Ders-4W Series Static Excitation System User's Manual: Shanghai Power Equipment Research Institute 2007.8

SPERI DERS STATIC EXCITATION
DERS-4W Series
Static Excitation System
User’s Manual
Shanghai Power Equipment Research Institute

2007.8
All rights, in particular copyrights and other proprietary rights, are reserved.
SPERI reserves the right to change the contents of this document in future.
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Contents
1. INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................................３
1.1 SAFETY PRECAUTIONS .........................................................................................................................４
1.2 REQUEST FOR OPERATORS ................................................................................................................４
2. TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION...............................................................................................................４
2.1. MAIN PERFORMANCE.....................................................................................................................４
2.2 ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS...................................................................................................５
2.3 STANDARD FUNCTIONS...................................................................................................................５
3. CONFIGURATION AND FIXING DIMENSIONS .............................................................................５
4. EXCITATION REGULATOR HARDWARE CONFIGURATION....................................................５
4.1MAIN CONTROL BOARD........................................................................................................................６
4.1.1 characteristic ............................................................................................................................６
4.1.2 setting........................................................................................................................................６
4.2 ANALOG INPUTS/OUTPUTS BOARD (AIO)...........................................................................................７
4.2.1 characteristic ............................................................................................................................７
4.2.2 setting........................................................................................................................................７
4.3 TIMER AND DIGITAL I/O BOARD(DIO) .................................................................................................９
4.3.1 characteristic ............................................................................................................................９
4.3.2 settings......................................................................................................................................９
4.4 CAN INTERFACE BOARD ................................................................................................................１１
4.4.1 characteristic ........................................................................................................................１１
4.4.2 settings..................................................................................................................................１２
4.5 ADAPTER BOARD CLB-V2 .............................................................................................................１３
4.5.1 charactoristic ........................................................................................................................１３
4.5.2 settings..................................................................................................................................１３
4.6.1 charactoristic ........................................................................................................................１５
4.6.2 settings..................................................................................................................................１６
4.7 MB-V2............................................................................................................................................１７
4.7.1 charactoristic ........................................................................................................................１７
4.7.2 settings..................................................................................................................................１７
4.8 PSI-V2 ...........................................................................................................................................１８
4.8.1 characterastic.......................................................................................................................１８
4.8.2 settings： ..............................................................................................................................１８
4.9 MCF-V1.........................................................................................................................................１９
4.9.1 characterastic.......................................................................................................................１９
4.9.2 setting....................................................................................................................................１９
4.10 KJQ-V1........................................................................................................................................２０
4.10.1 characterastic ....................................................................................................................２０
4.12.2 settings................................................................................................................................２０
5. FUNCTION DESCRIPTION .............................................................................................................２１
5.1 EXCITAION REGULATION SYSTEM .......................................................................................２１
5.1.1 description ............................................................................................................................２１
5.1.2 supply system ......................................................................................................................２１
- ２ -
5.1.3 measuring circuit .................................................................................................................２１

5.1.4 AVR mode.............................................................................................................................２２
5.1.5 FCR mode ............................................................................................................................２２
5.1.6 REACTIVE POWER COMPENSATION ..........................................................................２２
5.1.7 Softstart function..................................................................................................................２２
5.1.8 Limiters..................................................................................................................................２２
5.1.9 Superimposed Regulator ...................................................................................................２４
5.1.10 Power System Stabilisation (PSS)..................................................................................２５
5.1.11Monitor and Protection.......................................................................................................２５
5.1.12 CAN Communication ........................................................................................................２６
5.1.12.1 CAN1 Net ........................................................................................................................２６
5.2 CONVERTERS ..................................................................................................................................２６
5.3 EXCITATION ON 、OFF AND FIELD OVERVOLTAGE .........................................................................２７
5.4 EXCITATION TRANSFORMER ...........................................................................................................２７
6. OPERATION .......................................................................................................................................２７
6.1 REMOTE CONTROL AND SIGNALS ...................................................................................................２７
6.1.1 Remote command and its signals.....................................................................................２８
6.1.2 signals and alarms ..............................................................................................................２９
6.2 LOCAL CONTROL.............................................................................................................................３０
6.2.1 Main window ........................................................................................................................３１
6.2.2digital window........................................................................................................................３３
6.2.3 Parameter modify ................................................................................................................３４
6.2.4Test .........................................................................................................................................３７
6.2.5Graph analyse.......................................................................................................................４０
6.2.6 digital test..............................................................................................................................４１
6.3 OPERATION OF THE SYSTEM ..........................................................................................................４２
6.3.1 Checks before switching on...........................................................................................４２
6.3.2 Switch-on sequence............................................................................................................４３
6.3.3 Checks during operation ....................................................................................................４３
7. TROUBLE SHOOTING .....................................................................................................................４４
7.1 ALARM CHECK .................................................................................................................................４４
7.2 FAULT SHOOTING ............................................................................................................................４５
8. MAINTENANCE SCHEDULE..........................................................................................................４５
1. Introduction
Shanghai Power Equipment Research Institute, with professional testing
equipments and production base for research, has accomplished proud of
outstanding achievement and accumulate plentiful project experiences in the
power plants automatic control field. Having achieved more than one hundred
research, and been prized by government many times in the past years, Shanghai
Power Equipment Research Institute falls to work crucial research, system design,
whole set supply and commissioning of the power plants automatic control
project.
SPERI, as one part of Shanghai Power Equipment Research Institute, research,

develop and produce the excitation equipment and relevant automatic control
- ３ -
system, whose main products are as follows: Digital Micro-processor Excitation

Regulator, Static Excitation System, Excitation Converter, De-Excitation and
Over-Voltage Protection Equipment and Generator Earth Protection Equipment
etc.
The proposed Static Excitation System (SES), type DERS-4W series is based on
proven reliable technology and can be applied to any type of power machine. The
excitation system is believed to meet the required functionality, performance and
reliability.
The DERS-4W system is a continuously acting, 32bits microprocessor based
Static Excitation System which is utilizing the most modern technology of printed
circuit boards and the state of the art solid state components, allowing easy
maintenance. The DERS-4W system contains the voltage regulator, the current
regulator, limiters and other control functions as listed in the scope of supply.
1.1 Safety precautions

The user‘s manual serves as an independent document for the operation and
maintenance of the excitation system. This section mentions the safety
precautions which must be taken in order to ensure safe operation and during
maintenance work.Operators must make sure the equipments are all right ,and
can be operated before operation. The manual is used for normally operation in
auto and manual modes, and can’t be used for special operations such as
short circuit experiment.
1.2 Request for operators

z First of all, the operators must be familiar with the manual .
z Operators should know the effect of excitaion to the net.
z Operators must know all the units of the system, operations and alarms no
matter in local or remote control.
z Operators must know the result of each kind of operations, and can know the
alarms and its cause .
2. Technical description
2.1. Main performance
z Voltage setting range：10%～120%
z Control accuracy：<0.5%
z Reactive power influence amount：<±15%，smoothing act
z The range of firing pulses for the thyristors：10°～150°
z 10% step response: the swings amplitude is less than 30% of the step
amplitude, the swings times is less than 3, the swings duration is less than 5
seconds.
z Frequency response: the change of generator voltage respond to 1% of
frequency change is less than ±0.25% rated terminal voltage.
z The excitation system can operate continuously with 110% of the rated
excitation voltage and current.
- ４ -
2.2 Environmental conditions

If operated within the following condition, the proposed system’s data and
performance characteristics are assured.
z Altitude less than 2000m
z Ambient air temperature for storage -25~+80℃
z Relative air humidity less than 90%
z The equipment should only be installed in indoor areas which are dry and
dust-free and which do not contain any gases, acid fumes or similar.
2.3 Standard functions

z Voltage regulation with PID control algorithm
z Excitation field regulation with PI control algorithm
z Active and reactive power compensation with smooth characteristics (less
than ±15%)
z Soft-start function
z PT failure monitor
z Volts-Hertz limiter and monitor
z Maximum excitation current limiter and monitor with inverse time
characteristics
z Reactive current limiter and monitor as a function of active power
(underexcited)
z Built-in step test function
z CosΦ regulator/ Reactive current regulator with PI control algorithm (Optional)
z Power system stabilizer (Optional)
z Bumpless change-over for all modes of operation
z Redundant dual-channel system
z Self-check and Alarms
z Fault/test record function
z Convertor fault monitor
z On-line parameter display and modification function
z Communication function with CAN bus
3. Configuration and fixing dimensions
See the drawings for the project.
4. Excitation regulator hardware configuration

To schedule drawing, please see the drawings of the project.
- ５ -
4.1Main control board

4.1.1 characteristic
Figure 4.1 CPU board

z IBM-PC/AT compatible PC104 bus
z Rapidly embedded Intel 80486 100MHz CPU
z Built-in float coprocessor
z 4M RAM on board
z 2 serial ports (RS232C)
4.1.2 setting
setting：
Jumper W1: 2，3
- ６ -
4.2 Analog inputs/outputs board (AIO)

figure4.2.1 AIO board
z IBM-PC/AT compatible PC104 bus

z 16 analog input channels with 100KHz throughput
z 2 analog outputs (12bit D/A)
z 16 digital outputs (or inputs)
z 12 bit D/A accuracy
z 3 counetr/timer of 16 bit
z +5V supply
z -45～85℃
4.2.2 setting
Setting：
figure4.2.2 8254 counter/Timer P3
- ７ -
figure 4.2.3 interrupt select P4 Figure 4.2.4 DMA jumper P5
Figure 4.2.5 Anolog input range Figure 4.2.6 s.e./diff Anolog

P6 (-10V～+10V) input P7
Figure 4.2.7 DAC1 output range P8 Figure 4.2.8 DAC2 output range P9
Figure 4.2.9 resistance and supply

Jump
Address S1 setting：
- ８ -
4.3 Timer and digital I/O board(DIO)

Figure 4.3.1 DIO board
z 12 16bit counters/timer (8MHz clock on board)

z 48 TTL/CMOS 71055 based digital I/O lines
z 4 interrupts, can make 1-4 interrupts on PC bus
z RS-422 and RS-232C on board
z Only +5VDC supply
z PC104fixing
z -45～85℃
4.3.2 settings
- ９ -
Figure 4.3.2interrupt and time setting Figure4.3.3 interrupt and time

setting J6 setting J7
Figure 4.3.4interrupt and time setting Figure4.3.5 interrupt and time

setting J8 setting J9
- １０ -
Figure 4.3.6 interrupts and sharing setting J11

Address setting ：
4.4 CAN interface board

Figure 4.4.1 CAN board
z Communication bit rates up to 1Mbits/s

z CAN bus interface is separated electrically with opto-couplers
z DC+5V supply
z -45～85℃
- １１ -
4.4.2 settings
Fig4.4.2 ch1 intterupt settingJP1 Fig4.4.3 ch2 intterupt settingJP2
Base address setting：
- １２ -
4.5 Adapter board CLB-V2

4.5.1 charactoristic
Fig4.5.1 CLB-V2 board
z Four layer PCB for depression disturbance

z IBM-PC/AT compatible PC104 bus slot in which the above-mentioned board
can be plugged.
z PT&CT measurement circuits
z Synchronization signals adapter circuits
z Interrupt generation circuits
z DC/DC converter, input: 24V output: +5V, ±12V
z Communication between channels
z Spring pulse generation circuits
z Anolog signal output interface
z I/O interface
4.5.2 settings
Jumper setting：
name Function default
K1 1 and 2 with filter，2 and 3 without filter 1、2
- １３ -

K9 A and B signal PC4-1 from FIO A、B
C and B signal PC4-1 from J26
K10 1 and 2 signal Us from one voltage of transformer ; 3、2
3 and 2 signal Us from rectifier.
K11 A and B Ie will be sent to FIO by 4～20mA current A、C
A and C Ie will be sent to FIO by 0～5V voltage
D and B Ie will be sent to x4:4 by 4～20mA current
D and C Ie will be sent to x4:4 by 0～5V voltage
K12 A and B Ue will be sent to FIO by 4～20mA current A、C
A and C Ue will be sent to FIO by 0～5V voltage
D and B Ue will be sent to x4:3 by 4～20mA current
D and C Ue will be sent to x4:3 by 0～5V voltage
K13 A and B,frequency is measured by counter A、B
If choose to measure frequency by interrupt,C and B
must be connected to close counter.
K14 B、C
K15 RS485 terminal resister jumper out
K16 C and D Q will be sent to FIO by 4～20mA current out
C and A Q will be sent to FIO by 0～10V voltage
B and D Q will be sent to X4:2 by 4～20mA current
B and A Q will be sent to X4:2 by 0～10V voltage
K17 RS485 terminal resister jumper out
K18 A and B Q will be sent to FIO by 4～20mA current out
A and C Q will be sent to FIO by 0～10V voltage
D and B Q will be sent to X4:2 by 4～20mA current D
and C Q will be sent to X4:2 by 0～10V voltage
K19 RS232 jumper out
K23 3 and 2 ,CAN2 teminal resister will be connected CH1 3、2
1 and 2,CAN2 teminal resister won’t be connected CH2 1、2
K25 CAN2 bus interface jumper in
- １４ -

K31 A and B frequency measured by counter，C and B A、B
frequency measured by interrupt
K32 -12V to PC104 bus in
K33 -12V to PC104 bus in
K34 +12V to PC104 bus in
K35 +12V to PC104 bus in
K36 1 and 2 ie from AC side 1、2
3 and 2 from DC side
K37 Connect gnd of PSI to gnd of supply in
K38 1 and 2 Ie from AC side will be sent to transformer 3、2
3 and 2 Ie from DC side will be sent to transformer
K39 1and 2 Ue will be sent to transformer 1、2
K40 1and 2 channel will be marked 2 CH2 1、2
3and 2 channel will be marked 1 CH1 3、2
K41 1and2、3and4 synchronization signal input by ‘Y’ form 1 and 2
1、2 out,3、4out, synchronization signal input by 3 and 4
difference form
z 4.6 FAST digital I/O board (FIO-V2)
Fig 4.6.1 FIO-V2
z 16 digital inputs, +24V

z 19 relay outputs, 250VAC/DC
- １５ -
z 3 analog inputs, -10V~+10V

z 4 analog outputs, 0V~+10V
z 3 anolog input channels for current、voltage、resister for temperature
4.6.2 settings
name function default
JP1 Signal AIOPT1 from X41、X42,in out
Signal AIOPT1 from X31、X32,out
JP5 When DO3 from two channel ,in; U11, JP5 in
When from one channel,out U21,JP5 out
JP6 DO1 and DO2 as trip command B、C in U11 B、C
DO2 out independ B\A in U21，B、A
JP7 DO1 and DO2 as trip command,in U11 JP7 in
U21,JP7 out
JP8 DO1 and DO2 as trip command,in U11,JP8 in
U21,JP8 out
JP9 Connect gnd of channel and gnd of DC/DC out
converter
JP10 Connect gnd of channel and gnd of DC/DC out
converter
JP11 Connect 5VN1 of ch1 and 5VN2 of ch2 In
JP12 Connect 5VN1 of ch1 and 5VN2 of ch2 in
JP15 Connect 12VN of DC/DC converter and ZA of out
channel
JP16 Connect 12VN of DC/DC converter and ZA of out
channel
- １６ -
4.7 MB-V2
Fig 4.7.1 MB
z 22 channels for measuring signal

z 4 channels display of supply
z 4 channels of status
z 1 RS232 programming channel
4.7.2 settings
Jumpers
name function default
K1 Jumper for RS232 communication out
- １７ -
4.8 PSI-V2
4.8.1 characterastic
Fig 4.8.1 PSI-V2
z Usyn measuring
z Ie measurng from AC sidde
z Ie measuring from DCs side
z Field voltage measuring
4.8.2 settings：
Name function Default
J1 When Ie from AC side is sent out from X12:2,1、2in 1,2in
When Ie from AC side is sent out from X12:9,out
Other product 2、3
J2 Other product Out
- １８ -
4.9 MCF-V1
Fig 4.9.1 MCF

z Magnify pulses
z Pulse transformer separated
z Close pulses when fault
4.9.2 setting
Adjust resistor W1 to reduce the 24V voltage downto 19.5，so that the pulses
are forbidden.
- １９ -
4.10 KJQ-V1
Fig4.10.1 KJQ
z Over voltage protection in each direction
z Two firing circuit
z Firing thyristor by relay
z Energy of firing from field circuit
4.12.2 settings
configuration:
name FUNCTION default project tester
Voltage 24V 110V 125V 220V 250V 110V 220V □
1001 K1 IN OUT IN OUT IN OUT OUT □
1002 K1 IN IN OUT OUT OUT IN OUT □
1003 K1 IN IN IN IN OUT IN IN □
1004 K3 IN OUT IN OUT IN OUT OUT □

1005 K3 IN IN OUT OUT OUT IN OUT □
1006 K3 IN IN IN IN OUT IN IN □
R1001 K2 0Ω 4k7/3W 5k6/3W 10k/6W 12k/7W 4k7/3W OUT □
K2 Free wheeling relay OUT OUT □

1007 Free wheeling function OUT OUT □
1011 Closed for non redundant deexcitation OUT OUT □

V1000 BOD TYPE OUT 1600V □
note：V18 、V33 and R15、R30 out(for version without positive overvoltage

pretion)
- ２０ -
5. FUNCTION DESCRIPTION
5.1 EXCITAION REGULATION SYSTEM
5.1.1 description
The highly sensitive and accurate excitation regulator fulfils all requirements
for the stable and reliable operation of the synchronous machine.
The system has two basic regulation mode：voltage regulation (AUTO mode)
and field current regulation(FCR mode）。In AUTO mode, the generator voltage is
regulated so that as constant a voltage as possible is produced at the generator
terminals. In MANUAL mode, on the other hand, the generator excitation (field
current) is kept constant.
Digital excitation system can realize AVR,FCR,AQR,APFR,PSS,JC and so on
by software.But the main regulations are AVR and FCR mode.In the system
caculating errors,regulation block,PQ limit,and Ie limit, Ig limit are all realized by
software，and online modification , display of parameters, operation and analysis
of recorder are also included.
The regulator contains two completely independent regulating and control
channels (channel 1 and channel 2). The two channels are completely equivalent,
so that channel 1 or channel 2 can be freely selected as the active channel. The
remaining stand-by channel (inactive channel) is always automatically matched to
the active channel. If a fault is detected in the active channel and the other
channel is good, an emergency switchover to the second channel takes place
automatically.
5.1.2 supply system

Two independent secure sources of power are available for the reliable control of
the Excitation System, which are DC power supply from the storage battery and
AC power supply from the second side of the Excitation Transformer. If one has
fault, the other is switched on immediately. in addition, there is a independent
secure source of power for every channel.
5.1.3 measuring circuit

In AVR mode，generater voltage should be measured for control;reactive
current compesation、limiters、AQR、APFR needs IG.Ug and Ig are from PT and
CT.The signals are measured by AC-sample technique with high accuracy、
security and little time delay.Active power ,reactive power ,frequency and power
factor can be caculated by these signals.
In FCR mode，Field current (Ie) are regulated，and Ie is also used in ie
limiter.Ie is measured by signal which is from CT in AC mode of converter
or from LEM in DC side.
Usyn is shifted lower and filtered to form synchronization pulse.The pulse
then is used for firing thyristors by a delay from system.
- ２１ -
Additionally，other signal input interfaces are prepared for special use,such

as -10V～+10V or 4～20mA interface.
5.1.4 AVR mode
In auto mode,the generator voltage is regulated so that as constant a voltage
as possible is produced at the generator terminals.The error between the scale
and reference is sent to PID regulation,and the result then is used to make pulses.
The reference of AVR mode can be adjusted by increase or decrease
setpoint,the step and range can be set by software to make sure the voltage in a
safe range.The reference can return to the original point when the breaker of the
generator trips.
The Uset from the unit of setpoint forms Uref by a via made up of reactive
function,V/Hz limit,and softstart unit.Then the error beteen Uref and Uscale is sent
to PID unit.The output of PID unit ,which is called Uc, will control the thyristor
converter.The parameter of PID unit can be modified online.
5.1.5 FCR mode

In FCR mode,the reference can also be adjusted by the command of
increase or decrease,the range and step can also be setby software just as AVR
mode. The reference can also return to the original point when the breaker of the
motor trips.
The error in FCR mode is between the setpoint and the sclae of IE,and then
is sent to PI Unit to control the converter.The parameter of PI can be adjusted,and
can form model of P,PI.But here we should adopt PI best.FCR mode usually
works in experiment of the generator or during PT fails.
5.1.6 REACTIVE POWER COMPENSATION
When the generator current is used to compensate for line droop, or to
increase active power,the setpoint of the voltage should add a signal parallel to
the reactive power.While required for parallel operation with rigid grid or to get
reactive load sharing with other machines which are connected to the same
busbar without unit transformers ,the setpoint of the voltage shoud minus a signal
parallel to the reactive power。
5.1.7 Softstart function

In order to void overshoot of the voltage during the initiation ,the softstart
function is adopted.In this way,it will increase the refference by an adjustable
speed rapidly till the aimed voltage.
5.1.8 Limiters
The regulation system includes UNDER EXCITATION LIMITERs, OVER
EXCITATION LIMITERs, IG limiter and U/F LIMITER,and are all realized by
software. Usually limiters are divided into UNDER EXCITATION LIMITers(UEL),
OVER EXCITATION LIMITERs (OEL)and U/F LIMITER.UEL includes IG(C)
- ２２ -
limiter,PQ limiter Iemin limiter;while OEL includes IG(X) limiter and IE limiter.
：
IG(C) limit P IG(X) limit
P/Qlimi Pmax
IE limit
If IG
IE_MIN
li it
φ
δ
Fig 5.1.8
-1/Xq Under excited Over excited +Q
5.1.8.1IE limiter
If ie exceeds the limited value,the temperature of the motor will rise，therefore
Ie limiter is adopted.If Ie exceeds the granted value,the heat will be
accumulated;when the heat is up to the max value, the limiter begins to work.If the
heat exceeds the protection value, the system will trip.When ie is less than the
granted value, the heat will decrease until no heat,and the limiter stops working.
When the system is working during limit(usually in 50 seconds after the
former fault),if the power system is in fault again and Ug falls down,forcing
excitation is allowed again,but it is still monitored by limiters.All the forcing
excitions that will do damage to the motor are forbidden.
5.1.8.2IG limiter(X)
IG limiter(X) works when generator is over excited.It works like IE limiter. .If
Ig(X) exceeds the granted value,the heat will be accumulated;when the heat is up
to the max value, the limiter begins to work. When ig is less than the granted value,
the heat will decrease until no heat,and the limiter stops working.
Additionally，Ig can be divided into Ig_cospi and Ig_sinphi，and limiter can
only control Ig_sinphi and do little to Ig_cosphi.Therefore, in order to void the
limiter losing control, Q will be set to zero when Ig_cosphi is upto the nominal
value.
5.1.8.3IE_ min Limiter
In order to void losing field current ,It is required using this limiter to hold a
minimum converter (thyristor hold) current.
5.1.8.4IG(C) Limiter
IG limiter(C) works when generator is Under excited.If Ig(C) exceeds the
granted value,the heat will be accumulated;when the heat is up to the max value,
the limiter begins to work.
- ２３ -
Similar to IG limiter(X),Ig_cosphi can’t be controlled either,so Q must be set to

zero when Ig_cosphi upto the nominal value.
5.1.8.5 P/Q Limiter and Monitor
PQ limiter also works when generator is Under excited .Its main purpose is to
keep the geometrical and eletrical in stability.
The range of this limit can be set ( see Fig 5.1.8) .When the limiter works , the
field current will rise,and alarm signal will appear.If the limiter failed , the system
would trip after a delay.
5.1.8.6 V/Hz limiter
When frequency is lower or Ug goes too high , the generator and transformers
will be affected.Therefore , the limit is adopted.If the V/Hz value goes too high ,
the limiter will be effective and Ug will be lower to the limit value.
5.1.9 Superimposed Regulator
Superimposed Regulator contains reactive power regulator (Q) and power factor
regulator (cosPhi).The two can be switched on if the AUTO mode is selected and the
generator is connected to the network. Short-term network faults do not therefore
influence this superordinated regulator and are absorbed by the voltage regulator. All
limiters of the AUTO mode are enabled as before and if necessary dominate the voltage
regulator including the superordinated regulator.
Superimposed Regulator Voltage Regulator
raise
raise
Setpoint
Setpoint
Q/cosϕ
AVR
lower Regulator
lower
The reactive power regulator / power factor regulator features its own setpoint
setting (setpoint integrator). When the superordinated regulator is switched off,
- ２４ -
this setpoint setting always follows the actual value (current reactive power Q /
current power factor cosPhi). This means that the transition from voltage regulator
to superordinated regulator has no immediate effect on the operating point of the
generator. Only when the setpoint (setpoint setting of the superordinated regulator)
is later adjusted by means of the HIGHER-/LOWER commands, does the reactive
power / power factor also change.
5.1.10 Power System Stabilisation (PSS)
Low-frequency oscillations of the generator magnet wheel and / or the network
frequency can be damped by means of the power system stabilisation
(PSS).When the generator is connected in parallel with the network,an additional
signal can be added to Uref to damp low-frequency oscillations smoothly.
The PSS can be switched on manually at any time and is switched off
automatically if the generator is outside of the set values for active power and
voltage or is no longer connected in parallel with the network。
5.1.11Monitor and Protection

This system can monitor PT fail,software fault, hardware fault, rectifier fault, IE
fault, UG and IG fault. In abnormal operating conditions protection I is for Alarm . If unable to
restrict the expansion of fault, or the duration fault， protection II will be effective to trip or change
to FCR mode.These sinals can be found in LP.
5.1.11.1Under excited protection

If under excitd limiter failed,protection I would be effective and alarm would
be sent out. Protection II will be effective for trip 0.6 second after Protction I.
5.1.11.2 Over excited protection
If over excited limiter failed ,protection I of reverse time would be effective
and alarm would also be sent out.Protection II of reverse time would be effective
for trip after protection I.
5.1.11.3 U/F protection
If U/f limit failed ,U/F protection I would alarm and change to FCR mode，U/F
protetion II would be effective for trip 2 seconds after protection I.
5.1.11.4 no-load forced excitation protection
When generator is in no load mode，If Ug is over 1.2 UGN and Ie is over 1.2If0,
system will alarm and trip.
5.1.11.5 PT fail
In static excition system, PT fail is justed by the difference between PT and
Usyn.If the difference is over 15%, channels will change automaticly or AVR mode
will change to FCR mode,and alarm will be sent out at the same time.
- ２５ -
5.1.11.6 selfinspect
If the channels have faults as follows，channel will alarm.
z Interrupt or software error
z Ad fault
z Digital fault
z Software fault
5.1.11.7monitor and protection of converter
z Fan monitor
z Temperature monitor。
z Fuse monitor。
5.1.11.8 Overvoltage protetion in the AC side
In the AC side of the converter,overvoltage ptrotection circuit is set to banish
overvoltage when thyristors change.The protection circuit is made up of diode
converter、capacitor and resistor.The diode converter can lead the over voltage
into capacitor,and the resistor is used for discharge.
5.1.11.9 surge(overvoltage) protetion in the DC side
When the generator is in fault,overvoltage may appear in the field and may
do harm to the generator and excitation system.Thus,some protection must be
taken on .In this equipment ,ZnO resisitor is adopted。
5.1.11.10 short circuit protection in DC side
When DC bus is short circuit,the system will trip and stop firing thyristors to
protect generator and exc system.
5.1.12 CAN Communication
In each channel and the control coputer,there are CAN stations.When the
system works ,data and commands are exchanged mainly by CAN bus
5.1.12.1 CAN1 Net
CAN1 net is connected to the two regulators and control computer.It’s mainly
used to transfer Uk,status and commands.The speed can reach 1.25Mbps,and
CAN2.0A model is adopted.
5.1.12.2 CAN2 net
CAN2 net is also connected to the two regulators and control computer. It’s
mainly used to transfer data,parameter,status, digital commands,fault register and
experiment register.The speed can reach 78Kbps or above,and CAN2.0A model
is adopted.
5.2 converters
Converters are designed by N-1 principle,and the number of converters are
selected according to the nominal Ie. All the converters sharing Ie when system
- ２６ -
runs.If one of the converters fails, the others can still provide enough current.The
thyristors must have enough ability to satisfy the current and reverse voltage , and
overvoltage protection must be taken on both in AC and DC side of the
converters.
The converters are cooled by the force of fans.Each converter has two
fans.When the converters have fault( such as fuse fired) ,pulses will be cut off
automaticly.Some mmore ，circuit of monitoring air temperature is adopted.
Others, the system has short circuit protection.When ie is over a set value , the
FCB and pulses will be cut off together.
5.3 Excitation on 、off and field overvoltage

Excitation on and off are used to switch on and off the machine.Generally ,
the left magnetic field can’t build up voltage.So flash field circuit is adopted . The
circuit is made up of transformer , diode converter and diode.When the voltage
increase upto a set value,the flash field circuit will be cut off.If the generator
voltage can’t reach the set value after a set time when excition on,the flash field
circuit and FCB will be cut off together ,and alarm will also be sent out.
There are two methods for switching off the machine .One way is called
‘excition off’.In this way , the converters are switched to inverter mode,so that
the machine is de-excited.The other is ‘FCB OFF’.In this way ,a resistor is
combined into the field circuit so that the energe can be realised rapidly .Usually,
the resistor is linear.
ZnO resistor is used for overvoltage protection.
5.4 Excitation Transformer

3 phase, dry type, indoor user, y/d-11 connection
Capacity is based on detailed generator excitation parameter
6. Operation
6.1 Remote control and signals
A set of I/O interfaces is provided for control room. All I/O interfaces are electrically separated
by means of relays or opto couplers.
Basic configuration as follows:
command（inputs） Status and signals（outputs）
Excitation on Excitation on Field forcing
Excitation off Excitation off Falsh field fail
FCB on FCB on（closed） CH1 fault
FCB off FCB on（open） CH2 fault
AVR mode Auto mode 1# converter alarm
FCR mode FCR mode 2# converter alarm
Increase SP limit 1# converter fuse fired
Decrease V/F limit 2# converter fuse fired
Superimposed on Superimposed on CH1 supply disappear
Superimposed off Superimposed off CH2 supply disappear
- ２７ -
Online Local/Remote 1#converter temperature

high
PT fail 2#converter temperature
high
Over excited Equipment alarm
Under excited
ready for transfe
The actual controls selected from the list below, will depend upon the Users
control requirement, such that some may be omitted or combined to suit the Users
preferences.
6.1.1 Remote command and its signals
Command(Inputs) Indications (outputs)
Excitation ON Excitation ON
Excitation OFF Excitation OFF
Auto mode Auto Mode active
Manual mode Manual Mode active
Increase SP limit
Decrease
FCB on FCB on
FCB off FCB off
Superimposed on Superimposed on
Superimposedoff
6.1.1.1 Excitation on and off

The excitation of the machine is switched on with the command EXCITATION
ON, and the generator voltage is built up to the set value. The switch-on
command remains ineffective as long as a TRIP command or a fault message is
active.
The command EXCITATION OFF switches off the excitation,i.e. the
converters are switched to inverter mode,so that the machine is de-excited.The
command will be effective only in no-load mode.
6.1.1.2 AVR mode and FCR mode
AVR mode means voltage regulatoin. The excitation is automaticly regulated
so that a constant voltage is achieved at the machine terminals.In manual(FCR)
mode , on the other hand,the excitation is kept constant.In the event of a changing
machine load,the excitation must be adjusted manually so that the voltage
remains constant.
If a fault is detected in AUTO mode (-> emergency switchover to MAUNUAL
mode),it is not possible to switch back to AUTO mode until the fault has been
eliminated.For the purpose of switching smoothly,the follow-up control reacts
- ２８ -
slowly to changes in the machine.It is necessary to waut for the signal READY
FOR MODE SELECTION inorder for the switchover to take place smoothly.
FCR mode is designed as a special operation regulator and basiclly
functions as a field current regulator .In manual operation, it is necessary for the
excitation of the generator to be supervised by a trained operating personnel.
6.1.1.3 Superimposed on/off
When the excitation system works online in AUTO mode,the superimposed
regulator can be switched on/off.Q or COSPHI regulator can be selected by
parameter.
6.1.1.4 High and Lower command
There are common HIGHER/LOWER inputs for all operating modes such as
AVR,FCR,Q-regulation,COSPHI-reguation.Only the reference of the selected
mode is adjusted with these inputs.
a) In AUTO mode
In auto mode ,the reference value for the generator voltage is adjusted using
the commands.In no-load operation,the adjustment alters the generator voltage,in
load operation the reactive power.If the operating limits of the rotor and
generator have been reached,corresponding limiting regulators act to prevent the
effect of higher/lower commands.If the reference value for the generator voltage
reachesits minimum or maximum adjustment value ，the active regulator MIN or
MAX signal lamp lights up.
When the generator is off from the net,the reference value is adjusted to the
set value immediately.
b) In MANUAL(FCR) mode
In MANUAL mode , the reference value for the field curret is adjusted usingthe
high/lower commands. In no-load operation,the adjustment alters the generator
voltage,in load operation the reactive power.Since the same limiters available in
AUTO mode are not available in MANUAL mode,it must be ensured when
entering higher/lower commands that the operating limis for the rotor nd
generator are not exceeded. If the field current reference value reaches its
minimum or maximum adjustment value ，the active regulator MIN or MAX
signal lamp lights up.
When the generator is off from the net,the field current reference value is
adjusted to the set value immediately.
6.1.1.5 FCB ON /OFF commands
The command FCB ON switches on the Fieldbreaker.
The command FCB OFF switches off the Fieldbreaker.
6.1.2 signals and alarms
name Signal instruction
Internal TRIP Including IE_max protection ， protection II of IE ,
command protection II of PQ, protection II of U/F,flash
fail,converters fault ,field forcing in no-load operation and
- ２９ -
the two channels fault.

Local control Operations on LP will be effective.
Field forcing When IE is over the set value , the signal will be
effective.
Overexcited limit Including IE limit,Ig limit(X).
signals
Underexcited limit Including IE limit,Ig limit(C),PQ limit and IE_min limit.
signals
PT fail When PT1 or PT2 fail ,the signal will be effective.
FLASH fail When the Excitation on command is sent out,if the
generator voltage doesn’t reach the set value and start
PID regulator in 10 seconds,the signal will be sent out.
READY FOR When the other channel or mode can switch over within
SWICHOVER extreme operating ranges,the signal will be out.
alarms Including protection I of IE,protection I of PQ,protection I
of U/F,PT fail,supply lost,converter fault,standby channel
alarm and fault
CH1/ CH2 fault Including AD fault,digital fault and software fault，
1#/2# converter alarm Including fuse fired,converter temperature high,breaker
fail
1#/2# fuse for Including fuse of thyristor and fuse for overvoltage
converter fired protection in AC side fired
CH1/CH2 supply lost Switch of 24V switched off
1#/2# converter The signal will appear when temperature is over 75℃
temperature high
6.2 Local control

The LP is a industry control micro-computer with touch screen integrated in
the front of the regulator cabinet for local control and a human machine interface
(HMI) software is free. The LP is connected to both channel one and channel two,
they can communicate with each other by means of the CAN bus. Using the HMI,
operators can control the excitation system on the side of the excitation cabinet.
When LP first runs,it displays the signals of channel I in default.We can select
channel II in menu,see fig 6.1.
There are 5 windows together.They are main window, window for digital,
window for modification/test, window for record and window for digital test.We
can select window in menu ,see fig6.2.
Fig6.1channel select Fig6.2windw select

单
- ３０ -
6.2.1 Main window

The main window can be divided into 4 parts:operations、system status、watches
and anolog diplay,see fig 6.3.
6.2.1.1operation
There are 18 buttons for operation.When the operation is effective, the button
will turn green.
Buttons Function
Excitation ON Build up generator voltage
Excitation OFF Make the converters in inverter mode only in noload mode
CH1 on CH1 runs，CH2 turns standby
CH2 on CH2 runs，CH1 turns standby
AVR AVR mode keeps voltage constant
FCR FCR keeps field current constant
higher Increase the reference
lower Decrease the reference
Superimpose switch on Q/cosphi regulator
on
Superimpose switch off Q/cosphi regulator
- ３１ -
fig6.3 main window
off
PSS on Switch on power stbility system
PSS off Switch off power stbility system
remote Control center operates the system
local LP operates the system
FCB off Switch off the fieldbreaker only in noload mode
FCB on Switch on the fieldbreaker
reset Clear up the alarms and faults
NOP NOP
6.2.1.2 system status
System status as follows：
z system run
z system fault
z system alarm
z system limit
z online
6.2.1.3watches
There are four watches on LP,displaying Ug 、 IE 、 Q and Frequency
respectively.
6.2.1.4 Anolog display
There are two parts to display the anologs.One is always displaying,the other
is optional.
Always display：
z AVR setpoint
z FCR setpoint
z AVR error
z AVR out
z FCR error
z FCR out
z PSS out
z Trigger angle
z Uc in the other channel
There are two buttons to select optional anologs,see fig6.4.We can select the
anolog, push OK,and then the name of anolog will display on the button, the right
of the button is its value.
- ３２ -
fig6.4 optional anologs
6.2.2digital window
This window is made up of digital signals,alarms ,faults and remote/local
bar,see fig 6.5.
- ３３ -
Fig6.5 digital
6.2.3 Parameter modify

If we push ‘modification/test’ in the menu, a dialog for key will come out.We
must input the right key to enter the modification/test window,see fig6.6.
fig6.6 key dialog

Users can modify parameters in the Modification/test window,see fig6.7,and
there is also a control bar for remote/local control.
In this window users can modify parameter online and save them.The
parameters for modification include matching parameters,AVR parameters,FCR
parameters,follow-up parameters, parameters for limiters , superimposed
regulation and scale.If we select a parameter, and then push ‘upload’,the
parameter will display on the left.
Users can save parameters on LP.Push the button ’read file’,select the
file ,such as E:\PARA.DAT, and all the parameters will display on LP.Then push
button ‘save file’, we can save the parameters by means of binary(.DAT) or text
(.TXT).
Steps of modifing parameters：
z Select the channel you want to modify the parameter,then enter the
modification/test window.
z How to select the parameter you want to modify.Push the column of the
parameter for select,and a mark called ‘selected’ will come out.If you want to
see the value of the selected parameter,push the ‘upload’ button.If you want
to modify the parameter,push the column called ‘parameter value’, and a
dialog for modifying value will come out.Input new value and push ‘download’
button,the parameter will be downloaded into the system,see fig6.8 and
6.9.Push ‘save’ button, and the parameter will be saved in the channel.
- ３４ -
Fig6.7 Modification/test window
- ３５ -
Fig6.8 modify parameter
- ３６ -
6.2.4Test
Modification/test window supplies interface for many tests,such as step
test ,PSS test and some other records of test, fault record.
6.2.4.1 step test
z Select the channel you want to do the test, and enter the modification/test
window.
- ３７ -
fig6.10
z Input the value you want,and press OK,see fig6.10.

z Press ‘test’ button,and then ‘OK’,see fig6.11.
- ３８ -
fig6.11
6.2.4.2 step response

In this test, an additional value is added to the reference. Input the value you
want to add in,and then press start test.
6.2.4.3 PSS test
PSS,that is power stablity system . This test need sother institution to join
in,and should caculate parameters.
6.2.4.4 graph records
Graph records can be used for test and fault record.If you press ‘Test
record’, the channel begins to save the data and then transmit to the local
micro-computer.When fault happens,the channels will make records
automaticlly,and we can transmit the records to computer by pressing ’fault
record’ .
Steps as follows：
z Select the channel you want to make records, and enter the modification/test
window.
z Press ‘test record’ or ‘fault record’, and we can see the process under the
buttons,see fig6.12.
- ３９ -
Fig6.12
When record has been finished , a file named *.tst will be saved in
computer.Here ‘*’ is usually named by the date when you make the record.
6.2.5 Graph analyse
The graph window is used for graph analyse,see fig6.13.Under the menu is the
anologs for analyse.on the right of the window are the values,see fig 6.13。
- ４０ -
Fig 6.13 wave window
operation steps：
z Enter the graph window.
z Select the anologs you want to display, and its color matches the graph.
z Press the button ‘read data’,and select the file “*.tst”.Then the graph will be
displayed in the window.The abscissa axis denotes time,and the ordinate axis
denotes value.
z If you touch on the graph, a vertical line will come out, and the column on the
left show the values of anologs at that time.
6.2.6 digital test
Digital test window is for test of digital circuit,see fig 6.14.When the testis
finished, the best way is to switch off supply and then switch on again.
6.2.6.1inputs test
When digitals input into the system, the matching lamp will light up.
6.2.6.2 outputs test
Touch the lamp of the digitals,then press ’ send ‘ button. The digitals will be
sent to the interface of FIO-V2.If press ‘All’ button ,all the signals will be sent out ;If
press ‘clear’ , no signals will be sent out ;If ‘default’,the signals which will be sent
out are internal signals.
- ４１ -
Fig 6.14
6.3 Operation of the system

Prerequisites for safe operation.
The following prerequisites must be fulfilled for safe operation:
z First commissioning successfully completed.
z Periodical maintenance carried out in accordance with maintenance plan.
z Any faults which have occurred have been properly rectified.
z Any altered settings (parameters) have been checked and tested
6.3.1 Checks before switching on
Before switching on, it must be ensured that all necessary supply voltages
are present and that safe start-up is possible. The following checks must be
carried out
z Control and power cabinets are ready for operation and properly locked.
z Generator output free, input and output cables to excitation transformer
and to excitation cabinet are free (temporary earthing removed).
z Battery supply for excitation breaker control and regulator supply present
z No alarm or fault messages active.
z Excitation switched to REMOTE.
z Excitation switched to AUTO mode
- ４２ -
z Generator at nominal rotational speed (check rotational speed on display

instrument).
6.3.2 Switch-on sequence
sequence as follows
step Action Display control
Generator at nominal rotational speed
1 Field breaker ON FCB ON Field breaker is
switched on
2 Excitation ON EXC ON Voltage builds up in
5 - 20 seconds
⇒ GENERATOR RUNS WITHOUT LOAD
3 The excitation system is ready
for operation under load. The Generator voltage
generator voltage can be is adjusted to
adjusted to the network voltage setpoint.
4 When network- and generator Generator‘s reactive
voltage are synchronous, close power remains close to
generator circuit breaker. zero.
⇒ GENERATOR IS OPERATING UNDER LOAD
5 Set desired reactive power Generator voltage is
within the operating limits of the regulated, the
generator using higher/lower generator produces
reactive power
6 Isolate the generator from the
network by:
- reducing the reactive power
(through generator voltage
setpoint).
– reducing the active power
(via turbine regulator)
– Open generator circuit
breaker
Shut-down sequence
7 Excitation off Excitation off Voltage and IE are

reduced to zero
within a seconds
8 Field breaker OFF FCB OFF
6.3.3 Checks during operation

The following periodical checks should be carried out during operation:
a) In the control room:
z No limiter active.
z Setpoints of the active regulator are not at limit setting.
z Channels are balanced, ready for switchover.
z Excitation current, generator voltage and reactive power are stable.
b) On the excitation cabinets:
- ４３ -
z No active alarms.
z No unusual noises.
7. Trouble shooting
7.1 alarm check
If the equipment has alarms, the system won’t stop working. Reset at local
microcomputer.If the alarms can’t be cleared, we can sure the equipment has
troubles.
alarms instruction checks
Converter Alarm when over 75℃ 1. check airflow
temperature 2. check Filter cartridges
high 3. check if overexcitation for too
long
4. check environment temperature
Fuse alarm Fuse fired 1. check if the thyrsistor damaged
2. check if acting in mistake.
Switch alarm Switch is not on in AC 1. check if it is on

or DC side 2. check if its assistant switch is
damaged.
main/standby Supply lost or speed 1． Check supply switch
fan error too low 2． Check fan
3． Check fan board
Standby fail Check the standby channel
Protection I of IE limit fail 1． Check the field circuit
IE limit 2． Check firing of all thyristors
Protection I of P/Q limit fail 1． Check PT and CT circuit
PQ limit
Protection I of V/Hz limit fail Check PT and frequency circuit
U/HZ limit
PT fail Generator voltage is 1． Check the value right or wrong
20% lower than Usyn 2． Check PT circuit
Supply fail Supply Switch is off,or 1. check DC/AC supply
assistant switch wrong 2. check assistant switch of supply
switch
FCB alarm FCB act in mistake 1. check FCB
Communication Can’t communicate in 1. check the interface of CAN

alarm the system station
2.check the CAN cable
3．Check other causes.
- ４４ -
7.2 fault shooting

1. channel fault: switchover to standby channel in twin mode;switch to FCR in
single mode。
2. trip fault: trip when the fault occurs; Clear up the fault before switching on
the machine again.
suggestion：Upload the fault record before reset.
fault instruction action
IE_MAX fault IE is over 250% of 1. check the measurement circuit of IE

nomial IE,trip. 2. Check firing of all thyristors
Protection II of IE IE limit fail 1. heck the measurement circuit of IE

limit 2. Check firing of all thyristors
Protection II of PQ P/Q limit fail Check PT and CT circuit

limit
Protection II of U/HZ V/Hz limit fail Check PT and frequency circuit
limit
Flash fail When command 1. check flash supply
‘excitation on’ is sent 2. check the flash contactor
out ,but voltage can’t 3. check parameter
be built up 4. check having alarms/faults or not
Converter fail All the converters fail 1． Check switches
2． Check fuse
3． Check temperature circuit
A/D fault A/D fault 1． Check flat cable
2． Consider changing DM406
Soft fault Interrupt fail 1． Make sure if it happens during
saving parameter.
2． Check flat cable
3． Consider changing channel
8. Maintenance schedule
The equiment should be checked after running for a time.Users may arrange
intervals of maintaince as follows.
Object Every 3 months Annual
Converter:
1 - Fans Check for dust, dirt Check for dust, dirt etc., normal airflow,
etc., normal airflow, abnormal noises
abnormal noises
2 -Filter Visual check (dirt, Visual check (dirt, dust etc.)
cartridges dust etc.)
3 converter -- Check firing of all thyristors
Power switches, bus bars:
- ４５ -
4 -Field breaker -Q02 Visual check (dirt, charring etc.)
5 -Bus bars (if provided) Check all connections
6 Switches Check dirt and connections

Control electronics:
7 -Printed circuit boards Visual check (dirt, dust, etc.)
8 -Function Check redundant Check all redundant and safety circuits

check circuits (for short time
only)
- ４６ -

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SPERI DERS STATIC EXCITATION

Shanghai Power Equipment Research Institute

5.1.3 measuring circuit .................................................................................................................２１

SPERI, as one part of Shanghai Power Equipment Research Institute, research,

system, whose main products are as follows: Digital Micro-processor Excitation

1.1 Safety precautions

1.2 Request for operators

2.2 Environmental conditions

2.3 Standard functions

4. Excitation regulator hardware configuration

4.1Main control board

Figure 4.1 CPU board

4.2 Analog inputs/outputs board (AIO)

figure4.2.1 AIO board

z IBM-PC/AT compatible PC104 bus

figure4.2.2 8254 counter/Timer P3

figure 4.2.3 interrupt select P4 Figure 4.2.4 DMA jumper P5

Figure 4.2.5 Anolog input range Figure 4.2.6 s.e./diff Anolog

Figure 4.2.9 resistance and supply

4.3 Timer and digital I/O board(DIO)

Figure 4.3.1 DIO board

z 12 16bit counters/timer (8MHz clock on board)

Figure 4.3.2interrupt and time setting Figure4.3.3 interrupt and time

Figure 4.3.4interrupt and time setting Figure4.3.5 interrupt and time

Figure 4.3.6 interrupts and sharing setting J11

4.4 CAN interface board

Figure 4.4.1 CAN board

z Communication bit rates up to 1Mbits/s

Fig4.4.2 ch1 intterupt settingJP1 Fig4.4.3 ch2 intterupt settingJP2

Base address setting：

4.5 Adapter board CLB-V2

Fig4.5.1 CLB-V2 board

z Four layer PCB for depression disturbance

K3 1 and 2 with filter，2 and 3 without filter 1、2

K27 1 and 2 ,CAN2 teminal resister will be connected CH1 1、2

Fig 4.6.1 FIO-V2

z 16 digital inputs, +24V

z 3 analog inputs, -10V~+10V

z 22 channels for measuring signal

Fig 4.8.1 PSI-V2

Fig 4.9.1 MCF

1002 K1 IN IN OUT OUT OUT IN OUT □

1004 K3 IN OUT IN OUT IN OUT OUT □

R1001 K2 0Ω 4k7/3W 5k6/3W 10k/6W 12k/7W 4k7/3W OUT □

K2 Free wheeling relay OUT OUT □

1011 Closed for non redundant deexcitation OUT OUT □

note：V18 、V33 and R15、R30 out(for version without positive overvoltage

5.1.2 supply system

5.1.3 measuring circuit

Additionally，other signal input interfaces are prepared for special use,such

5.1.5 FCR mode

5.1.7 Softstart function

IG(C) limit P IG(X) limit

Similar to IG limiter(X),Ig_cosphi can’t be controlled either,so Q must be set to

Superimposed Regulator Voltage Regulator

5.1.11Monitor and Protection

5.1.11.1Under excited protection

5.3 Excitation on 、off and field overvoltage

5.4 Excitation Transformer