The document discusses different numeric systems including decimal, binary, octal, and hexadecimal. It provides conversion techniques between these systems using binary as an intermediary step. Key techniques include grouping binary digits into sets of 3 or 4 bits and representing them as octal or hexadecimal values. It also covers signed number representations and binary arithmetic operations like addition and multiplication.
The document discusses different numeric systems including decimal, binary, octal, and hexadecimal. It provides conversion techniques between these systems using binary as an intermediary step. Key techniques include grouping binary digits into sets of 3 or 4 bits and representing them as octal or hexadecimal values. It also covers signed number representations and binary arithmetic operations like addition and multiplication.
The document discusses different numeric systems including decimal, binary, octal, and hexadecimal. It provides conversion techniques between these systems using binary as an intermediary step. Key techniques include grouping binary digits into sets of 3 or 4 bits and representing them as octal or hexadecimal values. It also covers signed number representations and binary arithmetic operations like addition and multiplication.
The document discusses different numeric systems including decimal, binary, octal, and hexadecimal. It provides conversion techniques between these systems using binary as an intermediary step. Key techniques include grouping binary digits into sets of 3 or 4 bits and representing them as octal or hexadecimal values. It also covers signed number representations and binary arithmetic operations like addition and multiplication.
Binary Hexadeci mal Binary to Decimal • Technique – Multiply each bit by 2n, where n is the “weight” of the bit – The weight is the position of the bit, starting from 0 on the right – Add the results
Example
1010112 => 1 x 20 = 1 1 x 21 = 2 0 x 22 = 0 1 x 23 = 8 0 x 24 = 0 1 x 25 = 32 4310 Octal to Decimal • Technique – Multiply each bit by 8n, where n is the “weight” of the bit – The weight is the position of the bit, starting from 0 on the right – Add the results
Example
7248 => 4 x 80 = 4 2 x 81 = 16 7 x 82 = 448 46810 Hexadecimal to Decimal • Technique – Multiply each bit by 16n, where n is the “weight” of the bit – The weight is the position of the bit, starting from 0 on the right – Add the results
Example ABC16 => C x 160 = 12 x 1 = 12 B x 161 = 11 x 16 = 176 A x 162 = 10 x 256 = 2560 274810 Decimal to Binary • Technique – Divide by two, keep track of the remainder – First remainder is bit 0 (LSB, least-significant bit) – Second remainder is bit 1 – Etc. 2 125 2 62 1 Example 2 31 0 12510 = ?2 2 15 1 2 7 1 2 3 1 2 1 1 0 1
12510 = 11111012 Decimal to Octal • Technique – Divide by 8 – Keep track of the remainder
123410 = 23228 Decimal to Hexadecimal • Technique – Divide by 16 – Keep track of the remainder
Example 123410 = ?16 16 1234 16 77 2 16 4 13 = D 0 4
123410 = 4D216 Octal to Binary • Technique – Convert each octal digit to a 3-bit equivalent binary representation
Example
7058 = ?2 7 0 5
111 000 101
7058 = 1110001012 Hexadecimal to Binary • Technique – Convert each hexadecimal digit to a 4-bit equivalent binary representation
Example 10AF16 = ?2 1 0 A F
0001 0000 1010 1111
10AF16 = 00010000101011112 Binary to Octal • Technique – Group bits in threes, starting on right – Convert to octal digits
Example 10110101112 = ?8 1 011 010 111
1 3 2 7
10110101112 = 13278 Binary to Hexadecimal • Technique – Group bits in fours, starting on right – Convert to hexadecimal digits
Example 10101110112 = ?16 10 1011 1011
2 B B
10101110112 = 2BB16 Octal to Hexadecimal • Technique – Use binary as an intermediary
Example 10768 = ?16 1 0 7 6
001 000 111 110
2 3 E
10768 = 23E16 Hexadecimal to Octal • Technique – Use binary as an intermediary
Example 1F0C16 = ?8 1 F 0 C
0001 1111 0000 1100
1 7 4 1 4
1F0C16 = 174148 Common Powers Power Preface Symbol Value 10-12 pico p .000000000001
10-9 nano n .000000001
• Base 10 10-6 micro .000001
10-3 milli m .001
103 kilo k 1000
106 mega M 1000000
• Base 2 109 giga G 1000000000
1012 tera T 1000000000000 Power Preface Symbol Value 210 kilo k 1024
220 mega M 1048576
230 Giga G 1073741824
• In computing, particularly w.r.t. memory, the base-2 interpretation generally applies Binary Addition (1 of 2) • Two 1-bit values A B A+B 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 10 “two” • Two n-bit values – Add individual bits – Propagate carries 1 1 – E.g., 10101 21 + 11001 + 25 101110 46 Multiplication • Binary, two 1-bit A B AB values 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 • Binary, two n-bit values 1110 – As with decimal values x 1011 – E.g., 1110 1110 0000 1110 10011010 Fractions • Binary to decimal
10.1011 => 1 x 2-4 = 0.0625
1 x 2-3 = 0.125 0 x 2-2 = 0.0 1 x 2-1 = 0.5 0 x 20 = 0.0 1 x 21 = 2.0 2.6875 Fractions • Decimal to binary .14579 x 2 3.14579 0.29158 x 2 0.58316 x 2 1.16632 x 2 0.33264 x 2 0.66528 x 2 1.33056 11.001001... etc. Signed Magnitude, Signed 1's Complement Signed 2's Complement Representation Short Hand Technique to Convert Decimal (Usual Notation) To Binary …. 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20
