Struktur Inti Atom

Pertemuan 1-2
MK Pendahuluan Fisika Inti
Let’s Check Slide Atomic Structure before you learn about the nucleus
Introduction: atoms and atomic nuclei
DNA
cells

~ 50 cm ~ mm = 10-6 m ~ 10-8 m

atom

All things are made of atoms.

~ 10-10 m
Introduction: atoms and atomic nuclei
DNA
cells

~ 50 cm ~ 10-8 m

atom

atomic nucleus

~ 10-15 m

~ 10-10 m
 proton (+e)

neutron (no charge)

electron cloud (-e)

Neutral atoms: # of protons = # of electrons

Chemical properties of atoms # of electrons
Mp ~ Mn ~ 2000 Me the mass of atom ~ the mass of nucleus
 Building Blocks

• Molecules consists of atoms.

• An atom consists of a nucleus, which carries almost all
the mass of the atom and a positive charge Ze,
surrounded by a cloud of Z electrons.
• Nuclei consist of two types of fermions: protons and
neutrons, called also nucleons.
• Nucleons consists of three quarks.

e = 1.6022 x 10-19 C
 Nuclear
Physics

1 fm = 10-15 m
Nucleus as a quantum many body system

Basic ingredients: charge mass (MeV) spin

Proton +e 938.256 ½+
Neutron 0 939.550 ½+
(note) n p + e- + ν (10.4 min)
1 Å = 10-10 m

1 fm = 10-15 m
 3 quarks
baryons

Try to define
what is quark?
What is quark
baryon? Any
other?
mp = 1.6726 x 10-27 kg mn = 1.6749 x 10-27 kg
= 938.26 MeV = 939.55 MeV
= 1.007276 u = 1.008665 u

Charge: e Charge: 0
 The Nucleus
The atomic nucleus consists of protons and neutrons
Protons and neutrons are generally called nucleons

A nucleus is characterized by:

• A: Mass Number = number of nucleons
• Z: Charge Number = number of protons Determines the Element
• N: Neutron Number Determines the Isotope

Of course A=Z+N

Usual notation:

Mass number A
12C

Element symbol – defined by charge number

C is Carbon and Z = 6

So this nucleus is made of 6 protons and 6 neutrons

 Mass
• Nuclear and atomic masses often given in
u: atomic mass unit
• 12.000 u = 12 daltons mass of a neutral 12C atom
• 1 u = 1.6605 x 10-27 kg
• Mass and energy are interchangeable –
E = mc2
where energy usually expressed in MeV
• 1 MeV = 1.602 x 10-13 J
• 1 u = 931.5 MeV/c2
Isotopes: same Z 40Ca, 42Ca, 44Ca
often, ‘isotope’ used instead of ‘nuclide’
isotopes have same Z, so same number of electrons => same chemistry
use radioactive isotope in place of stable one – can monitor
decay for tracer studies

Isotones: same N 40Ca, 42Ti, 44Cr

Isobars: same A 42Ca, 42Ti, 42Cr

Isodiaphors: same neutron excess 42Ca, 46Ti, 50Cr

isodiaphors

A A+1 A+ 2
E
Z +1 N -1 Z +1 N E Z +1 E N +1

Z A-1 A A+1
Y
Z N -1 Y
Z N Y
Z N +1
isotopes

A- 2 A-1 A
Z -1 X N -1 Z -1 XN Z -1 X N +1
isobars
isotones
 Classification of Nuclides
• Stable nuclei: 264; 16O
• Primary natural radionuclides: 26; very long
half-lives; 238U with t1/2 = 4.47 x 109 y
• Secondary natural radionuclides: 38; 226Ra
t1/2 = 1600 y decay of 238U
• Induced natural radionuclides: 10; cosmic
rays; 3H t1/2 = 12.3 y; 14N(n,t)12C
• Artificial radionuclides: 2-4000, 60Co, 137Cs…
Periodic Table
 Chart of Nuclei
• plot of nuclei as a function of Z and N
• “Not just one box per element”
 The Nucleus
1. Protons (positive charge)
2. Neutrons (neutral charge)
3. Nuclear Diameter ~10-15
m
(atomic diameter ~10-10 m)
The term “nucleon” refers to either a
proton or a neutron in the nucleus.
The term “nuclide” refers to a nucleus with
a specific number of protons and neutrons.
Stable Nuclides All Known Nuclides
 Proton-Electron Model
• Before the discovery of the neutron, it was assumed that a
nucleus is made of protons and electrons. WHY?
• The electric charge of a nucleus is, without exception, some
integer multiple of e, the absolute value of the charge on an
electron. At the same time, the nuclear mass is essentially given
by some integer A times the proton mass m,,. In the case of the
hydrogen nucleus, we have Z = A = 1. For a nucleus made of A
protons (asneutrons were not known), the charge should have
been Ae. Instead, it is observed to be Ze, with Z < A for all nuclei
beyond hydrogen. To get around this difficulty, it was proposed to
include A - 2 electrons in the nucleus to “neutralize” some of the
proton charges.
This simple model (Proton-Electron) fails when we include more
data into our study à Spin, Size, Magnetic moment, and the
interation
Check this out! WHY and HOW it happen
 Proton-Neutron Model

Try to figure how neutron can be found and how it can be

the final structure of nucleus!!!
 Interactions
• Electromagnetic
e- (lepton) bound in the atoms by the electromagnetic force
• Weak interaction
Neutrino observed in beta decay.
• Strong interaction
Quarks are bound in together by the strong force
in nucleons. Nuclear forces bind nucleons into
nuclei.
• Gravitation
Gravitational interaction between the elementary particles
is in practice very small compared to the other three.
 Interactions
The forces of elementary particle physics are associated with the exchange of particles.
An interaction between particles is characterized by both its strength and its range.

forces strength range (fm) exchange particle mass (eV) charge spin

gravitational 6x10-39 infinite graviton? 0 0 2

weak 1x10-6 2x10-3 W ,Z 91x109 1,0 1

electromagnetic 7x10-3 infinite photon 0 0 1

strong 1 1.5 pion 35x106 0 1

1 fm = 10-15 m
Force between two objects can be described as exchange of a particle – particle transfers
momentum and energy between the two objects, and is said to mediate the interaction
graviton – not yet observed
pions or pi mesons – between nucleons
 Binding Energy
The binding energy, EB(Z,N) is the amount it takes to remove all Z protons
and N neutrons from the nucleus and is given by the mass difference
between the nucleus and the sum of those of the (free) nucleons that make
up the nucleus,

Here M (Z ,N ) is the mass of the neutral atom, MH is the mass of a

hydrogen atom, and Mn is the mass of a free neutron. It is conventional to
use neutral atoms as the basis for tabulating nuclear masses and binding
energies, as mass measurements are usually carried out with most, if not
all, of the atomic electrons present.
After you get the equation, try to solve a problem using the
equation or the example