Innovating Automotive Retail

Advanced Industries
Innovating
automotive retail
Journey towards a customer-centric, multiformat sales
and service network
Consider a few staggering facts about
the changes in automotive retail
Roughly 500,000 cars are traded

on eBay Motors’ Web site every year
In China, the number of car dealerships
has more than doubled
in the last 5 years, while in the US
and Europe it has fallen by 15% AutoScout24, Europe’s biggest online

car market place, registers more than
300 million visits on
27% of German automotive

dealers registered losses in 2013,
profiles of cars on offer per month
up from 9% in the previous year

85% of customers still use
the dealer touch points, but 1 in 4 customers
is not satisfied with his dealer experience
in the car buying process
The average number of customer visits to dealers
before buying a car has dropped
from up to 5 to frequently just 1

one-third
for some brands in some geographies
More than
of customers would consider
buying a car online
More than 80% of customers take

test-drives during the car buying
process, underscoring the continuing strategic
importance of dealers
New-car sales account
for less than20% of dealer margin

in the US and often have even negative returns, but
financing and warranties are becoming ever more
important as sources of dealer income
Almost 90% of customers use

dealer Web sites or OEM Web sites in the
early steps of their decision making journey
Innovating
automotive retail
Journey towards a customer-centric, multiformat sales
and service network
Innovating automotive retail
5
Contents
Executive summary 7
Major trends reshaping the automotive retail industry 8

Changes in customer behavior call for improved touch point management 8
Innovative products and technologies require a sales and service process upgrade 8
Industry pressures are challenging dealers’ current business model 9
The future of dealers 12

Opportunities for dealers 12
The role of dealers and OEMs in the future retail landscape 15
Transformation journey – how the future could unfold 18

First building block: building the foundations of excellence 18
Second building block: enhancing dealership performance by innovating formats
and the customer decision journey 19
Third building block: launching the implementation process 25
Outlook 28
Key contacts 29
6
7
Executive summary
McKinsey’s 2013 Retail Innovation Consumer Survey, a proprietary analysis of approximately
4,500 customers across the US, Europe, and China, along with other McKinsey surveys and industry
analyses shows that automotive retail across the world is undergoing substantial change. Multiple
drivers are at work.
Changes in customer behavior call for enhanced touch point management. The rise in mobile
technologies and social media is redefining interaction and communication patterns, altering customer
behavior as a result. Digitization is revolutionizing the sales and service process, and other industries
are already leading the way in innovating their retail formats.
Innovative products and technologies require a sales and service process upgrade. As automo-
tive technologies advance, cars are becoming ever more complex. The know-how expected of sales
and service staff is reaching ever higher levels of sophistication.
Industry pressures are challenging dealers’ current business model. Networks are consolidating
in mature markets as saturation and competition increase. The financial sustainability of traditional dealer-
ship models is questionable in many countries.
The good news for dealers is that most customers still rely on them – especially in the decision phase of
the vehicle purchasing process. They want to test-drive a vehicle before buying it, and vehicle servicing
is still very much an “offline necessity.” Dealerships will therefore remain a crucial touch point in the cus-
tomer decision journey.
The key will be to transform today’s dealer network into a profitable, modern, multiformat sales chan-
nel that combines the opportunities of the online world with the strengths of the traditional dealership
channel. This will require the introduction of new retail formats and technologies for communicating with
customers and supporting the sales and service process. But even more important will be the strategic
optimization of the current dealer network. The number of traditional dealerships is likely to go down as
a result. Another change anticipated is that dealerships will differentiate and specialize in specific areas
of the customer decision journey, including the service experience. At the same time, automotive original
equipment manufacturers (OEMs) will have to better integrate their various customer touch points, and
manage them holistically. The goal of this integration is to ensure that the OEM’s set of touch points fol-
lows potential buyers throughout their day-to-day lives in ways that are convenient and informative from
a customer perspective.
Successfully steering this transition will result in a higher return on new-car sales for dealer networks
while also significantly upgrading the customer experience. Those that do not move ahead could find
themselves driven out of business in the mid to long run. Advanced dealer networks are already start-
ing on this transformation journey. Their early successes are self-reinforcing, as they occupy the best
locations, attract most awareness online, and gain faster and better customer insights via advanced
data management, effectively giving them a defendable and sustainable advantage. So there is no
time to lose – the time to act is now.
8
Major trends reshaping the automotive retail

industry
McKinsey has combined existing insights on global trends with research on customer preferences,
its insights into the automotive industry, and lessons learned from other industries. As part of this
analysis, we have identified three key trends that we expect to significantly change the automotive
retail landscape as we know it today.
Changes in customer behavior call for improved touch point management
Compared to a decade ago, customers today are experiencing new sales processes in many indus-
tries and categories, such as unique shopping experiences in branded electronics stores, online retail
with advanced customer relationship management, including intelligent product suggestions, or seam-
less integration of online and offline business. Automotive OEMs and dealer networks are aware of
these trends and have started piloting new concepts, accompanied by big public-relations moves.
Car buyers nowadays design their decision and experience journey individually from a multitude of dif-
ferent touch points. McKinsey’s 2013 Retail Innovation Consumer Survey showed that over 80 percent
of new-car and almost 100 percent of used-car customers now begin their journey online, meaning that
dealers have lost their role as the primary source of information as well as their power over the informa-
tion shared and their ability to influence the customer. As might be expected, the role of online sources
is even more pronounced among customers between the ages of 18 and 34. Close to 90 percent of
these customers use an extensive variety of online sources – OEM and dealer Web sites, social media,
blogs, and forums – to gather information and compare offers, moving the purchasing decision towards
the online world. The rise of mobile technologies, tablets, and social media is also redefining interaction
and communication patterns, while technological innovations, such as mobile apps, multimedia walls,
and 3D configurators, are opening up new opportunities to transform the in-store experience.
Consequently, the number of customer visits to a dealer before the purchasing decision is made has
tumbled: dealers often get just one chance to strike lucky. McKinsey’s research has shown that OEMs
and dealers need to fight an online battle to earn the right to get that one chance. This includes
optimizing their own Web presence, but also integrating traffic from third-party Web sites, such as
Kelley Blue Book, Consumer Reports, or JD Power in the US. Many customers find these third-par-
ty Web sites very useful for comparing different models side by side, making it hard for OEMs and
dealers to compete for attention in the online space. Customers are increasingly well informed and
thus more demanding, while dealers are not yet sufficiently prepared for the new
challenges ahead.
Innovative products and technologies require a sales and service process upgrade
Deep technical understanding of the car and all available features has become a key requirement for
any sales person and is gaining ever greater importance as new technologies enter the market, vehi-
cles with electrified powertrains, for example, or more advanced infotainment and active safety tech-
nologies. Customers expect dealers to know about more than just the latest models and technical
features. They also come armed with questions about new applications and their connectivity to other
9
devices, such as smartphones and tablet computers. As a result, more and more OEMs are starting
to upgrade their retail landscape by piloting new retail formats, such as boutique-style stores in prime
city center locations – Tesla Stores, Audi City Cyberstores, BMW i Stores, Mercedes-Benz Visionary
Stores, for example – online stores, such as BMW’s customer interaction center, or the Mercedes-Benz
connect me stores.
At the same time, OEMs are beginning to upgrade existing dealerships by equipping them with the
latest technology – 3D configurators, video screens/walls, etc. They are also bringing in product
experts and advisors able to answer customers’ questions with the assistance of interactive infor-
mation applications on iPads. Audi, for example, has recently opened the first Audi City, a cyber-
store that uses multitouch tables for model configuration, Powerwall screens to present specific
models, and lounges for consultations in a private setting. However, no OEM seems to have yet
initiated a comprehensive transformation covering their entire retail network.
Industry pressures are challenging dealers’ current business model
In times of increasing saturation in developed markets such as Europe and the US, automotive OEMs
and dealer groups have started to rigorously restructure, consolidate, and improve their dealership
networks by implementing new processes and standards. These include efforts to set and closely track
performance measures – such as metrics on conversion rates through the sales funnel or average dis-
count per car – to identify laggard performers and actively monitor and manage dealer performance.
Meanwhile, OEMs are continuously increasing their expectations regarding the implementation of
corporate identity, resulting in the imposition of additional conditions. These often include single-
After recovering from the macroeconomic challenges of the financial crisis Exhibit 1
dealer margins are again at a level of around 2%
Return on sales
Percent
US
2.3
2.2 2.2
The number of new car

1.5
dealers1 decreased from
1.0
21,500 to 17,600 in
the US and from
Germany 2.1
16,000 to 13,300 in
Germany between 2006
and 2013
1.3
1.1
0.9
0.1
2006 07 08 09 10 11 12 2013
1 Distribution partners, including double-counting for multiple-brand dealers

SOURCE: NADA; Autohaus; McKinsey
10
brand restrictions, organizational and financial separation between the dealers’ used-car and new-
car business as well as minimum marketing budgets. In line with this, ever more OEMs are adding
terms to their dealer contract renewals that give them the right to set up an online channel, partially
bypassing or at least augmenting the traditional dealership channel as well as increasing their con-
trol over the dealership’s appearance and operations.
Furthermore, increasing competition among OEMs and dealers combined with a shift to smaller and
in most cases also less profitable models have brought dealer margins down to a level of around
2 percent of sales, deviations being more or less solely due to changes in macroeconomic condi-
tions (Exhibit 1). While emerging markets are currently experiencing greater profitability, especially
from new-car sales, the trajectory there looks the same. In China, for example, returns have started
to decline as OEMs try to aggressively expand their dealership networks to increase their sales and
market share. Despite the number of dealerships having almost doubled over the last five years,
margins as shown by publicly available financial information are less than 2 percent for some of the
top Chinese automotive dealer networks.
11
Trends in automotive retail offer new opportunities for sales tools and data management
Interview with Patrick Pélata, Chief Automotive Officer and Executive Vice President of salesforce.com
What are the key trends that will change dealer management and sales force management in the future?
Omni-channel expectations. Most consumers start their shopping journey online and expect continuity
across channels and for the dealer to have ready access to the information they shared on that journey.
Dealers and OEMs need to collaborate to provide this seamless brand experience.
Harmonized lifetime customer experience. OEMs are increasingly focused on loyalty vs. conquest and
on managing a lifetime of customer engagement with the brand. As a result, OEMs are increasingly con-
cerned with and focused on influencing the business process and technology decisions of their dealer
partners to ensure a consistent experience for the consumer and across their distribution network.
Mobile first. Employees at the dealer need to be able to act and react in real time, when with the customer.
They increasingly expect mobile access to technology and simplified user experience and in no place is
this more important than in the high turnover arena of retail vehicle sales. OEMs and dealers can improve
the onboarding and effectiveness of dealer sales personnel by providing simplified user experience
accessible by smartphones that enable them to better serve their customers during vehicle demos and
on the showroom floor.
What is your view on tools and technical innovations in the future of sales force steering?
The future of automotive retail sales is a “one-desk” cloud-based solution whereby disparate solutions are
integrated and accessed through a single sign-on and common user experience that can span the desk-
top and mobile devices and can be accessed anytime anywhere to serve the needs of the customer. The
simplified interface is complemented with gamification and real-time incentives that reinforce successful
sales behavior. At the same time, managers are empowered with real-time mobile dashboards so they
can remain on the showroom floor for coaching and customer support.
Which changes do you see on the OEM sales organization side?
OEM sales organizations will need to become more consultative and provide data-driven recommenda-
tions to the dealers on how they can adjust to optimally improve the customer experience. At the same
time, OEM organizations will need to leverage their scale and take the lead with investing in advanced
technology such as virtual showrooms and mobile sales assistants that will be financially and technically
out of reach for all but the largest dealer groups.
“Big data” has become a buzz word also in Automotive Retail. How can you facilitate the integration of the
OEM database with de-centralized managed dealer information?
Big data in automotive retail spans into three areas: already existing data in OEM and dealer databases,
big “social” data and data coming out of the connected car. The existing hodge-podge of data is mostly
vehicle centric and sometimes has basic lead information, and is not well integrated with one another.
Compounding this is that big data in the form of connected vehicle data is coming online quickly. First,
OEMs must get their own house in order with a single view of the customer across marketing/leads and
customer service/warranty. Next, they need to facilitate a single view of the customer at the dealer that
seamlessly integrates with the OEM. Finally, OEMs will need to devise the sharing rules of connected vehi-
cle data and determine how, what and when is shared with the dealer. Customers should be empowered
to co-own their usage data and clearly understand how it is intended to be used and be able to opt-out.
12
The future of dealers

Instead of battling against the challenges in automotive retail in an effort to cling to the current busi-
ness model, dealers should focus on mastering the challenges and taking advantage of current
trends. We have delineated the concept of a future automotive retail landscape based on the findings
from McKinsey’s 2013 Retail Innovation Consumer Survey, highlighting how dealers and OEMs can
transmute the challenges they face into benefits and innovate their own business model.
Opportunities for dealers
Unlike in other industries, such as electronics or publishing, where the importance of traditional deal-
erships has diminished, bricks-and-mortar car dealerships will remain a crucial customer touch point
for at least three reasons:
Most customers will always want to physically experience the vehicle before purchase as it is typi-
cally one of their largest investments.
They also frequently seek expert advice on optional equipment and further services (such as
insurance and financing options) as well as detailed information that is either not available or not
conclusively answered online.
Both OEMs and customers continue to value the personal aspect of the sales process, which
forms the basis of brand representation, customer retention, and service offerings.
Exhibit 2 A cross-touch-point retail strategy is needed as customers are effectively

maneuvering multiple touch point categories
Average number of touch points used/experienced per category
Information phase Decision phase
Ø 1.2 2.4 2.2 5.8 0.6 1.3 2.0 3.9
Europe 1.2 2.1 2.1 5.4 0.5 1.1 1.8 3.4
US 1.1 2.3 2.0 5.4 0.5 1.2 1.9 3.6
China 1.7 3.9 2.6 8.2 0.9 2.2 2.6 5.7
Offline Online Dealer Offline Online Dealer
SOURCE: McKinsey 2013 Retail Innovation Consumer Survey

13
Now that customers are maneuvering multiple touch points, a retail strategy across well-defined
touch points promises to be the key for holistically addressing the customer decision journey.
Customers are making use of offline sources, such as referrals from friends or colleagues, as well as
online and dealer-related information to evaluate products during both the information and the deci-
sion phases. They also require service after purchase, and may become repeat customers when
their next purchase comes around. The customer decision journey is thus a loop involving multiple
touch points. McKinsey research shows that customers use an average of two or more dealer-
related touch points during each phase (dealer brochure, test-drive, or dealer consultation, for
instance; more than one may be experienced during a single dealer visit), since only the dealer can
provide physical access to the product (Exhibit 2).
This is particularly true for used-car sales as it is hard to describe the exact state of a used car in text
and pictures: potential buyers want to physically examine the car before making a purchasing deci-
sion. Another vivid example of this desire for physical experience is the test-drive, which is tradition-
ally one of the most critical dealer-related touch points. A cross-regional analysis of customer prefer-
ences as part of McKinsey’s 2013 Retail Innovation Consumer Survey clearly indicates the dealer’s
importance during the purchasing process for customers in all regions and age groups. Overall, an
average of 82 percent of customers conducted at least one test-drive as part of their buying pro-
cess (Exhibit 3). Despite their preference for the online channel for many phases of the purchasing
process, even younger customers still want to physically feel and experience the car of their choice
before making a final decision. As these customer insights show, it is critical to design and execute a
superior test-drive experience for the customer, ranging from providing a well-selected route to giving
a targeted explanation and demonstrating the vehicle’s features in a convincing way.
Dealers will remain essential for organizing test-drives – every customer Exhibit 3
group sees this as a vital source of information
Importance of test-drives
Percent
During the customer journey By region By age
2,813 1,500 702 611 878 1,277 658

100%
10 12 15
No test-drive 18 23 19 20
82%
Final confirmatory
and experimental 49
44 53 46 44 40
test-drive of other 37
brand
Only final confir-

matory test-drive
34 36 37 31 33 34 38
Only experimental
test-drive of other
brand 6
4 4 4 4 3 2
Total Europe US China 18 - 34 35 - 54 55+

14
The second reason that traditional car dealerships will remain crucial in the customer decision jour-
ney is to satisfy customers’ need for expert advice. Our survey shows that over 40 percent of cus-
tomers rank product expertise as the most important element of a dealer consultation (Exhibit 4).
As customers increasingly collect general information online, dealers are ever more being viewed as
an advanced “second-level support” for questions and doubts that neither the online configurator,
the OEM Web site, nor the various car forums or third-party Web sites are sufficiently able to clarify.
Market research shows that the need for further consultation after an online search is higher for cars
than for most other consumer products, such as electronics or even pharmaceuticals. On top of this,
advice on additional services around a car purchase will become increasingly important, whether
financing options, insurance solutions, new features, or updates that can be sold to the customer
during the lifetime of the car.
Finally, dealerships will also remain crucial in the customer decision journey as the personal trust
between sales staff and the customer plays a central role, especially in the case of conflicting infor-
mation or tight trade-off decisions between brands and vehicle models. After the sale, OEMs will
continue to require a strong dealer network – to serve as local brand ambassadors and provide cus-
tomers with high-quality vehicle maintenance and service in a convenient location.
Exhibit 4 Dealer expertise is key as most customers expect the dealer visit
to yield additional information not easily found online
Importance of key elements during the dealer consultation
Percent of respondents who ranked respective elements as their no. 1 priority
Product expertise 41.1
Assortment/avail-
29.0
ability of cars
US
Expertise on additional 37.0%

12.6
features/services
Europe
Appeal and 44.4%

11.7
friendliness of staff China
37.4%
Proximity and
5.7
store layout

15
The role of dealers and OEMs in the future retail landscape
Thinking about how to translate these three reasons for the enduring importance of bricks-and-mor-
tar car dealerships into real operations of the future, it is certain that any optimization will reduce the
number of traditional retail outlets as we know them. We expect a shift from undifferentiated dealer-
ships to a landscape of much more differentiated formats, including an increased number of pure ser-
vice points, as all OEMs need to ensure comprehensive service coverage. Consequently, dealerships
as retail formats will not vanish but will have to decide which part of the customer decision and experi-
ence journey they want to focus on: brand awareness building and messaging, product experience,
sales transaction, or parts and service.
At the same time, new specialized formats are being introduced to enhance the customer experience
and increase the efficiency of the retail landscape. McKinsey’s 2013 Retail Innovation Consumer
Survey focused on a detailed analysis of appeal ratings for six new format archetypes: test-drive cen-
ters, superstores, city stores, online stores, mobile/pop-up stores, and home visits (Exhibit 5).
These new formats will cover specific parts of the customer decision journey that had previously
been the task of the traditional dealerships: a test-drive center, for example, will serve customers
of a number of dealerships close by; city stores will provide tangible and compelling first experience
of a car model to potential customers of several dealerships.
Customers strongly desire new formats Exhibit 5

Appeal of new store formats to customers
Percent of respondents scored format on a 6-point scale
Very appealing Unappealing

Test-drive centers
Facilities in easy-to-reach locations, often in city centers. 16 31 31 12 6 4
Broad range of cars for test-drives available
Superstores
Large stores at city outskirts with extensive ranges of vehicles 14 31 32 12 6 5
available for purchase on the spot without any delivery time
City stores
Small stores in prime city center locations exhibiting only limited
8 22 31 18 12 9
products physically, often supported with digital technologies.
Stores focus on customer and brand experience
Online stores
Online stores that allow complete purchase online, typically for 8 21 29 17 14 11
preconfigured models
Mobile/pop-up stores
Temporary/short-term spaces in prime city center locations or
5 19 27 18 16 15
at events that advertise/celebrate special product events (e.g.,
showcasing a new model before its actual launch)
Home visits
Sales person who visits customers at home or in the office. 5 14 20 19 19 23
Timing is prearranged via phone or e-mail

16
Exhibit 6 The future retail setup will have to accommodate various EXAMPLE OF
customer profiles along multiple touch points CUSTOMERS
Touch points Information Decision Purchase Service
Mr. Smith, young professional Online 1

Busy, travels frequently; focus
3
on prestige; convenience highly Test-drive
important centers 4
Counseling
Mrs. Haydock, hands-on calls 2
shopper
Focus on physically seeing and City stores
experiencing the car
Mobile/
Jackson family pop-up stores
Traditional customers; budget-

conscious; focus on usability Superstores
Mobile sales
Mr. Brunswick, retiree
representatives 5
Long-standing customer of
traditional dealership; no usage Traditional
of online or other new formats dealerships
6
SOURCE: McKinsey
1 4
Colleague shares image of Can test-drive his exact car
new car on Facebook and due to large selection available
tweets about it Large off-road track allows
Young professional starts a test-drive in extreme
research online conditions
2 5
Curious about several facts, Sales representative comes to
he calls the OEM’s service line his office during a business trip
Detailed information mailed Orders car immediately and
to him with link to OEM con- has it delivered to his local
figurator dealership
Personal handover and voucher
for first service appointment
3 6
Customizes the perfect car Serviced at regular intervals
to fit his budget online at traditional dealer
Books test-drive at test- High satisfaction with
drive center convenience and local
representation
SOURCE: McKinsey
17
Customers will follow different paths across touch points along the decision journey, such as look-
ing up information online before receiving a counseling call, purchasing from a mobile sales representa-
tive, or having their car serviced at the local dealership (Exhibit 6). Customers do not distinguish between
OEM-controlled outlets and independent ones. They expect a seamless experience across all touch
points, both on- and offline. This means that OEMs and dealers will need to integrate their respective
data sources to be able to understand and most efficiently serve their customers. Integrated data sourc-
es allow them to allocate the right expertise, offerings, and resources to the various customer touch
points to increase the ultimate conversion rates and experience for the customer.
While this is a challenge for OEMs and their current data systems, it also offers the unique opportunity
to build a central customer database, combining all available customer information along the entire deci-
sion journey and across all touch points. As well as ensuring a smooth end-to-end customer experience,
this can also generate a whole new level of customer intelligence, enabling OEMs to derive new cus-
tomer insights. This in turn enhances marketing return on investment (RoI) while reducing marketing
spend. The major investment required to create these integrated touch point management databases
means they are unlikely to be funded by dealers. OEMs will most often be in the lead, establishing them
as central data and insight managers. That said, we believe that dealers also need to build local cus-
tomer insights and databases in their respective micromarkets, efficiently gathering and effectively evalu-
ating critical information to guide customers in their decision making journey.
Successful integration will allow OEMs and dealers to comfortably accompany customers with very
different requirements through various touch points. This will result in optimized conversion from
interest to purchase and to increased aftersales and service revenues for both traditional dealerships
and specialized service locations as a side effect.
18
Transformation journey – how the future could unfold

The key to future dealership success will be the transformation of the dealer network into a modern, multi-
format, innovative sales and service environment. To achieve this, McKinsey has developed a transforma-
tion approach consisting of three building blocks:
The first building block is to build the foundations of excellent dealership performance by measuring
and managing performance (including benchmarking) and optimizing dealership performance within
the network.
The second building block deals with enhancing dealership performance via innovation, defining
a new – or at least enhanced – business model, and starting to test these innovations on customer
experience.
The third building block encompasses transitioning to new retail formats and innovations by develop-
ing a holistic rollout plan across the network and implementing the enhanced new retail strategy.
First building block: building the foundations of excellence
McKinsey’s analysis reveals a significant performance spread within typical automotive dealer net-
works across all relevant dimensions, such as area coverage, profitability, and customer satisfaction,
always identifying a significant fraction of the dealership portfolio of any OEM’s network within the
“underperforming” cluster (below average). Improving the performance of this cluster will increase the
profitability of the entire current network. This will be important as it is a means of financing the new
retail formats and sales and service innovations – reinvention can only work on a sound foundation.
Enhancing this foundation for excellence involves changing mindsets and capabilities. McKinsey has
identified some common building blocks for improving conversion rates to actual sales from its exten-
sive experience in supporting organizational capability building, including intelligently understanding and
assessing customer preferences (such as usage, sales/service and brand preferences), using attractive
service offers and introducing bundles with financing products, to mention just a few examples.
The first step and a key element in this process is enhancing the foundations by performance manage-
ment using clearly defined metrics and implementing new process and quality standards to reduce per-
formance disparities along all relevant dimensions (a 360-degree approach) (Exhibit 7). This will ideally
include conducting annual reviews of the entire dealer network as well as systematic internal and exter-
nal benchmarking. In a first step, it is crucial to identify the relevant drivers behind performance met-
rics – these will differ depending on country, region/micromarket, and OEM. The input metric of dealer
performance (along the dimensions of standardization, key processes, customer focus, etc.) corre-
lates strongly with relevant metrics of operational success, such as target fulfillment rates and segment
market share. It is essential to analyze root causes underlying gaps to target or benchmarks and con-
sistently develop counteractions to drive performance. This process needs to be owned by the dealer
leadership team, supported by OEM regional managers as engaged business advisors.
In a second step, specific improvement opportunities along the drivers of performance have to be
addressed, with tailored actions for each dealer, ranging from specific trainings to process redesign.
To prioritize these actions, customers’ satisfaction with certain aspects of the purchasing process
needs to be matched to the respective importance of these elements. This will allow dealers to focus on
the most important steps, ensuring that resources dedicated to improving customer satisfaction and
19
Rigorous implementation of standards and performance tracking is vital to Exhibit 7

reducing performance spread
Exemplary dealer network
Performance dimensions Success metrics
Percent
Standardi- Overall
Market Customer Key zation and perfor- Target Segment
penetration Talent focus processes store layout mance fulfillment market share
Strong
Stars
102 30
(best 10%)
Strong
performers 101 29
(best 25%)
Average 97 27
Low
performers 90 24
(worst 25%)
Laggards
87 23
(worst 10%)
Weak
SOURCE: McKinsey
conversion rates in the customer purchase funnel (decision making journey) yield substantial bottom-
line results. Successful performance enhancement programs have managed to significantly increase
market share in the relevant segments and achieve improvements in operating performance.
Second building block: enhancing dealership performance by innovating

formats and the customer decision journey
While reducing performance spread is a prerequisite for improving current retail network performance,
it will, on its own, neither ensure future success nor transform today’s dealer network into a modern,
multiformat, innovative sales and service experience for the customer.
New technologies, such as fully integrated customer relationship management and dealer performance
management systems, are a good place to begin the digital innovation that can help enhance the per-
formance of traditional dealerships. They enable both dealers and OEMs to better utilize available
customer data and provide real-time transparency and insights into retail performance. Audi, for
instance, has begun supporting the digital marketing activities of their dealerships by offering dealers
a standardized set of digital tools, including search engine optimization and banner advertisements,
to help them generate more qualified leads. Many OEMs – Mercedes-Benz, BMW, and Ford, for
example – have started equipping their dealers with iPads to provide their sales personnel with a tool
to present the latest information on their car models to customers and increase both the efficiency
and expertise of their sales and product experts. Implementing these new technologies and process
20
enhancements requires sound support from OEM regional or area managers. Their core activities will
ultimately shift from monitoring dealers towards helping them upgrade their skills as well as managing
and coordinating touch points.
Ultimately, retail sales format innovations will help better address customers’ changing behaviors and
amend the existing retail landscape accordingly. The combination of formats and their implementa-
tion should be consistent with the OEM’s value proposition (brand positioning, product line offering,
product and service differentiations, etc.). A premium OEM may choose to create a test-drive center
with a strong emphasis on enhancing the customer experience and upselling, while a value/main-
stream OEM might decide to focus on maximizing efficiency gains or even partner with other deal-
ers to offer a richer test-drive experience. These new formats are not competing: they complement
traditional dealership services and offerings as they would enable them to, for example, save on the
high inventory carrying costs of organizing test-drives themselves. From the customer’s perspec-
tive, acceptance of these new formats varies across age groups. While customers below the age of 55
strongly favor them, an average of only 46 percent above that age consider the introduction of new
formats appealing, as revealed by McKinsey’s 2013 Retail Innovation Consumer Survey. This high-
lights the importance of good transition management in capturing the young customer segment with-
out losing the more mature customer segment. Looking at regional differences, new formats are most
appealing to customers in China – suggesting that this type of dealer network transformation might be
most effective there – but a significant fraction of customers in the US and Europe also express high
interest (Exhibit 8).
One particularly interesting new format is the online store. Today, almost all OEMs and even most
dealers are trying to launch some kind of Internet store where legally possible. Mercedes-Benz, for
Exhibit 8 Customers support new formats across geographies

Appeal of new store formats to customers
Percent of respondents who scored format 4 or higher on a 6-step scale (6 = very appealing)
Test-drive Mobile/
centers Superstores City stores Online store pop-up stores Home visits
Europe 75 73 58 53 47 34
US 73 75 52 53 38 32
China 96 95 87 86 83 63
78%1 77%1 61%1 59%1 51%1 39%1

1 Weighted with average number of respondents per geography
21
example, recently started offering a limited number of preconfigured versions of its A-, B-, and CLA-
Class online in pilot countries. However, no OEM has yet managed to solve three major challenges
related to stand-alone online stores:
As touch points such as test-driving and physically handing over the car still require the presence of deal-
ers, completely bypassing the traditional channel is not a viable option. Online stores are therefore pre-
dominantly used as clearing platforms for preconfigured stock vehicles or as “prepurchase” platforms.
Aligning discount strategies between the on- and offline channels is a tough challenge. While OEMs
are willing to offer higher discounts on stock vehicles to push their “unsold overproduction” or less
desired vehicles into the market, they are not willing to erode their general price level or minimum net
transaction price targets.
As more touch points become a key part of a customer’s purchasing journey, the challenging ques-
tion is which channel gets credit for the sale (and how the rewards will be divided).
Emergence of a new online store format in the US
Judging from a recent McKinsey survey of around 1,000 car buyers in the US, the vast majority of
new-car purchases are already influenced by online sources, but actual online sales are extremely
rare. McKinsey research indicates that this will likely change over the medium term in the US. Two
key factors underlie this prediction.
First, our survey indicates that roughly one in three US customers does not just do online research
but would already also seriously consider buying his next car online. For online shoppers, the pri-
mary motives are convenience, such as saving time by avoiding the physical trip to the dealership,
the expectation of lower prices when buying online, and avoiding certain unpleasant elements of
the sales experience at dealerships, such as “haggling over the price.”
Second, a multitude of players are already experimenting with online sales in the US market.
They appear to fall into four categories. One is OEMs – such as GM – that provide their dealer-
ships with an online sales capability (“Shop-Click-Drive”). Then there are dealer groups that fol-
low a similar approach (e.g., AutoNation’s “Shop-Choose-Drive”). Established online brands are
another, such as Amazon, which is piloting the sale of the Versa in cooperation with Nissan. The
fourth category consists of independent third-party platforms, such as CarDirect. While a domi-
nant model or player has yet to emerge, OEMs and dealer groups will need to build their online
sales channels going forward to address the needs and preferences of this growing segment of
the market.
However, it should be noted that the US automotive retail market is dependent on franchise laws
that restrict free market competition and are not expected to be liberalized in the near future.
Online sales therefore need to be arranged within the context of franchise laws, i.e., by leverag-
ing dealers – a model followed by GM – through independent sites, such as CarDirect, or via
current retailers, such as Amazon.
Both US customer demand as well as recent retail initiatives suggest increasing dynamics towards
online as a real sales channel, even though legal obstacles exist. Sustainably implementing the
initiatives and overcoming the legislative hurdles will be one of the key challenges for US OEMs in
the years to come.
22
Alignment of the online world and the traditional dealership will be the backbone of any successful
multichannel strategy. OEMs and dealers can only improve conversion from online traffic into qualified
leads and sales for their dealerships by completely integrating all on- and offline formats of their retail
network, thus fully capturing the true potential from online sales. This will require a seamless information
management approach supported by targeted allocation of resources and funds along all major relevant
online and offline/physical touch points. What is ultimately needed is an optimization model that con-
siders RoI from a dealer and OEM standpoint as well as from the perspective of customer satisfaction.
Online stores and the other new formats, combined with the traditional automotive retail landscape, will
change the business dynamics for OEMs and dealer networks. Shifting from a purely dealer-based net-
work towards a multiformat retail landscape should pay off overall. To anticipate the future implications,
McKinsey has run a simulation and found that this new model could yield significant improvements in
the return on new-car sales.
The optimization of an OEM’s retail network in Germany was modeled to simulate the financial impact
a successful transformation could have on overall network profitability. Despite high upfront investment,
the gains from new formats, such as test-drive centers, superstores, or an online store, could be as
high as a 3- to 5-percentage-point greater return on new-car sales, compared to a scenario where no
action is taken and challenging trends diminish the retail success of the traditional dealership landscape
(Exhibit 9). The gains result from gross savings due to economies of scale and additional sales. However,
total savings will depend heavily on specifics of the OEM’s current network, requirements for the new
target state, and the scope of the optimization. Furthermore, distribution of the total savings between
customers, dealers, and OEMs will depend on the specific ownership structures, strategies of the par-
ties involved, and competitive conduct.
Exhibit 9 Transition to new formats is achievable without loss in profitability

Average return on sales (RoS) on new car sales
Percentage points
Transition to new formats vs. No change in dealer landscape
Current state x x
Cost of transition
-1 to -2 1
to new formats
Performance effect
+1 to +2 2 +2 to +4 4 -2 to -4
of new formats
Further revenues
+1 3
from new formats
State after transition x+1 +3 to +5 x - 2 to x - 4
1 ▪ Initial investment for new formats 4 ▪ Erosion of market shares and

increases in average discounts due
2 ▪ Gross savings from economies of scale to changing customer require-
3 ▪ Additional sales due to new leads ments
▪ Decrease in average discount from ▪ Dealers in networks that do not adapt
improved matching of cars in stock to will be pushed to the bottom end of
customer requirements the profitability spectrum
▪ Increase in margins via upselling to more
profitable models and options
SOURCE: McKinsey
23
McKinsey’s simulation of potential network optimization
McKinsey conducted a simulation of a fictitious premium OEM’s dealer network to estimate the
financial implications of full-scale network transformation, including the introduction of new formats.
As the choice of each format and its different options (such as experience-oriented test-drive cen-
ter versus efficiency-oriented joint venture with a rental car company) are highly dependent on the
OEM’s value proposition and strategy, the first step was to determine the ideal portfolio of formats.
To ensure economic viability of each new format and outlet, minimum thresholds for each of the
chosen formats were derived in a second step based on stand-alone business cases (e.g., mini-
mum number of test-drives to operate). These thresholds as well as the current dealer network’s
configuration in the given area/country were used to derive an optimized network setup, including
new formats, followed by a simulation of its financial implications on existing traditional dealerships.
In a third step, the results of this simulation were used to identify dealers experiencing significant
negative returns in their new-car business. These were transformed into pure service points,
while their original sales were distributed among the remaining dealerships in the specific region.
This iterative process is repeated until eventually every further conversion of a new-car dealer-
ship into a service point would cause insufficient network coverage in the area.
The improvement potential of holistic network transformation and the introduction of new for-
mats, such as test-drive centers, city stores, and online, pop-up, and superstores, is based on
the following five main drivers (see Exhibit 10):
Boosting efficiency by introducing dedicated test-drive centers, reducing the number of

demo cars required (for example)
Existing dealer network can be upgraded by integrating EXAMPLE Exhibit 10

innovative formats
Current dealer landscape New dealer landscape
600 traditional formats 500 traditional formats1

Hamburg
S uperstores 5
C ity stores 3 Bremen S C P T
P op-up stores 20 P
Hanover
T est-drive centers 8 S C Berlin
P
O nline stores  Bielefeld P T
P T
H ome visits  Dortmund
P
Service points 80 S T PPP
Dusseldorf
P
Cologne
S T P
Frankfurt T P Nuremberg
Stuttgart T P
O H S C P T Munich
1 Either reduction of number of stores or transformation to service points

SOURCE: McKinsey
24
Lowering the cost of sales by implementing an integrated online channel

Increasing economies of scale by further consolidating new-car sales and focusing them
on fewer but larger dealer outlets while operating within reasonable travel distances for
the customer to the dealership
Reducing customer discounts by, for example, systematically ensuring that all the vehi-
cles in stock actually match customer preferences
Increasing sales and upselling potential, e.g., acquiring additional leads via pop-up stores
and brand centers.
Altogether, the simulation at a network level indicates that the cost of introducing new retail
formats would not just be fully compensated by efficiency gains (i.e., via eventual cost reduc-
tions) but also increase revenues via new leads and a decrease in the average discount level
resulting from an improved customer experience. If no action is taken, the trends of changing
customer behavior, increasing product complexity, and market pressure will likely lead to an
erosion of market share, effectively reducing RoS by 2 to 4 percentage points, resulting in a
3- to 5-percentage-point gap versus successful transformations (depending on the OEM, the
dealer network, geographical reach, and quality of execution).
When analyzing the dealership level, traditional dealerships could also benefit from the trans-
formation. While operating costs are optimized via levers such as pooling demo cars and stock
vehicles, the share of revenues potentially transferred to other formats is relatively limited, and
frequently not even profitable at present. The traditional dealership’s integration in the new net-
work could therefore not just ensure sufficient compensation for delivering their vital offline
physical support in the customer experience during the sales process, but also allow them to
specialize their operations towards their more profitable after-sales and service business (see
Exhibit 11). Individual results will obviously vary significantly across dealerships.
Exhibit 11 Introduction of new formats has positive effects for both OEMs EXAMPLE
and dealers S uperstores Traditional dealerships

T est-drive centers Obsolete dealers
Service points
Current dealer landscape Transformation journey
S S
80 km 80 km
30 km 30 km
T T
▪ Identify ideal format portfolio ▪ Define minimum thresholds for each ▪ Obsolete new-car dealers are
new format identified one by one and transformed
▪ Introduce new formats into existing into service points while their original
retail landscape sales are distributed among remaining
dealerships
▪ Process is repeated until additional
cutback of dealers would jeopardize
network coverage
SOURCE: McKinsey
25
Third building block: launching the implementation process
The third building block is the retail transformation program, consisting of three implementation
waves: laying the groundwork, testing first pilot projects to create momentum, and implementing
a complete rollout to ensure sustainability.
Implementation wave 1: laying the groundwork
To start the transformation program, OEMs should systematically evaluate and continuously optimize
the dealer network, and make a fact-based assessment of which dealers to invest in, and at what
level, covering factors such as market opportunities, dealer capabilities, and competitive environment
in the micromarket. Then, for prioritized dealers, they need to codify and share their knowledge about
excellence in customer service, using techniques such as intelligent customer data analysis and intro-
ducing product experts to the sales floor.
McKinsey’s 2013 Retail Innovation Consumer Survey shows that there will be extensive region specific-
ity in developing excellence in customer service – no one-size-fits-all solution will work once the bound-
aries of country/region and customer behavior have been crossed. Blogs and forums, for example, are
top sources of information in the UK and China, whereas car and offline advertisements play a more
important role in the US and Italy (Exhibit 12).
Market-specific approach required as several top information Exhibit 12

sources vary across countries
Important local source
Europe
Information source Germany Great Britain Italy US China
Blogs and forums
Online marketplace
Social networks
Test-drive
Seeing the car and offline

advertisements
Online car configurator
Family and friends
SOURCE: McKinsey
26
It is vital to recognize and understand the challenges and core principles to ensure sustainability of
the transformation. The following factors make any transformation of an automotive retail network
particularly challenging:
Large number of dealership units. A transformation effort can easily include several hundred deal-
erships.
Limited clout. In many networks, the dealers are independent entrepreneurs who cannot be
forced to innovate their business models. They will not easily accept externally imposed changes
but need to operate within the performance agreements and guidelines established between
OEMs and dealers.
Varying interests of the players involved and differing levels of capabilities amongst dealers.
An existing dealership network will have members of different types and shades, extending from
stock-listed international dealer groups to family-owned “local heroes.”
Implementation wave 2: running the pilot phase
OEMs need to get local support for the program from their regional and area managers to gain momen-
tum for the transformation process. They should co-lead the transformation, and represent the “trans-
mission belt” between the OEM and dealer network. Their role will ideally be to validate the effectiveness
of the program on-site and, together with the dealer, to review progress, make adjustments if needed,
and ensure consistent application of new processes/standards and cross-fertilization of best practices.
In essence, these OEM area and regional managers should be transformation advisors and have the
right skill set in terms of subject matter expertise (retail innovation, retail performance management, prod-
uct know-how) and change management.
The pilot phase also requires combining tailored solutions with central architecture. Overall principles
of the transformation need to be ensured as a central architecture, such as centrally defined formats
and their combination as well as the steering governance. However, specific on-site solutions, such
as the use of a 3D configurator, should be codefined with each dealer individually to create full buy-in
and adapt to local micromarket needs.
A comprehensive transformation will start with testing and presenting first proof of concept to create
showcases for the organization. This might, for example, involve transformation of one region, or testing
new formats in a few cities. The rollout should follow after these initial tests, carefully analyzing lessons
learned and immediately integrating feedback.
27
Implementation wave 3: ensuring sustainability
A transformation will not improve customer satisfaction and dealership performance without the right
people to bring it to life. Laying the groundwork for a successful transformation will therefore also
need to comprise redesign of the HR strategy. Key elements to consider will include the following:
Recruiting and onboarding. Transforming into multiformat is not just a requirement for retail – it is
also essential for sourcing top talent. Large online fan bases for car brands represent precious
pools that need to be tapped. An equal recruiting focus needs to be given to expertise (such as
technical knowledge of the vehicle and competitor know-how), sales competence, and soft skills/
behavioral elements (“passion for the brand and customers”). It is crucial that sales and product
experts demonstrate a deep understanding of the various segments and their preferences to better
connect with different customer groups.
People development and retention. It is important to offer and promote attractive and differenti-
ated career paths to combat the high turnover rate typically observed in automotive retail, with
clear steps on how to progress from the sales floor to compelling management and technical
roles in the dealership and OEM. Classroom training will increasingly be substituted and aug-
mented by on-the-job coaching.
Targets and incentives. Institutionalized scorecards and performance dialogs will remain crucial.
However, alongside measuring target achievement per se, greater attention also needs to be paid
to how the target has been achieved.
It is therefore essential to ensure top-management focus and priority. Successful transformations

need to be spearheaded by top management, such as the CEO of the organization or the head of
sales (global and/or regional). Regular dialogs with dealers/the dealer council are crucial to underline
the importance of the initiative and keep partners informed. The individual progress of each dealer
should be reviewed regularly, at quarterly implementation progress meetings, for instance.
These three waves complement and build upon each other. It is crucial to tackle all of them for sus-
tainable success. However, the emphasis put on each of the waves as well as the topics within each
wave can and should be customized to the situation, players, and stakeholders. This ultimately repre-
sents both the managerial challenge and the key success criteria.
28
Outlook
The major trends reshaping the automotive retail industry will translate into significant degrees of change
ahead for the dealer landscape, which naturally leads to speculation about the future of car dealerships
and whether they will survive or fade into history. One of the most remarkable insights to emerge from our
research is the potential new role of the physical car dealership and dealer networks in general.
Effectively combining traditional dealerships with innovative retail sales and service formats will not
work as a standardized approach. The strategy and model needs to be tailored to different geogra-
phies and customer segments to offer the latest technology without alienating existing customers.
Customizing the approach, continuously monitoring changing customer behavior and agreeing on a
new work and profit sharing model with dealers will be the key challenges in ensuring successful imple-
mentation of the innovative retail setup. The evolving nature of these challenges means that design of the
innovative retail blueprint is not a one-off effort but a journey of constant adaptation to changing realities.
The first steps of this journey are currently being taken by most OEMs piloting new formats and touch
points. However, which OEM or dealer group will lead the way by holistically transforming its traditional
dealership structure and introducing new formats at scale remains to be seen. Being a first mover
in such a volatile environment is not without risk, but has the potential, if implemented successfully, to
yield significant customer satisfaction and economic benefits in the transition phase and beyond. Early
successes will likely be self-reinforcing, as early movers occupy the best locations, attract most aware-
ness online, and gain faster insight via advanced data management. This effectively gives OEMs a com-
petitive sustainable advantage, based on their upgraded and more innovative retail network. Players
who are willing to innovate and test new formats and services in the market place, selecting the winners
and rolling them out with speed and rigor, will find that they are able to create a competitive advantage
in the pursuit of automotive industry leadership.
29
Key contacts
Dr. Detlev Mohr is a Director in McKinsey’s Stuttgart office and Leader of the EMEA Automotive Practice.
E-mail: detlev_mohr@mckinsey.com
Hans-Werner Kaas is a Director in McKinsey’s Detroit office and Leader of the Americas Automotive Practice.
E-mail: hans-werner_kaas@mckinsey.com
Paul Gao is a Director in McKinsey’s Hong Kong office and Leader of the Asia Automotive Practice.
E-mail: paul_gao@mckinsey.com
Gianluca Camplone is a Director in McKinsey’s Milan office.

E-mail: gianluca_camplone@mckinsey.com
Marcus Hohmann is a Principal in McKinsey’s Dusseldorf office.

E-mail: marcus_hohmann@mckinsey.com
Dr. Jan-Christoph Köstring is a Principal in McKinsey’s Munich office.

E-mail: jan-christoph_koestring@mckinsey.com
Robert Mathis is a Principal in McKinsey’s Chicago office.

E-mail: robert_mathis@mckinsey.com
The concept and content of this study was developed by a group of experts that – in addition to the
authors listed above as contacts – included Thomas Furcher, Associate Principal in McKinsey’s Vienna
office, John Newman, Expert Associate Principal in McKinsey’s San Francisco office, Sebastian Kempf,
Engagement Manager in McKinsey’s Dusseldorf office and Uwe Voss, Engagement Manager in
McKinsey’s Chicago office. The authors would like to thank them for all of their valuable contributions to
the study.
Advanced Industries
February 2014
Designed by Visual Media Europe
Copyright © McKinsey & Company, Inc.
www.mckinsey.com

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How are customer behaviors changing the automotive retail industry?

How are customer behaviors changing the automotive retail industry?

What industry pressures are challenging dealers' current business models?

What industry pressures are challenging dealers' current business models?

Advanced Industries

Roughly 500,000 cars are traded

and Europe it has fallen by 15% AutoScout24, Europe’s biggest online

300 million visits on

27% of German automotive

up from 9% in the previous year

from up to 5 to frequently just 1

More than 80% of customers take

New-car sales account

for less than20% of dealer margin

Almost 90% of customers use

Major trends reshaping the automotive retail industry 8

The future of dealers 12

Transformation journey – how the future could unfold 18

Major trends reshaping the automotive retail

Changes in customer behavior call for improved touch point management

Industry pressures are challenging dealers’ current business model

The number of new car

1 Distribution partners, including double-counting for multiple-brand dealers

Which changes do you see on the OEM sales organization side?

The future of dealers

Opportunities for dealers

Exhibit 2 A cross-touch-point retail strategy is needed as customers are effectively

Information phase Decision phase

Ø 1.2 2.4 2.2 5.8 0.6 1.3 2.0 3.9

Europe 1.2 2.1 2.1 5.4 0.5 1.1 1.8 3.4

US 1.1 2.3 2.0 5.4 0.5 1.2 1.9 3.6

China 1.7 3.9 2.6 8.2 0.9 2.2 2.6 5.7

Offline Online Dealer Offline Online Dealer

SOURCE: McKinsey 2013 Retail Innovation Consumer Survey

During the customer journey By region By age

2,813 1,500 702 611 878 1,277 658

Only final confir-

SOURCE: McKinsey 2013 Retail Innovation Consumer Survey

Product expertise 41.1

Expertise on additional 37.0%

Appeal and 44.4%

SOURCE: McKinsey 2013 Retail Innovation Consumer Survey

The role of dealers and OEMs in the future retail landscape

Customers strongly desire new formats Exhibit 5

Very appealing Unappealing

SOURCE: McKinsey 2013 Retail Innovation Consumer Survey

Touch points Information Decision Purchase Service

Mr. Smith, young professional Online 1

Traditional customers; budget-

Transformation journey – how the future could unfold

First building block: building the foundations of excellence

Rigorous implementation of standards and performance tracking is vital to Exhibit 7

Second building block: enhancing dealership performance by innovating

Exhibit 8 Customers support new formats across geographies

78%1 77%1 61%1 59%1 51%1 39%1

Emergence of a new online store format in the US

Exhibit 9 Transition to new formats is achievable without loss in profitability

Transition to new formats vs. No change in dealer landscape

State after transition x+1 +3 to +5 x - 2 to x - 4

Boosting efficiency by introducing dedicated test-drive centers, reducing the number of

Lowering the cost of sales by implementing an integrated online channel