NAME:- Akash Babel

ROLL NUMBER:- TCH 04

HEAT TRANSFER LAB.

EXPERIMENT:- 08

THE STUDY OF PHASE

CHANGE
 AIM:-
1. To study the phase change of a substance from liquid to solid by
plotting the cooling curve.
2. To determine the melting point of the given substance and to find
out the transition time.

 THEORY:-

The term change of phase means the same thing as the term change of state.
The change of phase always occurs with a change of heat. However the
temperature does not change. When we heat a solid, the energy supplied is
used to increase the kinetic energy of its molecules, and thereby its
temperature increases. Energy is required to melt a solid, because the
cohesive forces between molecules must be partially overcome to allow the
molecules to move about. Similarly, energy is required to vaporize a liquid,
because in so doing the molecules are separated and molecular attractive
forces are overcome. But there is no temperature change until a phase
change is complete. i.e. during phase change, the energy supplied is used
only to separate the molecules ; no part of it is used to increase the kinetic
energy of the molecules. So its temperature will not rise, since kinetic
energy of molecules remains the same.
The quantity of heat absorbed or released when a substance changes its
physical phase at constant temperature (e g. From solid to liquid at melting
point or from liquid to gas at boiling point) is termed as its latent heat. The
quantity of heat absorbed or released when unit mass of a substance changes
its physical phase at a given temperature is called specific latent heat. The
 constant temperature at which melting or boiling take place is known as the
melting or boiling point.

The process, phase transition is governed by Newton's law of cooling, which states
that, “the rate of change of temperature of an object is proportional to the
difference between its own temperature and the temperature of its surroundings."

i.e., ,
where , T is the temperature of the object
k is a positive constant
Ta is the temperature of the surroundings.
By studying the phase change of a substance from solid to liquid, one can determine
the melting point, latent heat of fusion etc of the substance.
In order to understand more about the theory of phase change, consider a sample
cooling curve for a substance with a melting point of 45°C
The flat portion of the graph represents the phase change from liquid to solid at the
constant melting temperature 450 C. The two curved portions represent cooling of
the liquid plus the tube (left) and cooling of the solid plus the tube (right). These
cool according to Newton’s law of cooling,

where T is the temperature of the sample, T0 is room temperature, and k is a positive

constant.
The heat loss rate of the liquid plus the boiling tube is likely to be the same as the
heat loss rate of the solid plus the tube for a given temperature difference (T-T0)
The specific heat C2 of the material undergoing phase change is, however, unlikely
to be the same for the liquid and the solid phases.
Thus we have

and

where upon it can be seen that the cooling constants in the liquid (l) and solid (s)
phases are related by the equation
 These cooling constants can be estimated by using the graph to estimate the
time te taken for the material plus the tube to cool to 1/e of their starting
temperature above room temperature. Then since the solution to the Newton’s law
of cooling differential equation is

we have k = 1/ te.

COOLING CURVE:-

The cooling curve has three distinct regions.

 The cooling region PQ for the liquid
 QR for the phase change
 RS for the solid
The temperature corresponding to the horizontal region QR of the cooling curve
gives the transition temperature. The time for phase change is noted from the
graph. It is given by the interval for the horizontal region QR of the graph. The rate
of cooling r = dθ/dt in the region RS is also calculated.

 PROCEDURE:-
FOR SIMULATOR
I. From the combo box Select Substance select the desired sample.
II. The mass of the substance can be varied by using the slider Mass of
the substance.
 III. The temperature of the surrounding can be selected by using the
slider Surrounding Temperature.
IV. The mass, radius and thickness of the boiling tube can be varied by
using the sliders given under the heading Boiling tube.
V. The experiment can be started by clicking on the Start the
Experiment button.
VI. Then the sample in the boiling tube begins to melt.
VII. The temperature of the sample can be noted from the digital
thermometer given in the simulator.
VIII. Also time can be noted from the stop-watch given in the simulator.
IX. The time-temperature observation is also plotted there.
X. There is an option Show Result. By clicking it, we can obtain the
melting point and the transition time of the sample.

 OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS:-

Mass of the sample, m2 = 20 kg

Specific heat capacity of glass,C1 = Jkg-1K-1
Specific heat capacity of sample,C2 = 165.69 Jkg-1K-1 OBSERVATION

TABLE:-
TIME TEMPERATURES
0 218
1 184.38
2 156.77
3 134.09
4 115.48
5 100.19
6 87.64
7 80.2
8 80.2
9 80.2
10 80.2
11 80.2
12 80.2
13 71.36
14 63.96
15 57.9
16 52.9
17 48.8
18 45.44
19 42.68
20 40.41
21 38.55
22 37.02
23 35.76
24 34.73
25 33.89
26 32.62
27 32.15
28 31.77
29 31.45
30 31.19
31 30.98
32 30.8
33 30.66
34 30.54

 RESULT:-

The cooling curve for the phase change of the sample is

studied. Transition time of the sample = 6 Mins.
Melting point of the sample = 80oC