Answers

Chapter 6

Brain Teaser (pg. 137)

No. Magnesium, Mg reacts with hydrochloric acid, HCl to produce magnesium chloride, MgCl2 and
hydrogen gas, H2 but not water. A base is a substance that reacts with an acid to produce salt and water only.

Experiment 6.1 (pg. 139 – 140)

Interpreting Data:
1. The blue litmus paper changes to red.
2. Solid oxalic acid, C2H2O4 does not show acidic properties but solid oxalic acid, C2H2O4 that has been
dissolved in water shows acidic properties.
3. Water is required by an acid to show acidic properties.
Discussion:
1. Hydrogen ion, H+
2. Without water, solid oxalic acid, C2H2O4 exists in the form of molecules. Hydrogen ions, H+ are not
present. Thus, solid oxalic acid, C2H2O4 does not show acidic properties. The colour of the blue litmus
paper remains unchanged.
When solid oxalic acid, C2H2O4 is dissolved in water, the oxalic acid molecules, C2H2O4 ionise to
produce hydrogen ions, H+. Hydrogen ions, H+ cause oxalic acid, C2H2O4 to exhibit acidic properties.
Hence the blue litmus paper changes to red.
3. An acid is a substance that changes blue litmus paper to red when the blue litmus paper is dipped in an
acid that has been dissolved in water.

Experiment 6.2 (pg. 141)

Interpreting Data:
1. Sodium hydroxide pellets, NaOH do not show alkaline properties but the resulting sodium hydroxide
solution show alkaline properties.
2. Red litmus paper must be moistened to detect alkaline properties.
Discussion:
1. Hydroxide ion, OH–
2. Without water, the hydroxide ions, OH– in the sodium hydroxide pellets, NaOH cannot move freely as
they are bonded in its lattice structure. Thus, it does not show alkaline properties. The colour of the red
litmus paper remains unchanged.
When sodium hydroxide pellets, NaOH are dissolved in water, it will ionise and hydroxide ions, OH–
will move freely in water. The presence of mobile hydroxide ions, OH– causes the sodium hydroxide
solution, NaOH to show alkaline properties. Hence the red litmus paper changes to blue.
3. An alkali is a substance that changes red litmus paper to blue when the red litmus paper is dipped in an
alkali that has been dissolved in water.

Test Yourself 6.1 (pg. 142)

1. (a) Chemical that ionises in water to produce hydrogen ions, H+
(b) Chemical that ionises in water to produce hydroxide ions, OH–
2. Carbonic acid is a diprotic acid because when it ionises in water, one acid molecule produces two
hydrogen ions, H+.
3. (a) Washing powder was not dissolved in water before the experiment was carried out.
(b) Put 2 cm3 distilled water into a test tube containing washing powder and shake. Then, put in a red
litmus paper.
The washing powder only shows its alkaline properties in the presence of water because washing
powder that is dissolved in water can ionise to produce hydroxide ions, OH–.

1
Experiment 6.3 (pg. 146)
Interpreting Data:
1. When the concentration of hydrochloric acid, HCl decreases, pH value increases.
2. When the concentration of hydrochloric acid, HCl decreases, the concentration of hydrogen ions, H+
also decreases.
3. When the concentration of hydrogen ions, H+ decreases, pH value increases.
Discussion:
1. (a) The concentration of hydrogen ions, H+ decreases.
(b) pH value increases.
(c) The acidity of the aqueous solution decreases
2. When the concentration of hydrogen ions, H+ increases, pH value decreases and the acidity of the
aqueous solution increases.

Experiment 6.4 (pg. 147)

Interpreting Data:
1. When the concentration of sodium hydroxide solution, NaOH decreases, pH value decreases.
2. (a) The concentration of hydroxide ions, OH– decreases.
(b) pH value decreases.
(c) The alkalinity of the sodium hydroxide solution, NaOH decreases.
3. When the concentration of hydroxide ions, OH– increases, pH value increases and the alkalinity of the
sodium hydroxide solution, NaOH increases.

Test Yourself 6.2 (pg. 148)

1. pH = – log [H+]
2. pH = – log [H+]
= – log [0.001]
= – (–3)
=3
3. Ca(OH) → Ca2+ + 2OH–
0.05 mol dm–3 0.10 mol dm–3
pOH = – log [0.1]
= – (–1)
= 1.0
pOH of calcium hydroxide solution, Ca(OH)2 = 1.0
pH of calcium hydroxide solution, Ca(OH)2 = 14.0 – 1.0
= 13.0

Test Yourself 6.3 (pg. 151)

1. (a) A strong acid is an acid that ionises completely in water to produce high concentration of hydrogen
ions, H+
(b) A weak acid is an acid that ionises partially in water to produce low concentration of hydrogen
ions, H+
(c) A strong alkali is an alkali that ionises completely in water to produce high concentration of
hydroxide ions, OH–
(d) A weak alkali is an alkali that ionises partially in water to produce low concentration of hydroxide
ions, OH–
2. Ammonia, NH3 is a weak alkali whereas potassium hydroxide, KOH is a strong alkali. The
concentration of hydroxide ions, OH– in ammonia, NH3 is lower. Hence, the pH value of ammonia, NH3
is lower than the pH value of potassium hydroxide, KOH.
3. Nitric acid HNO3 is a strong acid that ionises completely in water to produce high concentration of
hydrogen ions, H+ whereas oxalic acid, C2H2O4 is a weak acid that ionises partially in water to produce
low concentration of hydrogen ions, H+. The higher the concentration of H+ ions, the lower the pH value.
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Activity 6.4 (pg. 152 – 155)
A. Reaction between acid and base
Discussion:
1. Copper(II) oxide powder dissolves in sulphuric acid, H2SO4.
2. Blue colour
3. CuO(s) + H2SO4(aq) → CuSO4(aq) + H2O(l)
4. Acid + Base → Salt + Water

B. Reaction between acid and reactive metal

Discussion:
1. Effervescence occurs. A ‘pop’ sound is produced when a lighted wooden splinter is put at the mouth of
the test tube.
2. Hydrogen gas
3. 2HCl(aq) + Zn(s) → ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g)
4. Acid + reactive metal → Salt + Hydrogen gas

C. Reaction between acid and metal carbonate

Discussion:
1. To ensure that all the nitric acid, HNO3 has completely reacted with the marble chips, CaCO3.
2. Filter the mixture in the test tube
3. (a) Calcium nitrate, Ca(NO3)2
(b) Carbon dioxide gas, CO2
4. 2HNO3(aq) + CaCO3(s) → Ca(NO3)2(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)
5. Acid + metal carbonate → salt + carbon dioxide gas + water

Test Yourself 6.4 (pg. 158)

1. (a) 2HCl(aq) + Ba(OH)2(aq) → BaCl2(aq) + 2H2O(l)
(b) 2HCl(aq) + Mg(s) → MgCl2(aq) + H2(g)
(c) 2HCl(aq) + ZnCO3(s) → ZnCl2(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)
2. (a) Alkali + acid → salt + water
(b) Alkali + ammonium salt → salt + water + ammonia gas
(c) Alkali + metal ion → insoluble metal hydroxide + cation from alkali

Activity 6.6 (pg. 161)

6g
1. Concentration =
0.2 dm3
= 30 g dm–3
0.4 mol
2. Concentration =
2 dm3
= 0.2 mol dm–3
3. Concentration = 0.5 mol dm–3 × [2(1) + 32 + 4(16)] g mol–1
= 49 g dm–3

1.989 g dm–3
4. Molarity =
(23 + 35.5) g mol–1
= 0.034 mol dm–3
5. Number of moles, n = 0.2 mol dm–3 × 2.5 dm3
= 0.5 mol NaOH

3
 0.1 mol dm–3 × 250 cm3
6. Number of moles, n =
1000
= 0.025 mol Ba(OH)2
Ba(OH)2 → Ba2+ + 2OH–
Since 1 mole Ba(OH)2 produces 2 moles OH–
0.025 mol Ba(OH)2 produces 0.05 moles OH–

Test Yourself 6.5 (pg. 161)

1. The mass of solute in 1 dm3 solution
2. g dm–3 and mol dm–3
0.03 mol
3. Molarity =
1.2 dm3
= 0.025 mol dm–3
4. Concentration = 2 mol dm–3 × [2(1) + 32 + 4(16)] g mol–1
= 196 g dm–3
1.9 g
5. Concentration =
0.1 dm3
= 19 g dm–3
Concentration = Molarity × molar mass
19 g dm–3 = 0.2 mol dm–3 × molar mass
1.9 g dm–3
Molar mass =
0.2 mol dm–3
= 95 g mol–1
Relative mass of MgY2 = relative atomic mass of Mg + relative atomic mass of Y
95 = 24 + 2n
2n = 95 – 24
= 71
71
n =
2
= 35.5
Relative atomic mass of element Y is 35.5

Activity 6.7 (pg. 162 – 163)

Discussion:
1. To ensure that all the sodium carbonate residue, Na2CO3 stuck to the wall of the beaker and filter funnel
has been transferred to the volumetric flask.
2. So that the prepared standard solution has the exact concentration as the concentration of the solution
that would be prepared.
3. Make sure that the eye level is at the observed meniscus level.
4. To prevent evaporation of water from happening that will change the concentration of the prepared
standard solution.

Activity 6.8 (pg. 165 – 166)

Discussion:
1. M1V1 = M2V2
(1.0)(V1) = (0.2) (100)
V1 = 20 cm3
2. 20 cm3 pipette

4
3. A beaker cannot accurately measure the volume of desired standard solution.
4. No. A pipette has been accurately calibrated and the volume of the solution that comes out of the pipette
is as shown on the pipette label.

Brain Teaser (pg. 165)

If the pipette is rinsed with distilled water, the remaining water droplets in the pipette will dilute the
solution

Activity 6.9 (pg. 167)

1. 2 mol dm–3 × V1 = 0.1 mol dm–3 × 50 cm3
0.1 mol dm–3 × 50 cm3
V1 =
2 mol dm–3
= 2.5 cm3
2. 0.5 mol dm–3 × 50 cm3 = M2 × 80 cm3
0.5 mol dm–3 × 50 cm3
M2 =
80 cm3
= 0.3125 mol dm–3
3. 1.2 mol dm–3 × 50 cm3 = 0.5 mol dm–3 × V2
1.2 mol dm–3 × 50 cm3
= V2
0.5 mol dm–3
V2 = 120 cm3
4. M1 × 50 cm3 = 0.2 mol dm–3 × 250 cm3
0.2 mol dm–3 × 250 cm3
M1 =
50 cm3
= 1.0 mol dm–3

Test Yourself 6.6 (pg. 167)

1. A solution whose exact concentration is known.
2. 0.15 mol dm–3 × V1 = 0.018 mol dm–3 × 500 cm3
0.018 mol dm–3 × 500 cm3
V1 =
0.15 mol dm–3
= 60 cm3
Hence, X = 60
3. 1.5 mol dm–3 × 25 cm3 = M2 × 150 cm3
1.5 mol dm–3 × 25 cm3
= M2
150 cm3
M2 = 0.25 mol dm–3
4. 0.2 mol dm–3 × 50 cm3 = 0.025 mol dm–3 × V2
0.2 mol dm–3 × 50 cm3
= V2
0.025 mol dm–3
V2 = 400 cm3
Volume of distilled water = 400 cm3 – 50 cm3
= 350 cm3

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Activity 6.10 (pg. 168)
1. (a) 2HCl(aq) + Ba(OH)2(aq) → BaCl2(aq) + 2H2O(l)
H+(aq) + OH–(aq) → H2O(l)
(b) H2SO4(aq) + 2KOH(aq) → K2SO4(aq) + 2H2O(l)
H+(aq) + OH–(aq) → H2O(l)
(c) HNO3(aq) + NaOH(aq) → NaNO3(aq) + H2O(l)
H+(aq) + OH–(aq) → H2O(l)

Activity 6.13 (pg. 170 – 171)

Interpreting data:
2. H+(aq) + OH–(aq) → H2O(l)

Discussion:
1. So that the colour change in the solution in the conical flask can be clearly observed.
2. If the conical flask is rinsed with potassium hydroxide solution, KOH before the titration, the actual
volume of KOH in the conical flask will exceed 25 cm3. More nitric acid, HNO3 will be required to
neutralise the potassium hydroxide solution, KOH. The calculation to determine the concentration of
the potassium hydroxide solution, KOH is inaccurate.
3. A point where the colour of the solution in the conical flask changes from pink to colourless when nitric
acid, HNO3 is titrated into the conical flask containing potassium hydroxide solution, KOH.

Activity 6.14 (pg. 173)

1. H2SO4 + 2NaOH → Na2SO4 + 2H2O
0.1(Va)
= 1
0.2(25)
1 0.2(25)
Va = ×
2 0.1
= 25 cm3
0.125(Va) 1
2. =
1(25) 2
1 1(25)
Va = ×
2 0.125
= 100 cm3
Total volume of solution = 100 cm3 + 25 cm3
= 125 cm3
3. 2HNO3 + Ca(OH)2 → Ca(NO3)2 + 2H2O
Ma(50) 1
=
0.25(50) 2
0.25(50)
Ma = 2 ×
50
= 0.50 mol dm–3
4. H2SO4 + 2KOH → K2SO4 + 2H2O
0.5(15) 1
=
Mb(20) 2
2 × (0.5)(15) = 1 × (Mb)(20)
Mb = 0.75 mol dm–3

6
Test Yourself 6.7 (pg. 174)
1. Reaction between an acid and an alkali to form salt and water only.
2. Yellow to orange
3. HNO3 + NH3 → NH4NO3
1(Va) 1
=
0.75(50) 1
Va = 0.75(50)
= 37.5 cm3
4. 2HCl + Ba(OH)2 → BaCl2 + 2H2O
0.05(Va) 2
=
0.1(25) 1
0.1(25)
Va = 2 ×
0.05
= 100 cm3
Ma(20) 1
5. =
0.1(10) 1
1 0.1(10)
Ma = ×
2 20
= 0.05 mol dm–3

6. 2HCl + CuO → CuCl2 + H2O

6g
Number of moles of CuO =
(64 + 16) g mol–1
= 0.075 mol
Based on the chemical equation,
2 mol HCl reacts with 1 mol CuO
0.15 mol HCl reacts with 0.075 mol CuO
M (500)
0.15 mol = a
1000
Ma = 0.3 mol dm–3

Test Yourself 6.8 (pg. 178)

1. Ionic compound formed when hydrogen ion, H+ in an acid is replaced with a metal ion or ammonium
ion, NH4+.
2. • Different crystals have different geometrical shapes
• Has specific geometrical shape such as cube, cuboid, rhombus and prism
• Has smooth surface, straight sides and sharp corners
• Has a fixed angle between two adjacent surfaces
3. (a) Ammonium phosphate is used as fertilizer.
(b) Sodium hydrogen carbonate is used to neutralize excess hydrochloric acid in the stomach.

Brain Teaser (pg. 180)

Insoluble salt. Even though lead(II) chloride, PbCl2 and lead(II) iodide, PbI2 salts dissolve in hot water, the
solubility of a salt refers to the solubility of the salt in water at room temperature and atmospheric pressure.

7
Activity 6.19 (pg. 181 – 182)
Discussion:
1. To determine the end point so that the volume of hydrochloric acid, HCl, V cm3 that is needed to
neutralize potassium hydroxide solution, KOH can be determined.
2. To prepare pure salt solution.
3. The crystals formed are those of a soluble salt. If the crystals are rinsed with a lot of distilled water, the
water-soluble crystals will dissolve in distilled water.
4. HCl(aq) + KOH (aq) → KCl(aq) + H2O(l)
5. Sodium nitrate salt and ammonium nitrate salt

Activity 6.20 (pg. 182 – 183)

Discussion:
1. To ensure that all the nitric acid, HNO3 has completely reacted.
2. The first filtration is to remove excess copper(II) oxide. The second filtration is to obtain copper(II)
nitrate, Cu(NO3)2 crystals.
3. CuO(s) + 2HNO3(aq) → Cu(NO3)2(aq) + H2O(l).
4. Yes. The reaction between nitric acid, HNO3 and copper(II) oxide, CuO produces salt and water.

Activity 6.21 (pg. 184)

Discussion:
1. Yes. To ensure that all sulphuric acid, H2SO4 has completely reacted with zinc, Zn.
2. Zn(s) + H2SO4(aq) → ZnSO4(aq) + H2(g).
3. Copper is not a reactive metal and is less electropositive than hydrogen in the electrochemical series.
Copper cannot react with dilute acid.

Activity 6.23 (pg. 185 – 186)

Discussion:
1. To remove dissolved impurities.
2. Crystal growth.
3. No. In order to purify a salt, the salt must first be removed from undissolved impurities by first
dissolving the salt in water.

Activity 6.24 (pg. 186 – 187)

Discussion:
1. BaCl2(aq) + Na2SO4(aq) → 2NaCl(aq) + BaSO4(s)
2. Ba2+(aq) + SO42–(aq) → BaSO4(s)
3. To remove sodium chloride, NaCl that might be stuck to the surface of barium sulphate, BaSO4.
4. Not suitable. Initially, the reaction between barium carbonate, BaCO3 and sulphuric acid, H2SO4
produces barium sulphate, BaSO4, carbon dioxide and water. However, barium sulphate, BaSO4 is not
soluble and covers the surface of barium carbonate, BaCO3. This prevents sulphuric acid from further
reacting with barium carbonate in the inner part.
5. • Copper carbonate salt
Copper(II) nitrate aqueous solution and sodium carbonate aqueous solution are needed
• Calcium sulphate salt
• Calcium chloride aqueous solution and magnesium sulphate aqueous solution are needed

Activity 6.25 (pg. 187)

1. (a) Ag+(aq) + Cl–(aq) → AgCl(s)
(b) Pb2+(aq) + CrO42–(aq) → PbCrO4(s)
(c) Cu2+(aq) + CO32–(aq) → CuCO3(s)

8
Experiment 6.6 (pg. 188 – 189)
Discussion:
1. So that the height of the precipitate formed is not affected by the space in the test tube.
2. From test tubes 1 to 4, more iodide ions, I– react with lead(II) ions, Pb2+. Thus, more lead(II) iodide
precipitate, PbI2 is formed and the higher is the height of the precipitate. In test tube 5, the height of the
precipitate is maximum because all the lead(II) ions, Pb2+ have reacted completely with iodide ions, I–
to form lead(II) iodide precipitate, PbI2. From test tubes 6 to 8, the height of the precipitate does not
change because all the lead(II) ions, Pb2+ have reacted completely with iodide ions, I–.

Brain Teaser (pg. 190)

2Ag+(aq) + CO32–(aq) → Ag2CO3(s)

Test Yourself 6.9 (pg. 190)

1. Soluble salts: NaNO3, NaCl, Pb(NO3)2, MgSO4, K2CO3, (NH4)2SO4, ZnCl2
Insoluble salts: BaSO4, CaCO3, AgCl, PbI2, BaCrO4
2. Calcium nitrate, sodium sulphate
Ca2+(aq) + SO42–(aq) → CaSO4(s)
3.
Glass rod

Spatula
Filter tunnel
Excess zinc
powder Zinc nitrate Evaporating
Filter paper solution, dish
Zn(NO3)2

Excess zinc Pipeclay

Nitric acid, triangle
HNO3 powder residue
Heat
Zinc nitrate
solution, Zn(NO3)2

Wash Zinc nitrate

bottle solution, Zn(NO3)2 Zinc nitrate Zinc nitrate
Filter solution, crystals, Zn(NO3)2
paper Zn(NO3)2
Distilled
water

Zinc nitrate
crystals, Zn(NO3)2

9
Activity 6.26 (pg. 191 – 193)
Interpreting data:
1. Gas test Observation Inference
A glowing wooden splinter relights when it is put in the
A Oxygen gas, O2 is released
test tube
A ‘pop’ sound is produced when a lighted wooden splinter Hydrogen gas, H2 is
B
is put near the mouth of the test tube released
Carbon dioxide gas, CO2 is
C Limewater turns cloudy
released
Moist red litmus paper turns blue Ammonia gas, NH3 is
D
A Pungent smell released
Moist blue litmus paper turns red and then white Chlorine gas, Cl2 is
E
A pungent greenish yellow gas is produced released
White fumes form when a glass rod dipped in concentrated Hydrogen chloride gas, HCl
F
ammonia is put near the mouth of the test tube is released
The purple colour of acidified potassium manganate(VII) Sulphur dioxide gas, SO2 is
G
solution, KMnO4 is decolourised released
A brown, pungent gas is produced Nitrogen dioxide gas, NO2
H
Moist blue litmus paper turns red is released
2. An acidic or alkaline gas only shows acidic and alkaline properties in the presence of water. Hence
litmus paper must be moistened.
3. Chemical test
Gas
Method Observation
Put a glowing wooden splinter in the The glowing wooden splinter
Oxygen gas, O2
test tube is rekindled
Put a lighted wooden splinter is near
Hydrogen gas, H2 A ‘pop’ sound is produced
the mouth of the test tube
Pass the colourless gas through
Carbon dioxide gas, CO2 Limewater turns cloudy
limewater
Put a moist red litmus paper near the The moist red litmus paper
Ammonia gas, NH3
mouth of the test tube turns blue.
Put a moist blue litmus paper near The moist blue litmus paper
Chlorine gas, Cl2
the mouth of the test tube turns red and is then bleached.
Put a glass rod dipped in
Hydrogen chloride gas, HCl concentrated ammonia, NH3 near White fumes are formed
the mouth of the test tube
The purple colour of acidified
Pass the colourless gas through
potassium manganate(VII)
Sulphur dioxide gas, SO2 acidified potassium manganate(VII),
solution, KMnO4 is
KMnO4 solution
decolourised
Put a moist blue litmus paper near The moist blue litmus paper
Nitrogen dioxide gas, NO2
the mouth of the test tube turns red
Discussion:
1. White fumes are produced.
2. Ammonium chloride gas, NH4Cl
3. Moist blue litmus paper turns red

10
Experiment 6.7 (pg. 194 – 195)
Interpreting Data
1. To detect presence of carbon dioxide gas, CO2
2. Carbon dioxide gas, CO2
3. Sodium carbonate, Na2CO3

Discussion
1. CaCO3(s) → CaO(s) + CO2(g)
ZnCO3(s) → ZnO(s) + CO2(g)
PbCO3(s) → PbO(s) + CO2(g)
CuCO3(s) → CuO(s) + CO2(g)
2. Carbonate salt → metal oxide + carbon dioxide gas
3. Potassium carbonate (K2CO3)

Experiment 6.8 (pg. 195 – 196)

Interpreting Data:
1. Sodium nitrate, NaNO3
2. Nitrogen dioxide gas, NO2
3. Glowing wooden splinter is rekindled. Oxygen gas, O2 is released.

Discussion:
1. • 2Mg(NO3)2(s) → 2MgO(s) + 4NO2(g) + O2(g)
• 2Zn(NO3)2(s) → 2ZnO(s) + 4NO2(g) + O2(g)
• 2Pb(NO3)2(s) → 2PbO(s) + 4NO2(g) + O2(g)
• 2Cu(NO3)2(s) → 2CuO(s) + 4NO2(g) + O2(g)
2. Nitrate salt → metal oxide + oxygen gas + nitrogen dioxide gas

Test Yourself 6.10 (pg. 197)

1. Sulphur dioxide gas, SO2
2. Brown gas is released. A black residue is formed.
3. Analysis of anion present in salt Y sample:
• Colourless gas that turns limewater cloudy is carbon dioxide gas, CO2
• Carbonate salt produces carbon dioxide gas when heated strongly
• Carbonate ion, CO32– present in salt sample Y
Analysis of cation present in salt Y sample:
• The heated residue that is yellow when hot, white when cold is zinc oxide, ZnO
• Zinc ion, Zn2+ present in salt sample Y
Hence, salt Y is zinc carbonate, ZnCO3

Activity 6.27 (pg. 198 – 199)

Interpreting Data:
1. (a) Iron(II) sulphate, FeSO4, copper(II) carbonate, CuCO3, copper(II) chloride, CuCl2
(b) Iron(III) chloride, FeCl3
(c) Copper(II) sulphate, CuSO4, copper(II) nitrate, Cu(NO3)2
(d) Ammonium nitrate, NH4NO3, potassium nitrate, KNO3, sodium chloride, NaCl, calcium
carbonate, CaCO3, calcium nitrate, Ca(NO3)2, magnesium sulphate, MgSO4, magnesium
carbonate, MgCO3, zinc sulphate, ZnSO4, zinc chloride, ZnCl2, lead(II) nitrate, Pb(NO3)2,
lead(II) chloride, PbCl2, lead(II) sulphate, PbSO4
2. (a) Copper(II) carbonate, CuCO3
(b) Copper(II) chloride, CuCl2
(c) Iron(II) sulphate, FeSO4

11
Discussion:
1. No. There are many various salts with the same colour.
2. Colourless
3. Soluble salts:
Iron(II) sulphate, FeSO4, copper(II) chloride, CuCl2, Iron(III) chloride, FeCl3, copper(II) sulphate, CuSO4,
copper(II) nitrate, Cu(NO3)2, ammonium nitrate, NH4NO3, potassium nitrate, KNO3, sodium chloride, NaCl,
calcium nitrate, Ca(NO3)2, magnesium sulphate, MgSO4, zinc sulphate, ZnSO4, zinc chloride, ZnCl2,
lead(II) nitrate, Pb(NO3)2
Insoluble salts:
calcium carbonate, CaCO3, magnesium carbonate, MgCO3, lead (II) chloride, PbCl2, lead(II)
sulphate, PbSO4, copper(II) carbonate, CuCO3
4. The salt that remains as solid in distilled water after the salt is put in a test tube containing distilled water.

Experiment 6.9 (pg. 202 – 203)

Interpreting data:
1. Carbon dioxide gas, CO2
2. (a) Silver chloride, AgCl
(b) Ag+(aq) + Cl– (aq) → AgCl(s)
3. (a) Barium sulphate, BaSO4
(b) Ba2+(aq) + SO42– (aq) → BaSO4(s)
4. (a) CO32– (b) Cl– (c) SO42– (d) NO3–

Discussion:
1. To remove any carbonate ions, CO32– that might be present in the solution
2. No. Without acid, the white precipitate formed could be silver carbonate, Ag2CO3 or silver chloride, AgCl.

Experiment 6.10 (pg. 205 – 207)

Interpreting data:
Based on Part A experiment:
1. (a) Iron(II) ion, Fe2+
(b) Iron(III) ion, Fe3+
(c) Copper(II) ion, Cu2+
(d) Calcium(II) ion, Ca2+, magnesium ion, Mg2+, aluminium ion, Al3+, zinc ion, Zn2+, lead(II) ion, Pb2+
2. Ammonium nitrate, NH4NO3. Ammonia gas, NH3.
3. (a) Zinc ion, Zn2+, aluminium ion, Al3+, lead(II) ion, Pb2+
(b) Calcium(II) ion, Ca2+, magnesium ion, Mg2+
Based on Part B experiment:
1. (a) Iron(II) ion, Fe2+
(b) Iron(III) ion, Fe3+
(c) Copper(II) ion, Cu2+
(d) Magnesium ion, Mg2+, aluminium ion, Al3+, zinc ion, Zn2+, lead(II) ion, Pb2+
2. Calcium nitrate, Ca(NO3)2, ammonium nitrate, NH4NO3.
3. (a) Zinc ion, Zn2+, aluminium ion, Al3+, lead(II) ion, Pb2+
(b) Magnesium ion, Mg2+, aluminium ion, Al3+, lead(II) ion, Pb2+
4. Copper(II) ion, Cu2+

Discussion:
1. Zinc ion, Zn2+
2. Zn2+(aq) + 2OH–(aq) → Zn(OH)2(s)

12
Experiment 6.11 (pg. 210 – 211)
Discussion:
1. Pb2+(aq) + 2I–(aq) → PbI2(s)
2. Sodium hydroxide solution, NaOH
Procedure:
1. Pour 2 cm3 salt solution into a test tube.
2. Add 2 cm3 sodium hydroxide solution, NaOH and shake.
3. Heat the mixture.
4. Put a moist red litmus paper at the mouth of the test tube.
Observation:
The moist red litmus paper turns blue. Hence, ammonium ion, NH4+ is present.
3. A white precipitate is formed. When heated, the white precipitate dissolves in hot water to form a
colourless solution. When cooled, the white precipitate forms again.

Test Yourself 6.11 (pg. 214)

1. Iron(II) ion, Fe2+
2. The gas produced is sulphur dioxide, SO2.
3. Calcium ion, Ca2+
4. Procedure:
1. Pour 2 cm3 salt solutions S1, S2 and S3 into three separate test tubes.
2. Add sodium hydroxide solution, NaOH to each test tube slowly until in excess.
3. Record the observations.
4. Repeat steps 1 to 3 using ammonia solution, NH3 to replace sodium hydroxide solution, NaOH.
Observation:
• The white precipitate dissolves in both alkali solutions to form a colourless solution. Hence, the salt
solution contains zinc ions, Zn2+.
• The white precipitate does not dissolve in excess of both alkali solutions. Hence, the salt solution
could contain lead(II) ions, Pb2+ or aluminium ion, Al3+.
Procedure:
1. Pour 2 cm3 salt solution of an unknown cation into a test tube.
2. Add some potassium iodide solution, KI. Shake the mixture until well mixed.
3. Heat the mixture. Record the observations.
4. Let the test tube cool in running water. Record the observation.
5 Repeat steps 1 to 4 for each solution of unknown cation.
Observation:
• A yellow precipitate is formed. The yellow precipitate dissolves when heated to produce a colourless
solution. The yellow precipitate forms again when cooled. Hence the salt solution contains lead(II)
ions, Pb2+.
• No precipitate is formed. The salt solution contains aluminium ions, Al3+.

Achievement Test 6 (pg. 216 – 217)

1. (a) (i) Diprotic acid
(ii) Monoprotic acid
(b) Acid P ionises in water to produce two hydrogen ions, H+ per molecule whereas acid Q ionises in
water to produce one hydrogen ion, H+ per molecule.
(c) The pH value of acid P is lower than acid Q.
Acid P is a strong acid whereas acid Q is a weak acid.
The concentration of hydrogen ions, H+ in acid P is higher. Thus, the pH value is lower.

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 (d) (i) H2SO4 + Zn → ZnSO4 + H2
(0.1(10)
(ii) n= = 0.001 mol
1000
1 mol HCl produces 1 mol H2
0.001 mol H2 is produced
Volume = 0.001 × 24
= 0.024 dm3
(e) (0.1)(V1) = (0.05)(100)
V1 = 50 cm3
Procedure:
1. Using a pipette, transfer 50 cm3 solution of acid P into a 100 cm3 volumetric flask.
2. Add distilled water until the level of solution is near to the calibration mark.
3. Add distilled water carefully with a dropper until the meniscus level of the solution aligns with the
calibration mark on the volumetric flask.
4. Put the stopper on the mouth of the volumetric flask and invert it several times until the solution is
thoroughly mixed.
25.10 + 25.20 + 25.30
2. (a) Average volume of sulphuric acid =
3
= 25.20 cm3
(b) H2SO4 + 2NaOH → Na2SO4 + 2H2O
(0.5)(25.20) 1
(c) =
Mb(25.0) 2
Mb = 1.008 mol dm–3
3. (a) (i) CuO
(ii) NO2
(iii) O2
(iv) Cu(NO3)2
(b) 2Cu(NO3)2(s) → 2CuO(s) + 4NO2(g) + O2(g)
(c) Procedure:
1. 2 cm3 of blue solution Y is added into the test tube.
2. 2 cm3 of dilute sulphuric acid, H2SO4 is added into the test tube followed by 2 cm3 iron(II)
sulphate solution, FeSO4.
3. The mixture is shaked.
4. A few drop of concentrated sulphuric acid, H2SO4 are dripped slowly down the wall of the
tilted test tube.
Observation:
Brown ring is formed. Nitrate ion, NO3– is present.
(d) Nitric acid, HNO3
Procedure:
1. Pour 20 cm3 2 mol dm–3 of nitric acid, HNO3 into a beaker. Heat the acid.
2. Using a spatula, add the black solid P gradually into the acid. Stir the mixture with a glass rod.
3. Keep on adding the black solid P until some of the solid is no longer dissolved.
4. Filter the excess black solid from the mixture.
5. Pour the filtrate into an evaporating dish and heat the filtrate until a saturated salt solution is
obtained.
6. Let the saturated solution cool until salt crystals form.

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 7. Filter the contents in the evaporating dish to obtain the salt crystals. Rinse the crystals with
some distilled water.
8. Dry the salt crystals between two pieces of filter paper.

Enrichment Corner (pg. 217)

1. Procedure:
Hot saturated
copper(II) sulphate
solution, CuSO4
300 g copper(II)
sulphate Excess copper(II)
Thread
powder, CuSO4 sulphate powder,
Glass CuSO4
rod

400 cm3 Copper(II) sulphate

hot water crystal, CuSO4

Hot saturated copper(II)

sulphate solution, CuSO4

Copper(II)
sulphate crystal,
CuSO4
Glass rod
Copper(II) sulphate
Nail varnish powder, CuSO4

Hot saturated copper(II)

sulphate solution, CuSO4

1. Dissolve 300 g copper(II) sulphate, CuSO4 in 400 cm3 hot water.

2. Stir the mixture with a glass rod.
3. Filter the mixture to remove excess solid copper(II) sulphate, CuSO4 solid.
4. Let the saturated solution cool.
5. Tie a small copper(II) sulphate crystal, CuSO4 with a thread.
6. Hang the crystal in the solution. Leave aside for a week.
7. Remove the large crystal formed. Then filter the copper(II) sulphate solution, CuSO4 to remove any
impurity in the copper(II) sulphate solution, CuSO4.
8. Repeat steps 6 and 7 as many times to obtain the desired crystal size.
9. Paint the copper(II) sulphate, CuSO4 crystal with colourless nail varnish so that it looks shiny.

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