C

CVEN9525

Fundamentals of Geomechanics

Assignments
The University of New South Wales CVEN9525
School of Civil & Environmental Engineering Fundamentals of Geomechanics

ASSIGNMENT 1 - PHASE RELATIONSHIPS AND SOIL CLASSIFICATION

1- The aim of compacting a fill is to fit as many soil solids into a given volume as possible. Two
soils are available as potential fill, one is classified as SW and the other SP. Which would make
a better fill? Briefly explain why.

2- A clay sample is compacted at a water content of 𝑤 = 14%. After the compaction, the degree
of saturation is 73.5%. Calculate the dry unit weight of the soil.

3- A soil sample has a void ratio of 0.6 and a degree of saturation of 75%. Determine:
a) The total unit weight of the soil sample.
b) The shrinkage limit of the soil.

4- A trench 80 m long by 0.45 m wide by 1m deep is to be excavated in a clay soil at a site. An

undisturbed cylindrical sample of the clay, with a diameter of 35 mm and length of 70 mm, is
taken prior to digging the trench. The original mass of the sample is 101.5 g where mass of the
sample after oven drying is 67.3 g. When the trench is dug the excavated clay will be stockpiles
and then used as trench backfill. The clay is to be compacted into the trench in uniform depth
layers at a total density of 1.8 t/m3 and a moisture content of 14%. After all the excavated clay
is compacted into the trench what depth of the trench will still remain to be filled?

5- A rectangular excavation measuring 20 m by 40 m in plan is taken down to a depth of 3 m.

The sides of the excavation have vertical faces. A cylindrical sample of the soil, with a diameter
of 50 mm and height of 100 mm, is taken prior to excavation. The soil sample has an original
mass of 363 g and mass of sample after oven drying is 310 g.
The excavated soil is to be used to backfill a trench 1 m wide by 2 m deep. The soil is to be
compacted into the trench at a moisture content of 24% such that its dry density is 1.6 t/m3.
a) What would be the shrinkage limit of the soil in the tube sample?
b) What length of trench could be backfilled by the excavated soil?
c) What would be the degree of saturation of the compacted soil in the trench?

6- Classify soils A, B and C according to the USCS.

Soil A Soil B Soil C

% Finer than 4.75mm sieve 60 80 45
% Finer than 0.075mm sieve 4 60 10
Coefficient of uniformity 5.2 - 4.8
Coefficient of curvature 1.4 - 2.2
Liquid limit NP 65 40
Plastic limit NP 45 20

Answers: Q1: SW Q2: 17.26 kN/m3 Q3: a) 19kN/m3, b) 22.6%

Q4: 0.367m Q5: a) 25.6%, b) 1185m, c) 97% Q6: SP, MH, GW-GC

3
The University of New South Wales CVEN9525
School of Civil & Environmental Engineering Fundamentals of Geomechanics

ASSIGNMENT 2 - STRESSES IN DRY SOIL

1- A deep deposit of dry gravel has a void ratio of 0.62. Determine the vertical stress at a point 4m
below the surface of the gravel.

2- A level soil deposit has the following soil profile:

0 - 3m Dry gravel d = 20kN/m3 Ko = 0.3
3 - 6m Dry sand d = 17kN/m 3
Ko = 1.4
Determine the major principal stress at a depth of 5m in this deposit.

3- A section through an inclined tunnel in soil is shown in

Figure 1. At Point X, on the roof of the tunnel, the stress
acting in the vertical direction is equal to 300 kPa. The Soil
normal and shear stresses acting on the plane of the 0
tunnel at Point X, as shown in the figure, are both zero.
a) Draw the Mohr circle for the state of stress at Point X. Point X 0
b) What is the value of the major principal stress at
Point X? 60o
c) What angle does the plane of major principal stress
make with the horizontal? Tunnel shown by dottel line
Figure 1
Vertical
100 kPa
4- An element of soil is 40 kPa subjected to the normal
compressive stresses of 100 and 40kPa as shown in
Figure 2. Shear stresses are now applied to the
planes on which these stresses act. What is the
magnitude of the shear stress which must be
applied to those planes such that the plane of
major principal 30o Horizontal stress in the element is
horizontal? Figure 2

z
5- The stresses shown in Figure 3 are applied at a point 80

30
in a soil mass. Determine the angle that the plane of
major principal stress makes with the x-axis

Figure 3
45o x

Answers: Q1: 64kPa Q2: 131.6kPa Q3: b) 400kPa, c) 30 o Q4: 51.96kPa Q5: 67.5o

4
The University of New South Wales CVEN9525
School of Civil & Environmental Engineering Fundamentals of Geomechanics

ASSIGNMENT 3 - STRESSES IN SOIL

1- A level site consists of a deep deposit of gravel having a dry density of 1.7t/m3. The water table
is 2 m below the surface of the gravel. During a period of wet weather the site is flooded such
that 2 m of water covers the site. Determine the change in vertical effective stress at a point
4m below the surface of the gravel as a result of this flooding. The height of capillary rise in
gravel is zero.

2- The soil profile at a site consists of:

0 – 8m Sand d = 16 kN/m3 sat = 19 kN/m3 Ko = 0.5
8 – 12m Clay d = 18 kN/m 3
sat = 20 kN/m 3
Ko = 0.3
The water table is initially at a depth of 1 m below the surface. The water table is to be rapidly
lowered to a depth of 6 m and maintained at that level permanently. The height of capillary rise in
the sand is assumed to be zero. Consider two points in the soil profile, Point A at a depth of 4 m
and Point B at a depth of 10 m. Determine the effective vertical and horizontal stresses at Points
A and B for two cases:
a) Initial conditions where the water table is 1 m below the surface.
b) A long time after lowering the water table to 6 m below the surface.

3- A level site has the following soil profile with the water table 4 m below the ground:
0 - 3m Dry gravel t = 16kN/m3
3 - 5m saturated sand t = 17kN/m3
5 - 8m saturated clay t = 20kN/m3
8m + Rock
The following construction sequence is then carried out. The uppermost 2m of gravel is excavated
and a very large diameter oil storage tank is built at the new surface. The depth of oil in the tank
is 6m and the specific gravity of the oil is 0.8. The mass of steel in the tank is negligible compared
to the mass of oil in the tank. Determine the change in vertical effective stress caused by
construction at the bottom of the clay layer.
z
50
30 
4- The total stresses shown in Figure 1 are applied at a point
in a soil mass. The pore pressure in the soil at the point is u. u

Determine what value u would need to take if the minor

principal effective stress at the point was to be zero.
45o x

Figure 1
5- Calculate the change in the vertical stress at a
point 1.5m below point x due to application of
100 kPa pressure on the rectangular footing shown 2m
in the figure opposite. Do by:
1m
a) 2:1 method b) Boussinesq 10m 1m x
method (Fadum’s Chart) c) Newmark’s chart
(based on Boussinesq method)

Answers: Q1: -12.6 kPa Q2: a) 𝜎𝑣′ 𝐴 = 43.6 𝑘𝑃𝑎, 𝜎ℎ′ 𝐴 = 21.8 𝑘𝑃𝑎, 𝜎𝑣′ 𝐵 = 100.8 𝑘𝑃𝑎, 𝜎ℎ′ 𝐵 = 30.2 𝑘𝑃𝑎 b) 𝜎𝑣′ 𝐴 = 64.0 𝑘𝑃𝑎,
𝜎ℎ′ 𝐴 = 32.0 𝑘𝑃𝑎, 𝜎𝑣′ 𝐵 = 134.8 𝑘𝑃𝑎, 𝜎ℎ′ 𝐵 = 40.4 𝑘𝑃𝑎 Q3: 15 kPa Q4: 40.9 kPa Q5: a) 0 b) 3 kPa c) 3 kPa

5
The University of New South Wales CVEN9525
School of Civil & Environmental Engineering Fundamentals of Geomechanics

ASSIGNMENT 4 - ONE-DIMENSIONAL SEEPAGE

1- Water is seeping through an inclined aquifer as

shown in Figure 1. Two standpipes are
Impermeable soil
installed at the mid-depth of the aquifer at 3.9m
Points x and y. The water rises 3.9m up the x
1m 4.1m
tube at Point x and 4.1 m at Point y. The 1m
10 o y
permeability of the aquifer soil is l0-5m/s. What 30m
is the rate of flow in the aquifer in m3/s per Aquifer
metre run of the aquifer? Figure 1

2- Water is flowing through a two layers filter

Silty sand Stage 2 soil
system as shown in Figure 2. The first stage
of the filter system is a silty sand having a 49kPa
coefficient of permeability of 2×10-4m/s. The 1m
area of the filter normal to the direction of x
flow is 0.2m2. When the inlet pressure is
1m 0.5m
49kPa the flow through the system is
measured to be 2×10-5m3/s. Determine the Figure 2
coefficient of permeability of the second
stage filter soil.

3- A long lake is located in a range of hills. Beneath the lake there is a weathered dyke inclined
at 60o to the horizontal which connects to a gravel aquifer, a section through which is shown
in Figure 3. The surrounding rock mass may be regarded as impermeable. Tests on gravel
aquifer indicate that it has a coefficient of permeability of 0.15m/s and flow measurement at
the aquifer outlet spring gave a value of 0.015 m3/s per metre run (into the page).

Figure 3
a) Determine the coefficient of permeability of the weathered dyke.
b) An inclined borehole is to be installed as shown in the figure. Determine the RL of the water
level in the borehole a long time after drilling the hole.

Answers: Q1: 1.67×10-6m3/s Q2: 1.43×10-5m/s Q3: a) 9.62×10-3m/s, b) 63.6m

6
The University of New South Wales CVEN9525
School of Civil & Environmental Engineering Fundamentals of Geomechanics

ASSIGNMENT 5 – TWO-DIMENSIONAL SEEPAGE

1- A long coffer dam with a drainage trench in its centre is to be constructed in a shallow lake, a
section through which is shown in the figure below. The cofferdam is kept dry by pumping
water from the drainage trench.
a) Draw the flow net for the steady state seepage flow through the soil around the dam. You
may take advantage of the symmetry of the problem and draw the flow net for only half of the
cofferdam.
b) From the flow net determine the pore water pressure at Point A located 2 m above the
impermeable bedrock.
c) If the soil has a coefficient of permeability of 10-3 m/s, what capacity of the pump (in m3/s)
would be required if a pump is to be placed every 20 m along the trench.

Not to scale Impervious wall

5m
Water 3m

1m
2m
0.5m
2m
Soil
A
2m

Impermeable rock

2- A long drain pipe is installed below ground as shown in the figure below. The flow net for the
steady stage seepage from the ground surface to the pipe during a rain fall is shown in the
figure. The soil is a silty sand having a coefficient of permeability of 5×10-5m/s and a total unit
weight of 18 kN/m3.
a) What is the vertical
effective stress in the soil Rainfall
at Point X?
b) At what rate, in m3/s per
metre run of the pipe, does
the pipe collect the
2.5m
rainwater seepage?
3m

Point X

Answers: Q1: b) ~ 38kPa, c) ~0.1m3/s Q2: a) 38.1kPa, b) 1.8×10-4 m3/s

7
The University of New South Wales CVEN9525
School of Civil & Environmental Engineering Fundamentals of Geomechanics

ASSIGNMENT 6 - ONE-DIMENSIONAL SETTLEMENT

1- As part of a construction project, a 7.5 m thick layer of clay is to be loaded with a temporary
3 m thick sand layer, as shown in the figure. The figure shows the water-table location, soil
unit weights, and the compression curve properties for the clay. Assume the sand layer remains
dry.
(a) Calculate the value of 𝜎𝑣′ in the middle of the clay layer (at 3.75 m below the water table)
before the sand layer is applied, and after consolidation is complete.
(b) Based on your answer in part (a), and the compression curve characteristics, calculate the
settlement that will occur
under these conditions.
(c) How much will the
clay layer heave when the
3 m sand layer is
removed? (Holtz et al.)

2- A sample of clay is subjected to a consolidation test. The sample is initially seated under a
pressure of 20 kPa. At the end of the seating stage the height of the sample is measured as
20.4 mm. The pressure is then increased to 40 kPa which causes a final settlement of 2.3 mm
in the sample. At the completion of this increment the moisture content of the sample is 22%.
a) If it is assumed that the sample underwent virgin compression during the pressure
increment, what is the value of the compression index, Cc, of the clay?
b) At the completion of the 20 to 40 kPa load increment the sample is unloaded back to a
pressure of 20 kPa resulting in a final heave of 0.8 mm. What is the value of the rebound index,
Cr, of the clay?
c) At the completion of the unloading stage in part b, the pressure is increased to 80 kPa. What
would be the value of void ratio in the specimen at the end of the 80 kPa increment?

3- A level site consists of the following soil profile: 0–6m Gravel

6–8m Clay
8+ Bedrock
The water table is at a depth of 2 m. Tests have shown that if the gravel is above water table it
will be dry with a d = 17 kN/m3 while if it is below it will be saturated with t = 22 kN/m3.
Testing of a sample of clay taken from the mid-depth of the layer gave the following properties:
t = 20 kN/m3 w = 31% pc = 150 kPa
Cc = 0.6 Cr = 0.2
a) Development at the site involves permanently lowering the water table by 2 m and placing
fill at a unit weight of 22 kN/m3 on top the profile. What depth of fill will need to be placed
over the site in order to produce a total final settlement of the clay layer of 65 mm?
b) A long time after lowering the water table and filling to the depth found in part a, a loading
of 100 kPa is placed over the surface of the fill. Determine the final thickness of the clay layer
a long time after loading.

Answers: Q1: a) Before applying the sand layer: 40.1 𝑘𝑃𝑎; After completing the consolidation: 88.1 𝑘𝑃𝑎 b)
16.2 𝑐𝑚 c) 7.7 𝑐𝑚 Q2: a) 0.668, b) 0.232 c) 0.3819 Q3: a) 2.63m, b) 1.796m

8
The University of New South Wales CVEN9525
School of Civil & Environmental Engineering Fundamentals of Geomechanics

ASSIGNMENT 7 - CONSOLIDATION AND RATE OF CONSOLIDATION

1- The soil profile at a site is as follows:

0 – 2m Sand t = 20 kN/m3
2 – 7m Clay t = 18 kN/m3
7m+ Impermeable rock
The water table is 1 m below the surface of the sand. A sample of the clay taken from the
mid-depth of the clay layer has the following properties:
w = 24% pc = 110 kPa Cc = 0.4 Cr = 0.1 cv = 1.98×10-7m2/s
a) A 3 m layer of gravel fill is now placed over the surface of the site (fill = 21 kN/m3) and
left in place for a long time. Determine the thickness of the clay layer 2 years after placing the
fill.
b) A long time after the fill was in place and all the consolidation settlements were completed
the uppermost 2 m of the fill is removed from the site. Determine the thickness of the clay
layer a long time after removing the 2 m of fill.
You may assume that the conditions at the sampling point are representative of the entire layer.
A one-point calculation may be made based on conditions at the representative point.

2- A site consists of a 4 m deep layer of clay underline by impermeable rock. The clay has a total
unit weight of 20 kN/m3. A piesometer is installed in the clay such that it measures the pore
pressure in the clay at a depth of 1 m below the surface. The site is suddenly subjected to a
surface surcharge. The following piesometer reading are obtained:
Pressure before surcharging: 9 kPa
Pressure immediately after surcharging: 91 kPa
Pressure 100 days after surcharging: 45 kPa
a) Determine the coefficient of consolidation, cv, of the clay.
b) Find the vertical effective stress at a point 3 m below the surface 200 days after surcharging.
c) How long (in days) would it take for 90% settlement of the clay layer to occur due to
surcharging.

3- A 4m deep clay layer is underlain by impermeable shale. A sample of clay from the layer is
subjected to an appropriate increment of stress in a consolidation test giving the following
results:
Sample height at the start of increment: 55mm.
Sample height 2 minutes after the start of increment: 53mm.
Sample height at the end of increment: 48mm.
If gravel fill is placed over the clay layer how long would it take for 80% consolidation of the
clay to occur?

Answers: Q1: a) 4.908m, b) 4.941m Q2: a) 1.85×10 -7m2/s, b) 54.4kPa, c) 800days Q3: ~240 days,

9
The University of New South Wales CVEN9525
School of Civil & Environmental Engineering Fundamentals of Geomechanics

ASSIGNMENT 8 – SHEAR STRENGTH (1)

1- A sample of loose sand having a u1t of 30o is subjected to a minor principal total stress of
100kPa and a pore pressure of 20kPa. What value of major principal total stress would need
to be applied to the sample to cause failure?

2- A level soil deposit consists of a deep layer of sand with the following properties:
  t = 20kN/m3 Ko = 0.5  = 30o
The water table is 1m below the surface. Consider a point x which is 5m below the surface.
What value of shear stress would need to be applied on a plane passing through x and making
an angle of 30o with the horizontal to cause shear failure of the sand on that plane?

3- In a direct shear test on a specimen of cohesionless sand, the vertical normal stress on the
specimen is 240 kN/m2 and the horizontal shear stress at failure is 160 kN/m2.
(a) Assuming uniform stress distribution within the failure zone and a straight line failure
envelope which goes through the origin, determine by means of the Mohr circle the magnitude
and direction of the principal stresses at failure.
(b) Find the angle between the shear plane and the major principle plane.
(c) Explain why it is not possible to determine the principal stresses in a direct shear specimen
for an applied horizontal shear stress which is not large enough to cause failure. (After A.
Casagrande)

4- A series of direct shear tests using a small shear box (40 mm high) to be conducted on sand to
investigate the way in which water affects its shear strength. In each of the tests described
below the normal pressure used during the test was held constant at 100 kPa.
a) A sample of dry sand is placed in the shear box and the shear stress at failure is measured
as 70 kPa. What is the angle of internal friction of the sand?
b) A sample of the sand is just saturated by pouring water into the box until it flows away at
the surface. What would be the value of the shear stress at failure in this specimen?
c) A sample of the sand is placed in the shear box and pore pressure in the sample is controlled
by allowing water to seep steadily upward through the sand. The system is set so that the pore
pressure in the sample is held constant at 50 kPa. What would be the value of the shear stress
at failure in this specimen?
d) The entire shear box is immersed in water at a depth of 5 m. What would be the value of
the shear stress at failure in this specimen?

Answers: Q1: 260 kPa Q2: 17.5kPa Q3: a) 𝜎1 = 539.0 𝑘𝑃𝑎 angled at 28.2° with the horizontal; 𝜎3 = 154.4 𝑘𝑃𝑎
angled at 61.8° with the horizontal b) 61.8° Q4: a) 35o, b) 70kPa, c) 35kPa, d) 70kPa

10
The University of New South Wales CVEN9525
School of Civil & Environmental Engineering Fundamentals of Geomechanics

ASSIGNMENT 9 - SHEAR STRENGTH (2)

1- A footing is constructed on a soil as shown in the opposite

Pressure q
figure. When the footing exerts a pressure q on the surface
of the soil, the stresses acting on an element of the
0.9q
underlying soil are as shown in the figure. The
underlaying soil has a cohesion of 20 kPa and a friction 0.1q
angle of 30o. Sketch the Mohr circle for the stress state in 0.2q
the element when it is at the state of failure. You may
ignore any stresses due to the self weight of the soil. At
what level of q the element of soil will fail?

2- A soil profile at a site consists of a 5 m deep layer of clay over permeable rock. The surface
of the clay is horizontal and the water table is at a depth of 1 m. The clay has the following
properties:
t = 20 kN/m3 Ko = 0.5 cv = 1.4×10-7 m2/s
Tests indicate that the undrained cohesion of the clay at a point in the layer is a function of the
effective stress state as defined by cu = (v + h) / 2
a) Consider Point X which is located at a depth of 3 m in the clay layer. Determine the in-situ
value of cu at Point X.
b) The site is to be subjected to filling with 2.5 m of fill placed over the soil surface at a
t = 18.4 kN/m3. Consolidation due to the fill will increase the undrained cohesion. How long
will it take for the cohesion at Point X to reach a value of 50 kPa?

3- A UU triaxial test is carried out on a sample of saturated normally consolidated clay. During
the test the pore pressure in the specimen is measured. At failure the following values are
noted:
Deviatoric stress: 180 kPa
Cell pressure: 100 kPa
Pore pressure: 30 kPa
a) What value of cu is indicated by this test for the clay?
b) If it is assumed that c is zero for this clay, what value of  is indicated by this test?
c) A sample of this clay is to be loaded very slowly in a direct shear test using a normal pressure
of 100 kPa. What would be the shear stress at failure in the clay?
d) The clay is to be subjected to a UU test using a cell pressure of 200 kPa. What value of pore
pressure would you expect to measure in the clay at failure?

4- A consolidated drained triaxial test on a sample of clay gives the following results:
Cell pressure (kPa): 50 100 150
Deviator stress at failure (kPa): 105 178 251
a) Find c' and ' for this clay
b) An identical sample of this clay is subjected to an unconsolidated undrained triaxial test
using a cell pressure of 100kPa. It is found that the deviator stress at failure is 40kPa. What
would be the average value of pore pressure in the specimen as it fails?

Answers: Q1: 194.6kPa Q2: a) 30.3kPa b) 211days Q3: a) 90kPa b) 34.2o c) 68kPa d) 130kPa
Q4: a) 10kPa and 25o b) 94.5kPa
11
The University of New South Wales CVEN9525
School of Civil & Environmental Engineering Fundamentals of Geomechanics

ASSIGNMENT 10 - SLOPE STABILITY

1- Surface of a granular soil mass is inclined at 25o to the horizontal. The soil is saturated
throughout with a moisture content of 15.8 percent, particle specific gravity of 2.65 and a
friction angle of 38o. At the depth of 1.83m water is seeping through the soil parallel to the
surface. Determine the safety factor against sliding on a plane parallel to the surface at a depth
of 3.05m below the surface (𝛾𝑤 = 10 𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚3). 1
What would be the safety factor for the same plane if the level of the seeping water lifted up to
the surface of the soil?

3- A long vertical drain is going to be made in a clay

soil without any support. Assume the failure plane
shown in the opposite figure and evaluate the safety
factor of the cut assuming the following properties 6m
for the soil:
45o
𝑐𝑢 = 35 𝑘𝑃𝑎 , 𝜑𝑢 = 0𝑜 , 𝛾𝑡 = 18 𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚3

1
3- A 12m deep slope is cut into
homogeneous soft clay with a
saturated unit weight of 16
kN/m3 and undrained shear
strength of 24 kPa. The slope
angle is 30o to the horizontal
and the geometry of the
potential slop surface passing
through the head and toe of the
slope is given in the opposite 45o
figure. For the slip surface
shown, calculate the undrained
factor of safety. The centroid
of the sliding mass is located at
a distance 0.8259R from the
6m
centre of the circle, where R is
the radius (Exam question,
2011).

Answers: Q1: 1.36, 0.9 Q2: 1.3 Q3: 1.18

12
 Assignments Check List - C
Correct solution Your solution Check the box if correct
Assignment 1:
Q1: SW
Q2: 17.26 kN/m3
Q3: a) 19kN/m3, b) 22.6%
Q4: 0.367m
Q5: a) 25.6%, b) 1185m, c) 97%
Q6: SP, MH, GW-GC
Assignment 2:
Q1: 64 kPa
Q2: 131.6 kPa
Q3: b) 400kPa, c) 30o
Q4: 51.96kPa
Q5: 67.5o
Assignment 3:
Q1: -12.6 kPa
Q2: a) 𝜎𝑣′ 𝐴 = 43.6 , 𝜎ℎ′ 𝐴 = 21.8 , 𝜎𝑣′ 𝐵 = 100.8 , 𝜎ℎ′ 𝐵 = 30.2
b) 𝜎𝑣′ 𝐴 = 64.0, 𝜎ℎ′ 𝐴 = 32.0 , 𝜎𝑣′ 𝐵 = 134.8 , 𝜎ℎ′ 𝐵 = 40.4 (in kPa)
Q3: 15kPa
Q4: 40.9kPa
Q5: 3kPa
Assignment 4:
Q1: 1.67×10-6m3/s
Q2: 1.43×10-5m/s
Q3: a) 9.62×10-3m/s, b) 63.6m
Assignment 5:
Q1: b) ~ 38kPa, c) ~0.1m3/s
Q2: a) 38.1kPa, b) 1.8×10-4m3/s
Assignment 6:
Q1: a) 40.1 𝑘𝑃𝑎; 88.1 𝑘𝑃𝑎, b) 16.2 𝑐𝑚, c) 7.7 𝑐𝑚
Q2: a) 0.668, b) 0.232, c) 0.3819
Q3: a) 2.63m, b) 1.796m
Assignment 7:
Q1: a) 4.908m, b) 4.941m
Q3: a) 1.85×10-7 m2/s, b) 54.4 kPa, c) 800 days
Q3: ~ 240 days
Assignment 8:
Q1: 260 kPa
Q2: 17.5 kPa
Q3: a) 539.0 𝑘𝑃𝑎, 28.2°; 154.4 𝑘𝑃𝑎 61.8°; b) 61.8°
Q4: a) 35o, b) 70kPa, c) 35kPa, d) 70kPa
Assignment 9:
Q1: 194.6 kPa
Q2: a) 30.3 kPa, b) 211 days
13
 Q3: a) 90 kPa, b) 34.2o, c) 68 kPa, d) 130 kPa
Q4: a) 10kPa and 25o, b) 94.5kPa

Assignment 10:
Q1: 1.36, 0.9
Q2: 1.3
Q3: 1.18

14