0000 1010 1111

10AF16 = 00010000101011112
 Binary to Octal

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
 Binary to Octal
• Technique
– Group bits in threes, starting on right
– Convert to octal digits
 Example
10110101112 = ?8

1 011 010 111

1 3 2 7

10110101112 = 13278
Binary to Hexadecimal

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
 Binary to Hexadecimal
• Technique
– Group bits in fours, starting on right
– Convert to hexadecimal digits
 Example
10101110112 = ?16

10 1011 1011

2 B B

10101110112 = 2BB16
 Octal to Hexadecimal

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
 Octal to Hexadecimal
• Technique
– Use binary as an intermediary
 Example
10768 = ?16

1 0 7 6

001 000 111 110

2 3 E

10768 = 23E16
 Hexadecimal to Octal

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
 Hexadecimal to Octal
• Technique
– Use binary as an intermediary
 Example
1F0C16 = ?8

1 F 0 C

0001 1111 0000 1100

1 7 4 1 4

1F0C16 = 174148