WEEK 4

WEEK 4
Siti Zaidah Binti Othman

ECS238 Lecturer
Faculty of Civil Engineering UiTM
BASIC SOLID MECHANICS Sarawak
Room:12A 03 048
PREVIOUS LEARNING OURCOMES
 Solve the composite material problem using

stress and strain concept
WEEK 4
CHAPTER 1
_________________________________
One Dimensional And Two
Dimensional Linear Stress And Strain
Systems
CO1- Acquire and apply basic understanding on

components and application of stresses
and strains
PROGRAM OUTCOMES (PO)
At the end of the course, students should be able to:
PO 1
Ability to acquire and apply basic knowledge of science,
mathematics and engineering.
PO 3
Ability to identify, formulate and solve engineering
problems using thinking skills and engineering reasoning
COURSE OUTCOMES (C0)
At the end of the course, students should be able to:
CO1 - Acquire and apply basic understanding on

components and application of stresses and
strains
LEARNING OUTCOMES (LO):
At the end of the lecture students will be able to:

 Solve the plane stresses by using the
transformation stress equations and Mohr’s
stress circle
 Normal planes:
 stresses, σx,σy,σz , shear stresses, xy = yx
 Inclined planes, transformation equations (2D):
 σx1, σy1, x1y1
 Principle stresses:
 σ1 & σ2
• Maximum shear stress, max
• Mohr’s Circle
Introduction to stress elements
 Stress elements are a useful way to represent stresses
acting at some point on a body. Isolate a small element and
show stresses acting on all faces. Dimensions are
infinitesimal”, but are drawn to a large scale.
Stress Elements and Plane Stress – 3D
Plane stress element in 2D
 When an element is in plane stress in the xy plane, only the

x and y faces are subjected to stresses:
 (σz = 0 and zx = xz = ZY = YZ = 0).
 Such an element could be located on the free surface of a

body (no stresses acting on the free surface).
Maximum stresses on a bar in tension
 Maximum normal stress, Zero shear stress

Maximum stresses on a bar in tension
 Maximum shear stress, Non-zero normal stress

Stress Elements and Plane Stress
 When working with stress elements, keep in mind that only

one basic state of stress exists at a point in a stressed body,
regardless of the orientation of the element used to portray
the state of stress.
 We are really just rotating axes to represent stresses in a
new coordinate system.
Normal and Shear stresses on inclined sections
 To obtain a complete picture of the stresses in a bar, we must consider
the stresses acting on an “inclined (as opposed to a “normal”) section
through the bar.
 Because the stresses are the same throughout the entire bar, the
stresses on the sections are uniformly distributed.
 The force P can be resolved into components:
 Normal force ,N, perpendicular to the inclined plane, N = P cos θ
 Shear force ,V, tangential to the inclined plane, V = P sin θ
 If we know the areas on which the forces act, we can

calculate the associated stresses.
Stresses on Inclined Sections
 The stress system is known in terms of coordinate system xy. We want
to find the stresses in terms of the rotated coordinate system x1y1.
 Why?
 A material may yield or fail at the maximum value of σ or . This value
may occur at some angle other than θ = 0. (Remember that for
uniaxial tension the maximum shear stress occurred when θ = 45
degrees. )
Transformation Equations
Sign Convention
• Positive normal stresses, x and y, acts outward

(tension) from all faces and vice versa; +σy
• Positive shear stress xy acts +τxy
in clockwise rotation +σx +σx

and vice versa.
+τxy
+σy
• The orientation of the inclined plane is determined
using the angle .
• Angle  is positive if it moves clockwise from the +x
axis to the +x1 axis.
EXAMPLE 1:
 The state of plane stress at a point is represented by the

stress element below. Determine the stresses acting on an
element oriented 30° clockwise with respect to the original
element.
SOLUTION 1:
 Define the stresses in terms of the established sign

convention:
σx = -80 MPa
σy = 50 MPa
xy = 25 MPa
 We need to find σx1, σy1, and x1y1 when θ = 30°.
 Substitute numerical values into the transformation
equations:
σx1 = σx+ σy + σx- σy cos 2θ + τxy sin 2θ
2 2
σx1 = -80+50 + -80-50 cos 2(30) + 25sin 2(30) = -25.85 MPa

2 2
SOLUTION 1:
σy1 = (σx+ σy) - (σx- σy) cos 2θ - τxy sin 2θ
2 2
σy1 = (-80+50) – (-80-50) cos 2(30) - 25sin 2(30) = - 4.15 MPa

2 2
τx1y1 = - (σx- σy) sin 2θ + τxy cos 2θ

2
τx1y1 = - (-80- 50) sin 60 + 25 cos 60 = 68.79 MPa
2
Principal Stresses
 The maximum and minimum normal stresses (σ1 and σ2)

are known as the principal stresses. To find the principal
stresses, we must differentiate the transformation equations.
 There are two values of 2θp in the range 0-360°, with values differing by 180°.
 There are two values of θp in the range 0-180°, with values differing by 90°.
 So, the planes on which the principal stresses act are mutually perpendicular
Principal Stresses
 We can now solve for the principal stresses by substituting

for θp in the stress transformation equation for σx1. This tells
us which principal stress is associated with which principal
angle.
Principal Stresses
Principal Stresses
Principal Stresses
EXAMPLE 2:
 The state of plane stress at a point is represented by the

stress element below. Determine the principal stresses and
draw the corresponding stress element.
SOLUTION 2:
 Define the stresses in terms of the established sign convention:
σx = -80 MPa
σy = 50 MPa
xy = 25 MPa
σ1,2 = (σx+ σy) ± σx- σy 2 + τxy2

2 2
σ1,2 = (-80+ 50) ± (-80- 50) 2 + 252 = 54.6MPa and -84.6MPa

2 2
So, σ1 = 54.6 Mpa (Maximum) and

σ2 = -84.6 Mpa (Minimum)
SOLUTION 2:
Tan 2θp = 2τxy
σx - σy
Tan 2θp = 2(25)
-80 - 50
2θp = -21⁰ and -21+ 180 = 159⁰
τ
-21⁰ (counterclockwise)
σ2 C σ1 σ
159⁰ (clockwise)
Maximum Shear Stress
EXAMPLE 3:
The state of plane stress at a point is represented by the
stress element below. Determine the maximum shear stresses
and draw the corresponding stress element.
SOLUTION 3:
Define the stresses in terms of the established sign convention:
σx = -80 Mpa
σy = 50 MPa
xy = 25 Mpa
τmax = σx- σy 2 + τxy2

2
τmax = -80- 50 2 + 252 = 69.6 MPa

2
τmax = 69.6 Mpa

τmin = -69.6 Mpa
SOLUTION 2:
Tan 2θs = - σx - σy
2τxy
Tan 2θs = - -80 – 50 = -2.6

2(25)
2θs = 68.9⁰ and 68.9⁰+ 180⁰ = 248.9⁰
τ
Τmax (+)
68.9⁰ (clockwise)
C σ
248.9⁰ (clockwise) Τmin (-)

SOLUTION 3:
SOLUTION 3:
SOLUTION 3:
TUTORIAL 1:
ECS238- SEPT2014
SOLUTION:
Define the stresses in terms of the established sign convention:
σx = 15Mpa
σy = 30 MPa
xy = -25 Mpa
τmax = σx- σy 2 + τxy2

2
τmax = 15- 30 2 + (-25)2 = 26.1 MPa

2
τmax = 26.1 Mpa

τmin = -26.1 Mpa
SOLUTION 2:
Tan 2θs = - σx - σy
2τxy
Tan 2θs = - 15– 30 = -0.3

2(-25)
2θs = -16.7⁰ and -16.7⁰+ 180⁰ = 163.3⁰
τ
τmax (+)
-16.7⁰ (counterclockwise)
C σ
163.3⁰ (clockwise)
τmin (-)
SOLUTION :
σx = 15Mpa
σy = 30 MPa
xy = -25 Mpa
 We need to find σx1, σy1, and x1y1 when θ = -30°(counterclockwise).
 Substitute numerical values into the transformation equations:
σx1 = 15+30 + 15-30 cos 2(-30) + (-25)sin 2(-30) = 40.4MPa

2 2
σy1 = (15+30) – (15-30) cos 2(-30) – (-25sin) 2(-30) = 4.6MPa

2 2
τxy = - (15 - 30) sin -60 + (-25) cos (-60) = -19 MPa
2
MOHR`S CIRCLE FOR PLANE STRESS
•Introduced by Otto Mohr in 1882
•Mohr's Circle illustrates principal stresses and stress
transformations via a graphical format, that is easy to remember
and use. τ
τmax
σ2 C σ1 σ
. Mohr's Circle was the leading tool used to visualize relationships

between normal and shear stresses, and to estimate the maximum
stresses, before hand-held calculators became popular. Even today,
Mohr's Circle is still widely used by engineers all over the world.
Derivation of Mohr's Circle
 To establish Mohr's Circle, we first recall the stress transformation
formulas for plane stress at a given location:
σx1 = σx + σy + σx – σy cos2θ + xy sin2θ,

2 2
σx1 - σx + σy = σx – σy cos2θ + xy sin2θ, and
2 2
x1y1 = - (σx – σy ) sin2θ + xy cos2θ
2
• Using a basic trigonometric relation (cos22θ + sin22θ = 1) to
combine the two above equations we have:
[σx1 - σx + σy]2 + x1y12 = [σx – σy]2 + xy2

2 2
• This is the equation of a circle, plotted on a graph where the
abscissa is the normal stress and the ordinate is the shear stress.
 This is easier to see if we interpret σx and σy as being the two
principal stresses, and xy as being the maximum shear stress.
 Then we can define the average stress, σavg, and a "radius" R
(which is just equal to the maximum shear stress),
[σx1 - σavg]2 + x1y12 = R2

 The circle is centered at the average stress value, and has a radius
R equal to the maximum shear stress (τmax), as shown in the figure
below:
τ
τmax
σ2 C σ1 σ
τmin
 A benefit of Mohr's circle is that the principal stresses σ1 and σ2

and the maximum shear stress max are obtained immediately
after drawing the circle.
PROCEDURES TO CONSTRUCT MOHR’S CIRCLE
•Before we discuss the procedure for constructing Mohr’s circle
there a several rules that apply.
•2 Dimensional Stress Analysis – Stress acting on a 2D element is
shown in figure below
•Step1 – Draw normal and shear axes with positive axes as shown
τ
σ
•Step2 – Mark normal stress values with sign convention (- or +), tensile stress is
positive and compression stress is negative and value for shear stress.
Example:
τ σx = -80 Mpa
σy = 50 MPa
xy = 25 Mpa
X 25 So;
X(-80,25)
Y(50,-25)
σx σy σ
-25 Y
 Step 3 - Draw line between X and Y and draw Mohr’s circle assuming the
connection line X and Y as diameter of the circle and σavg is a circle centre (C).
C = centre for circle τ

= σavg
= σx + σy
2
X 25
σx C σy σ
-25 Y
Step 4 – Stress Analysis on Mohr circle:
• To get normal and shear stress values at any plane θ, take angle 2θ in Mohr
circle starting from diagonal of the circle and locate a peripheral point as shown.
Shear stress value will be Y axis value and normal stress value will be X axis
value. σ1 = 56MPa , 2θ = -21°
ττ σ2 = -84MPa , 2θ = -21° + 180° =
max
159°
τmax = 70MPa, 2θ = 69°
τmin = -70MPa, 2θ = 69°+180°=
X 25 249° @ -110°
σ2 σx
σy1
C σx1
σ y σ1 σ
-25 Y
σx1 = -27MPa
σy1 = -4MPa
τmin τx1y1 = 69MPa
EXAMPLE 4:
 Determine the principal stresses and maximum shear stresses and
orientations.
σy= 5 MPa
τxy = 5 MPa
SOLUTION 4:
 In σ -  coordinate system, choose stress points:
X = (σx, xy) = (14, 5)
Y = (σx, xy) = (-10, -5)
 Draw a straight line from X to Y.

SOLUTION 4:
 Draw a circle as XY as a diameter.
 Find the circle center, σavg, C = (σx + σy)/2 = [14 + (-10)]/2 = (2, 0)
SOLUTION 4:
 Point B and E corresponding to the principal stresses. From graph;
 B = 15MPa
 E = 11MPa
 Point F and D corresponding to the maximum shear stresses, from
graph;
 max = R = 13MPa
R
SOLUTION 4:
τmax
2θs (-)
2θσ1 (+)
σ2 2θσ2 (+) σ1
TUTORIAL 2:
• For the state of plane shown in Figure, determine:
a)The principal normal stresses and their directions

b)The maximum shearing stress and its orientation
c)The stresses acting on a plane inclined at 30°clockwise from the x-
plane .
In each case, a sketch of Mohr’s circle for stress is required
TUTORIAL 3:
• An element as drawn in figure below is subjected to complex stresses.
Therefore, calculate the maximum shear stress and their direction.
• Hence, determine the normal stresses and shear stresses if plane making an
angle 35° anticlockwise measured from Y plane. Use Mohr Circle.
45MPa
50MPa
30MPa
X = (-30, 50)
Y = (45, -50)
TUTORIAL 3:
σ1 = 70.5MPa , 2θ = -53°
σ2 = -55MPa , 2θ = -53° +
180° = 127° 62MPa
τmax = 62MPa, 2θ = 37° X

τmin = -62MPa, 2θ =
37°+180°= 217° 2θs= 37°
σave=7.5MPa
σ2=-55MPa σ1=70.5MPa
2θp= -53°
Y
σx1 = -52MPa
σy1 = 68MPa
τx1y1 = 18MPa
Tutorial 4
X = (10, 35)
Y = (-25, -35)
Tutorial 5
Tutorial 6
Tutorial 7

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Siti Zaidah Binti Othman

 Solve the composite material problem using

CO1- Acquire and apply basic understanding on

CO1 - Acquire and apply basic understanding on

At the end of the lecture students will be able to:

 When an element is in plane stress in the xy plane, only the

 Such an element could be located on the free surface of a

 Maximum normal stress, Zero shear stress

 Maximum shear stress, Non-zero normal stress

 When working with stress elements, keep in mind that only

 If we know the areas on which the forces act, we can

• Positive normal stresses, x and y, acts outward

in clockwise rotation +σx +σx

 The state of plane stress at a point is represented by the

 Define the stresses in terms of the established sign

σx1 = -80+50 + -80-50 cos 2(30) + 25sin 2(30) = -25.85 MPa

σy1 = (-80+50) – (-80-50) cos 2(30) - 25sin 2(30) = - 4.15 MPa

τx1y1 = - (σx- σy) sin 2θ + τxy cos 2θ

 The maximum and minimum normal stresses (σ1 and σ2)

 We can now solve for the principal stresses by substituting

 The state of plane stress at a point is represented by the

σ1,2 = (σx+ σy) ± σx- σy 2 + τxy2

σ1,2 = (-80+ 50) ± (-80- 50) 2 + 252 = 54.6MPa and -84.6MPa

So, σ1 = 54.6 Mpa (Maximum) and

τmax = σx- σy 2 + τxy2

τmax = -80- 50 2 + 252 = 69.6 MPa

τmax = 69.6 Mpa

Tan 2θs = - -80 – 50 = -2.6

248.9⁰ (clockwise) Τmin (-)

τmax = σx- σy 2 + τxy2

τmax = 15- 30 2 + (-25)2 = 26.1 MPa

τmax = 26.1 Mpa

Tan 2θs = - 15– 30 = -0.3

σx1 = 15+30 + 15-30 cos 2(-30) + (-25)sin 2(-30) = 40.4MPa

σy1 = (15+30) – (15-30) cos 2(-30) – (-25sin) 2(-30) = 4.6MPa

. Mohr's Circle was the leading tool used to visualize relationships

σx1 = σx + σy + σx – σy cos2θ + xy sin2θ,

[σx1 - σx + σy]2 + x1y12 = [σx – σy]2 + xy2

[σx1 - σavg]2 + x1y12 = R2

 A benefit of Mohr's circle is that the principal stresses σ1 and σ2

C = centre for circle τ

 Draw a straight line from X to Y.

a)The principal normal stresses and their directions

τmax = 62MPa, 2θ = 37° X

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