Mixed-Signal-Electronics

PD Dr.-Ing. Stephan Henzler

Stephan Henzler Mixed-Signal-Electronics 2011/12 1

 Chapter 8
Oversampled Converters
Sigma-Delta Modulator

Stephan Henzler Mixed-Signal-Electronics 2011/12 2

 2. Order Noise Shaping

Stephan Henzler Mixed-Signal-Electronics 2011/12 3

 Noisespectrum

Stephan Henzler Mixed-Signal-Electronics 2011/12 4

 Simulation with Matlab/Simulink

Stephan Henzler Mixed-Signal-Electronics 2011/12 5

 Simulation for OSR=32

Stephan Henzler Mixed-Signal-Electronics 2011/12 6

 Output Spectrum of ΣΔ-Modulator for
Sinusoidal Input Signal

Stephan Henzler Mixed-Signal-Electronics 2011/12 7

 Output Spectrum of ΣΔ-Modulator for
Sinusoidal Input Signal

Stephan Henzler Mixed-Signal-Electronics 2011/12 8

 Input Level Dependent SNR

2. Order

1. Order

Stephan Henzler Mixed-Signal-Electronics 2011/12 9

 Tones

Stephan Henzler Mixed-Signal-Electronics 2011/12 10

 Tones in Frequency Domain
power spectral density 0

-50

-100

-150
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
frequency/sampling frequency

Stephan Henzler Mixed-Signal-Electronics 2011/12 11

 Dithering

pseudo random signal

 affected by noise shaping, i.e.
noise power mainly shifted to high frequencies
 SNR only slightly reduced

 Reduce the risk of tones by randomizing (artificially) the

comparator input signal: Dithering
Stephan Henzler Mixed-Signal-Electronics 2011/12 12
 0 0
power spectral density

power spectral density

-50 -50

-100 -100

-150 -150
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
frequency/sampling frequency frequency/sampling frequency

0 0
power spectral density

power spectral density

-50 -50

-100 -100

-150 -150
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
frequency/sampling frequency frequency/sampling frequency

Stephan Henzler Mixed-Signal-Electronics 2011/12 13

 3. Order Single-Loop ΣΔ-Modulator
(not cascaded)

 Deviation from „ideal“ transfer functions due to stability

requirements J. Sauerbrey

Stephan Henzler Mixed-Signal-Electronics 2011/12 14

 STF of 3. Order ΣΔ-Modulator

Stephan Henzler Mixed-Signal-Electronics 2011/12 15

 Noiseshaping of Various ΣΔ-Modulators

Stephan Henzler Mixed-Signal-Electronics 2011/12 16

 Cascaded ΣΔ-Modulator (Multi stAge noise Shaping)

Stephan Henzler Mixed-Signal-Electronics 2011/12 17

 Noiseshaping of Various ΣΔ-Modulators

Stephan Henzler Mixed-Signal-Electronics 2011/12 18

 3. Order MASH Structure

Stephan Henzler Mixed-Signal-Electronics 2011/12 19

 Scaling of ΣΔ-Modulator
1. If inputs of integrators become too large for a significant time
the integrators saturate
non-linearity  clipping  strong non-linear distortion
(Comparator should be only non-linear component)
2. Exploit full dynamic range for good SNR

 Modulator Scaling:
Linear transformation so that
 saturation of integrators is avoided
 dynamic range is exploited

Stephan Henzler Mixed-Signal-Electronics 2011/12 20

 9000
12000
8000

10000 7000

6000
hist(S1)

hist(S2)
8000
5000
6000
4000

4000 3000

2000
2000
1000

0 0
-2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
S1 S2

Stephan Henzler Mixed-Signal-Electronics 2011/12 21

 x 10 x 10
2.5 2

1.8

2 1.6

1.4

1.2

hist(S2)
1.5
hist(S1)

1 0.8

0.6

0.5 0.4

0.2

0 0
-2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5
S1 S2

Stephan Henzler Mixed-Signal-Electronics 2011/12 22

 2.5 2

1.8

2 1.6

1.4

1.5 1.2
hist(S1)

hist(S2)
1

1 0.8

0.6

0.5 0.4

0.2

0 0
-1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5
S1 S2

Stephan Henzler Mixed-Signal-Electronics 2011/12 23

 Application of ΣΔ-Modulator
in Data Converters (ADC)

Stephan Henzler Mixed-Signal-Electronics 2011/12 24

 ΣΔ-Analog-to-Digital Conversion

Stephan Henzler Mixed-Signal-Electronics 2011/12 25

 Decimation Filtering

Stephan Henzler Mixed-Signal-Electronics 2011/12 26

 Sinc-Filter
Basic low-pass filter averages N subsequent samples:

Stephan Henzler Mixed-Signal-Electronics 2011/12 27

 Sinc Filter Transfer Functions

Stephan Henzler Mixed-Signal-Electronics 2011/12 28

 Sinc Filter Transfer Functions

Stephan Henzler Mixed-Signal-Electronics 2011/12 29

 Sinc Filter Implementation

Stephan Henzler Mixed-Signal-Electronics 2011/12 30

 Implementation of Sinc-Filter

Stephan Henzler Mixed-Signal-Electronics 2011/12 31

 ΣΔ-Digital-to-Analog Conversion

Stephan Henzler Mixed-Signal-Electronics 2011/12 32

 ΣΔ-Digital-to-Analog Conversion

Stephan Henzler Mixed-Signal-Electronics 2011/12 33

 Multi-Bit Sigma Delta Converter

 Replace single-bit quantizer by multi-bit quantizer

Quantizer: Comparator  Flash ADC
Feedback DAC: implicit  real DAC
 Comparator and DAC nonlinearity become critical
 Countermeasures: Dynamic element matching, mismatch
shaping, trimming, (digital) correction
 Benefit: Reduced OSR and/or better resolution
Stephan Henzler Mixed-Signal-Electronics 2011/12 34
 Continuous Time Sigma-Delta Converter

Stephan Henzler Mixed-Signal-Electronics 2011/12 35

 Comparison of Discrete- and Continuous
Time Sigma-Delta Converters
Discrete-Time Continuous-Time

Anti-Aliasing Filter Explicit anti-aliasing filter Implicit filtering

(AAF) required  AAF may be obsolete for
some applications
Sampling Sampling at input Sampling at comparator, i.e.
 low jitter & full linearity within ∑∆-loop
required for sampler  sampling error subject to
noise shaping
Max. frequency and All transients must settle Continuous time waveforms
bandwidth of opamps within half of clock cycle, 5-10x relaxed bandwidth
quickly changing pulses requirements
everywhere in circuit  higher clock frequency
 high bandwidth possible
requirements limit max.
frequency
Stephan Henzler Mixed-Signal-Electronics 2011/12 36
 Comparison of Discrete- and Continuous
Time Sigma-Delta Converters
Discrete-Time Continuous-Time

Jitter Only critical for sampler but Very sensitive to timing

not for rest of sigma delta variations of clock
modulator
Loopdelay Not an issue Very sensitive to loop delay

Switches Signal dependant on No switches

resistance

Signal dependant Not an issue Very sensitive  causes

comparator delay harmonic distortion

Stephan Henzler Mixed-Signal-Electronics 2011/12 37

 Comparison of Discrete- and Continuous
Time Sigma-Delta Converters
Discrete-Time Continuous-Time

Feedback-DAC Low sensitivity to waveform Very sensitive to waveform

settling not critical and settling, limits linearity
of modulator
Process variations Filter transfer function Filter transfer function
based on capacitor ratios depends on RC constants,
 very robust i.e. very sensitive to
variations
Noise generation Switching generates noise Reduced supply and ground
noise

Stephan Henzler Mixed-Signal-Electronics 2011/12 38