ejadah.

com

TECHNICAL TRAINING – PLUMBING

Agenda
 Objectives of the Training
 Basics of Plumbing
 Various types of pipes used for plumbing applications
 Labels used in Plumbing and drainage pipes
 PUMPS
 Various types of Pumps
 Pump terminology
 Selection of pumps
 Common pump problems and trouble shooting
 Pressurization Vessel SOP
 PLUMBING ACCESSORIES
 Valves
 PVC fittings
 Floor Drain and Covers
 Interceptors, grease traps and sand traps
 Gully traps, floor clean out, dry manhole and catch basins
 Pipe clamps, hangers and supports
 Plumbing Codes and Standards
 Plumbing works and Safety precautions
 Water testing, third party certificates and QHSE retirements
related to potable water
 Actions to be followed after microbiological test
 SOPs for Booster, Transfer and Sump Pumps
Objectives of the Training
ejadah.com

PLUMBING BASICS
PLUMBING – Basic Information

 The plumbing system is composed of two separate subsystems. One subsystem

brings freshwater in, and the other takes wastewater out.

 The water that comes into the premises is under pressure.

 As water comes into the premises, it passes through a water meter that registers
the amount of usage.

 The main water shutoff, or stop valve is typically located close to the water meter.

 In a plumbing emergency, it's vital that you quickly close the main shutoff valve.
Otherwise, when a pipe bursts, it can flood the premises in no time.
 PLUMBING FIXTURES & SYSTEMS
Riser runouts are pipes that connect the water main to the water risers. Water risers are water supply
pipes which extend vertically two or more stories to carry water to all the branch lines and fixtures.
Figure 1 shows the location of riser runouts and water risers. A branch is the pipe that carries water
from a riser to the fixtures. The piping to a fixture or piece of equipment is always called a branch.
Sometimes the pressure of the water supplied
from the public main or other source is less than
that required for proper plant operation. When
this happens, some method must be provided to
increase the pressure to an adequate level. Basic
systems for boosting the incoming water
pressures are:
• Gravity tanks
• Booster pumps.
Figure 1- Coldwater distribution system
 A gravity tank system is composed of an elevated, non-pressurized tank of adequate capacity and
pumps to raise the water for filling the tank. Water held in the tank flows by gravity to all outlets
in the building.
 The booster pump system is a tankless system. It has two or more pumps which deliver the water
directly to the distribution system at the required capacity and pressure.
Note - A bypass line can be used while working on the booster pump system to avoid interruption in
the water supply to the building.
 PLUMBING FIXTURES & SYSTEMS

Drainage systems do not depend on pressure, as supply systems do. Instead, waste matter leaves the
building because the drainage pipes all pitch, or angle, downward. Gravity pulls the waste along. The
sewer line continues this downward flow to a sewage treatment facility or a septic tank.
While the system sounds simple, there's more to it, including vents, traps, and clean outs. The vents
stacking up from the roof of your house allow air to enter the drainpipes. If there were no air supply
coming from the vents, wastewater would not flow out properly and the water in the traps would
need to be siphoned away.
Since a drainage system involves all of these components, it is usually referred to as the DWV: the
drain-waste-vent system. If water is to flow out freely and waste is to exit properly, all components
of the DWV must be present and in good working order.
PLUMBING FIXTURES & SYSTEMS
Stack is a vertical pipe that carries wastewater or air. There are three types of stacks: soil stacks,
waste stacks, and vent stacks.

Soil stacks are vertical pipes that extend from the building drain up through the roof. They are
connected to branch piping to carry the discharge of water closets and urinals to the building
drain. Discharge from other fixtures may or may not be included. Figure 2 shows the location of
soil stacks.

Figure 2- Soil and vent stack connections

Waste stacks are also vertical pipes that extend from the building drain up through the roof.
They carry the discharge of all fixtures, appliances, and appurtenances, other than water
closets and urinals, to the building drain.
 PLUMBING FIXTURES & SYSTEMS
Vent stacks extend vertically from the base of soil and waste stacks up through the roof. They may
reconnect with the soil or waste stack above the highest branch connection before extending
through the roof. Branch vents are connected to the vent stacks to provide ventilation throughout
the entire DWV system. Figure 1-3 shows the location of vent stacks.

Water flowing in a stack does not completely fill the cross-sectional area of the pipe. Stacks are sized
so that the water takes no more than a third of the cross-sectional area of the pipe when the stack is
flowing at its design capacity. The water travels down the walls of the stack with a core of air in the
center. Proper stack design keeps hydraulic and pneumatic pressure changes within safe limits for
the protection of trap seals.

A trap is a fitting or device that provides a liquid

seal to prevent the passage of air without
materially affecting the flow of sewage or
wastewater through it. Trap seal is the maximum
vertical depth of liquid that a trap will keep. It is
measured between the crown weir and the top
dip of the trap. Figure 3 shows a trap and trap
seal.

Figure 3- Typical fixture trap

PLUMBING FIXTURES & SYSTEMS
Pressure is the measure of force applied per unit area. Atmospheric pressure at the sea level is
approx. 14.7 psi

SI unit: Pascal

In SI base units: 1 N/m2, 1 kg/(m·s2), pounds per square inch PSI or 1 J/m3

There are also some traditional measures such as inches of water or inches of mercury which are
defined as the pressure exerted by a column of water (or mercury) of 1 inch height.

Pressure = Force / Area, P = F / A

1 bar = 100 Kilo Pascal or 100,000 Pascal or

14.5 PSI (Pounds per square Inch) or 29.52
Inches of mercury or 401.8 Inches of water
(10.2 Mts)
 PLUMBING FIXTURES & SYSTEMS

Flow is a measure of fluid output in

terms of volume per unit of time.
The flow rate can be measured in
meters cubed per second (m3/s), or in
liters per second (L/s) or litres per
minute, GPM

Smart meters are replacing analog and

other old technology meters, as these
intelligent meters offer characteristics
like real-time data management and
remote access.

Velocity refers to how fast the fluid is moving in distance per unit of time. The common units are feet
per second, meters per second, etc.
MECHANICAL FIELD - INTRODUCTION
Mechanics:
General study of relationships between motion, force and energy is called mechanics.

Energy:
The Energy of a body is its capacity to do work. It is measured by total amount of work that
the body can perform.
Or
In order to apply a force to cause another object to be displaced.

 Basically energy is of two types: Potential Energy and Kinetic Energy

 Potential Energy: It is also called as stored energy. It can be chemical,
Mechanical etc.
Potential Energy: P=MZ
 Where M equals to weight of the body in lb.
 Z equals to vertical distance above some reference point

 Kinetic Energy: Energy found in movement{ex: Gravitational, motion,

elastic)
K=mv2/2g
M equals to weight of the body
V equals to velocity in ft. /second
G equals acceleration due to gravity
MECHANICAL FIELD - INTRODUCTION
Motion:
The action or process of moving or being moved.
Types of motion:
Linear Motion:
Motion in a straight line.
Reciprocating Motion:
Linear motion that goes back and forth. (Example: piston in an internal combustion engine)
Rotary Motion:
Circular Motion (example: the hands of a clock moving, or a wheel or an axle)
Oscillating Motion:
Circular or arc motion (example: swing of pendulum)

Force:
Interaction between two or more objects which causes push or pull between the objects.
Force can cause an object with mass to change its velocity.

Velocity: Velocity is speed with direction

PUMPS are basically used for (Introduction Part):

 Flow from low pressure to High pressure
 Flow from low level to high level
 Flow for a faster rate
ejadah.com

TYPES OF PIPES
TYPES OF PIPES
TYPES OF PIPES - uPVC High Pressure Pipes
1. uPVC High Pressure Pipes & Fittings – (Unplastisized Poly Vinyl Chloride)
uPVC is highly suitable for both interior and exterior applications as well as for buried pipelines.
uPVC is light and clean to handle and can be easily jointed. uPVC high pressure pipes and fittings
satisfy the increasing demand for American and European standard pipes and fittings for Plumbing
applications that demand high operating pressure, high levels of toughness, chemical and
resistance along with cost effective installations. High Pressure uPVC pipes and fittings are widely
used in:

 Distribution of cold water under pressure.

 Air conditioning Drain Systems.
 Piping networks for swimming pools facilities & rainwater utilization.
 Cold fluids circulation in industries.
 Transport of chemicals and corrosive fluids in industries.

Application
Being odorless and tasteless, it is suitable for
conveying drinking water, raw water supply and
irrigation systems.
TYPES OF PIPES - uPVC Drainage Pipes
2. uPVC Drainage Pipes & Fittings

uPVC systems offers comprehensive solutions required to complete any domestic or industrial
drainage system.
uPVC drainage pipes and fittings are manufactured with both solvent welding sockets and rubber
ring (Push Fit) sockets, which satisfies the various requirements of projects, designers and
installers. Soil and waste systems provide an efficient means of drainage of waste water and foul
discharge in both single and multistory buildings.
The range includes traps, push-fit waste systems, solvent weld systems, push-fit overflow
systems, soil and vent systems, solvent weld overflow systems and a full range of floor gullies.
TYPES OF PIPES - uPVC / CPVC

3. uPVC underground drainage systems

Sewer drain pipes are a proven part of modern building

and civil engineering for sewerage and drainage
application. The sewer drain system is manufactured in
sizes from 110mm to 630mm. Pipes can be supplied
with either plain, solvent weld or integral push-fit joints.

4. CPVC – (Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride)

Thermoplastic CPVC is light, flexible, durable and provides
exceptional corrosion resistance. Due to these and other
properties of this high quality thermoplastic, substantial
savings can be realized during installation and ongoing
service life. CPVC can handle temperatures up to 210°F
(90°C). CPVC thermoplastic is highly resistant to acids,
alkalis, alcohols and many other corrosive materials. CPVC
is ideal for process piping as well as most service pipe
applications. CPVC thermoplastics will not rust, scale, pit
or corrode and will not be affected by electrolysis. This
range of pipes and fittings will guarantee many years of
no maintenance, leak-free service. For buried
applications, CPVC will not be affected by soil conditions
or galvanic corrosion.
 TYPES OF PIPES - PPR
5. PPR – (Polypropylene random copolymer)

PPR pipes and fittings are suitable for  Hot and cold potable water piping networks in residential
hot and cold water transfer in buildings, and commercial buildings.
underfloor and central heating systems.  Heating systems.
They can also be used for air ducts in  Chilled water networks in air conditioning systems, as an
industry and agriculture. These PPR effective light weight and corrosion free substitute for
systems have a high temperature and steel pipes.
pressure resistance and are suitable for
 Transport of wide range of chemicals in the industry.
drinking water. The outstanding
 Piping networks for rainwater utilization systems and
temperature rating up to 95 C and
swimming pools facilities.
pressure rating up to 25 Bar make PP-R
system the ideal solution for variety of  Compressed air installations and other industrial
applications including: applications
TYPES OF PIPES – PE-X
6. PE-X Pipes & Fittings – (Crosslinked polyethylene)

PEX pipes are manufactured to the German DIN standards from cross-linked high –density
polyethylene material. PEX pipes are used for long term applications in extreme levels of cold and hot
fluid transmission. These pipes require few directional fittings due to its high flexibility and strength.
PEX pipes can be used for application ranging from sub zero temperature up to 200 degree
Fahrenheit. Some of the applications of PEX pipes include:

 Hot & Cold water distribution. Industrial Applications

 Compressed air distribution networks.
 Radiators and under –flooring heating systems
 Transportation of chemicals in the industry
TYPES OF PIPES – GRP
7. GRP Pipes & Fittings – (Glass Reinforced Pipes)

GRP fittings are produced as standard to suit all three ranges of fibre cement pipes (AC), ductile
iron (DI) pipes and PVC Pipelines.
These are manufactured to DIN/BS/ASTM/JIS/AS/ASME/AWWA standards and can be
manufactured up to 1200 mm diameter. Special fittings can be tailor made for individual
applications. A full range of GRP fittings is available including bends, Tee’s, Y’s, reducers, end caps
and flange adaptors.
GRP fittings and joints are suitable for chemicals, effluents, seawater, and potable water
applications.
TYPES OF PIPES – COPPER

8. Copper pipes  This type of pipe is mostly used for hot and cold
water distribution, as well as being regularly
used in HVAC systems for refrigerant lines.
Although once used in gas piping, this is no
longer allowed in most jurisdictions.
 Copper piping works in both underground and
above-ground applications, but copper can be
affected by some soils and should be sleeved if
used underground. Due to the price of copper
and longer labor needed to install, many
builders are switching to alternative water
distributions piping, such as PEX.
 Copper comes in different thicknesses which
are labeled M, L, and K. M is the thinnest grade
of copper. Copper can be connected in different
ways, including compression fittings or with a
torch so you can sweat solder it.
 TYPES OF PIPES – GI

9. GI pipes ( Galvanized Iron)

 Galvanized pipe is steel or iron pipe that has

been galvanized with a zinc coating.
 This galvanized coating keeps the water from
corroding the pipe.
 Because of the amount of work that goes into
cutting, threading, and installing galvanized
pipe, it is rarely used in homes except for
limited use in repairs.
 Galvanized pipe is still considered a safe
transport for drinking water and is still seen in
larger commercial applications for water
distribution.
ejadah.com

LABELS USED IN PLUMBING AND DRAINAGE PIPES

LABELS ON PIPES
LABELS ON PIPES – SHORT FORMS

 CHILLED WATER SUPPLY (CHWS)

 CHILLER WATER RETURN (CHWR)

 HOT WATER SUPPLY (HWS)

 HOT WATER RETURN (HWR)

 CONDENSATE DRAIN WATER PIPE (CDP)

 COLD WATER SUPPLY (CWS)

 VENT PIPE (VP)

 SOIL PIPE (SP)

 WASTE PIPE (WP)

 RAIN WATER PIPE (RWP)

ejadah.com

SELECTION OF PUMPS AND COMMON PUMP PROBLEMS

WHAT IS PUMP?

A pump is a mechanical device used to move liquids

and gases. Pumps work by using mechanical forces to
move these liquids and gasses from one location to
another, either by physically lifting, or by the force of
compression.
 In fluid systems, pumps are used to keep the fluid
moving in a useful way.
 Typically pumps are used to move fluid upwards
through pipes. The pumps provide enough push to
keep the fluid flowing against the pull of gravity
and friction.
TYPES OF PUMPS
TYPES OF PUMPS
 CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS
 The most common type of pumps are the centrifugal pumps. Centrifugal pumps are used to
induce flow or raise a liquid from a low level to a high level.
 These pumps work on a very simple mechanism. A centrifugal pump converts rotational energy,
often from a motor, to energy in a moving fluid.
 The two main parts that are responsible for the conversion of energy are the impeller and the
casing. The impeller is the rotating part of the pump and the casing is the airtight passage which
surrounds the impeller.
 In a centrifugal pump, fluid enters into the casing, falls on the impeller blades at the eye of the
impeller, and is whirled tangentially and radially outward until it leaves the impeller into the
diffuser part of the casing.
 While passing through the impeller, the fluid is gaining both velocity and pressure. The rotating
impeller creates what is known as centrifugal force, giving this pump design its name. The pump
can be driven by an electric motor or engine.
 TYPES OF PUMPS

ii. THE ROTARY PUMP is a positive- displacement pump. This means that for each revolution of the
pump, a fixed volume of fluid is moved regardless of the resistance against which the pump is
pushing. The drawback of a rotary pump is blockages in the system can result in damages to the
pump or leakages in the system.

iii. PISTON PUMPS use a rotating bar with a notch cut out of one area. As the piston rotates in a
chamber, the notch passes the inlet hole and "catches" a precise amount of fluid. As the piston
rotates, the notch passes the discharge hole and "releases" the fluid. The advantage here is that
very precise amounts of fluid can be released.

iv. METERING PUMPS, also known as dosing pumps, move precise volumes of fluid in a specified
time period to provide accurate flow rates. This class of pumps moves fluids in two stages: the
suction stroke and the discharge stroke. During the suction stroke, fluid is pulled into the pump
cavity past the inlet check valve. During the discharge stroke, the inlet valve closes; the outlet
valve opens, and the fluid pushed out. Vary the flow either by changing the stroke length or by
adjusting the cycle frequency.

v. SUBMERSIBLE PUMPS are hermetically sealed motor close-coupled pumps. The whole pump is
to be submerged in the fluid to be pumped. The advantage of submersible pumps are that it can
provide a significant lifting force as it does not rely on external air pressure to lift the fluid
TYPES OF PUMPS
vi. MULTISTAGE PUMPS are defined as pumps in which the fluid flows through several impellers fitted in
series.
 The head of a single-stage centrifugal pump is largely governed by the type of impeller and the
circumferential speed.
 If the rotational speed cannot be increased due to other operating conditions and a larger impeller
diameter would lead to very low specific speeds resulting in uneconomical efficiencies, fitting several
stages in series (also see Series operation) can be an economic option of increasing the head.
 If the number of stages is altered at unchanged dimensions and speeds, the flow rate of such a
multistage pump remains constant while the power input and head increase proportionally to the
number of stages.
 An example of a pump with several stage casings of the same type fitted in tandem arrangement is the
ring-section pump. This type of pump is often used in power station applications, e.g. as a boiler feed
pump and in industrial applications requiring high pressures.
TYPES OF PUMPS
vii. SPLIT CASING PUMPS are convenient to dismantle. Dismantling of the top casing allows
inspection of all components within including the impeller which, does not have to be dismantled
for seal change. Split casing pumps are typically large immobile pumps.

viii. SLURRY PUMPS are designed to pump slurry, i.e. fluid which contains more solids than liquid. The
solids typically range from 2 microns upwards. This does not mean that a slurry pump must be
used for every application with a trace amount of solids, but at least a slurry pump should be
considered. Wet clay is an example of slurry.
ix. SELF-PRIMING PUMPS are pumps that do not need manual re-priming of the pump. Priming is
achieved by adding liquid into the pump casing to displace or evacuate the entrained air by
expelling it. Non-self priming pumps such as straight centrifugal pumps are not able to develop
suction without priming.
PDP&DHP PUMPS - COMPARISON

Comparison

PDP ( Positive Displacement

DHP ( Dynamic Head Pump)
Parameters Pump)

Pressure High Low

Flow Rate Low High
Applications Fluid power Fluid transportation

Light liquid ( low viscosity) e.g.:

Fluid Heavy liquids( High viscosity) e.g.: oils water
Relief( Safety valve) Needed Not needed
Flow control valve Can’t be used Used

Needed at delivery side and

Check( Non return valve) Needed at delivery side only sometimes at suction side

The pump simply stirs the liquid in

its casing. After long time the liquid
The pump continues displacing liquid temperature rises and may destroy
at the same rate till causing damage items with low temperature
What if closed the delivery valve to the weakest part in the pump tolerance.
Filter Fine filter Coarse filter
PUMP TERMINOLOGY

NPSH – Nett positive suction head – total head at pump suction branch over and above the vapour
pressure of the liquid being pumped. The pressure at which the liquid vaporizes is known as the vapor
pressure and is always specified for a given temperature. If the temperature changes, the vapor
pressure changes.

NPSHr – NPSH required – is a function of the pump design and is the lowest value of NPSH at which
the pump can be guaranteed to operate without significant cavitation. Cavitation occurs when the
Available Suction Head is less than required for a specific pump. When Suction Pressure is too low,
fluid vaporizes. The created bubbles collapse as they encounter increased pressure while exiting the
impeller, resulting in Cavitation.

NPSHa — NPSH available – is a function of the system in which the pump operates and is equal to the
absolute pressure head on the liquid surface plus the static liquid level above the pump centerline
(negative for a suction lift) minus the absolute liquid vapour pressure head at pumping temperature
minus the suction friction head losses.
 PUMP TERMINOLOGY
Head – A measure of pressure, expressed in meters for centrifugal pumps. Indicates the height of a
column of water being moved by the pump (without friction losses).
Static Head – The hydraulic pressure at a point in a fluid when the liquid is at rest.
Friction Head – The loss in pressure or energy due to frictional losses in flow.
Discharge Head – The outlet pressure of a pump in operation.
Static Discharge Head – Maximum vertical distance (in meters) from pump to point of discharge with
no flow.
Total Head – The total pressure difference between the inlet and outlet of a pump in operation.
Suction Head – The inlet pressure of a pump when above atmospheric pressure.
Suction Lift – The inlet pressure of a pump when below atmospheric pressure.
PUMP SELECTION
How to Select the Right Pump

In selecting a pump to meet the pumping requirements, there are three (3) basic characteristics that
must be considered:
 the desired discharge head, i.e. the pressure (If you point the discharge of a pump straight up into
the air it will pump the fluid to a certain height, that height is known as "Head".)
 the desired flow rate, i.e. the capacity
 the characteristics of the fluid
The desired discharge head, desired flow rate and characteristics of the fluid are pre-determined when
they system is first designed. Once the three have been established, the selection of the pump can
then begin. Characteristics of the fluids can also influence the desired discharge head, e.g., higher
pressure is required to pump thicker fluids.

Selecting the Right Pump Type

The characteristics of the fluid have to be considered when selecting the type and material used to
construct the pump. For example, a slurry pump is better suited if the liquid contains high amounts
of solids, or a plastic pump if the liquid is acidic in nature.
PUMP SELECTION
Selection Based on Pump Curves
Once you have determined the head, flow rate and pump type, the next step in choosing a pump is to
refer to the pump curves and select a model that can pump at the desired discharge head and flow
rate.
To begin, draw a vertical line from the desired flow rate and a horizontal line from the desired
discharge head. Mark the point where both the lines meet with an "X". The pump model with the
performance curve that passes closes to the marked point is the best pump to meet the desired head
and flow rate. Refer to the following illustration.

 If the point falls between two curves,

you should select the curve that passes
over the point rather than under it.

 In the case of the above illustration,

Model 2 will be the pump that best
meets the desired discharge head and
flow rate, as the curve passes above the
point.

 Selecting a pump curve above the point

will ensure that the pump has sufficient
capability to meet the desired head.
COMMON PUMP PROBLEMS
Cavitations

 Cavitations is the formation of pockets of vapor in a liquid. This process is caused by low pressures
in the liquid. When the local ambient pressure at a point in the liquid falls below the liquid's vapor
pressure, the liquid undergoes a phase change to a gas, creating "bubbles," or, more accurately,
cavities, in the liquid.

 When there is gas on one side of an impeller blade and fluid on the other, there is a force applied
on the blade due to the pressure imbalance. This force may be enough to damage the pump.

 Damage is also done when the vapor bubble collapses back into fluid and causes an immense
pressure pulse. This pressure hits the nearest solid object (usually the pump impeller) and
generally will carve out little pieces of the impeller. Similarly, ship propellers generally have little
pits in them because of these bubbles. This effect is called "water hammer."

Cavitation in pumps may occur in two different forms:-

Suction cavitation
 Suction cavitation occurs when the pump suction is under a low pressure/high vacuum condition
where the liquid turns into a vapor at the eye of the pump impeller. This vapor is carried over to
the discharge side of the pump where it no longer sees vacuum and is compressed back into a
liquid by the discharge pressure. This imploding action occurs violently and attacks the face of the
impeller. An impeller that has been operating under a suction cavitation condition has large
chunks of material removed from its face causing premature failure of the pump.
COMMON PUMP PROBLEMS
Discharge cavitation
 Discharge cavitation occurs when the pump discharge is extremely high. It normally occurs in a
pump that is running at less than 10% of its best efficiency point.
 The high discharge pressure causes the majority of the fluid to circulate inside the pump instead of
being allowed to flow out the discharge.
 As the liquid flows around the impeller it must pass through the small clearance between the
impeller and the pump cutwater at extremely high velocity.
 This velocity causes a vacuum to develop at the cutwater (similar to what occurs in a venturi) which
turns the liquid into a vapor.
 A pump that has been operating under these conditions shows premature wear of the impeller
vane tips and the pump cutwater.
 In addition due to the high-pressure condition premature failure of the pump mechanical seal and
bearings can be expected. Under extreme conditions this can break the impeller shaft.

Cavitation damage on an impeller

COMMON PUMP PROBLEMS

Dry Running

 Dry running occurs when a pump is running with insufficient or totally no fluids in the pump. Some
pumps are designed for dry running and some aren't.

 An example is the centrifugal pump which performs poorly under dry running conditions.
Centrifugal pumps can only function if the volute (casing) of the pump is totally filled with fluids.

 Dry running occurs when the volute is not totally filled with fluid, damaging the internal
components of the centrifugal pumps and causing efficiency to be reduced.

 If dry running is continued for prolonged periods the pump will break down altogether. Symptoms
of dry running are burn marks on the internal components of the pump.

 However, peristaltic pumps and metering pumps are pumps designed to function normally under
dry running conditions.

 Hence, depending on application, the selection of the right pump for the right job is essential to
prolong the useful life of the pump and to minimize breakdowns.
COMMON PUMP PROBLEMS

Little or no discharge

 Casing not initially filled with water. (Fill pump casing---prime pump)
 Total head too high. (Shorten suction and/or head)
 Suction lift too high , or too long (Lower suction lift, install foot valve and prime, or shorten
length of suction line)
 Impeller plugged (Clean impeller)
 Hole or air leak in suction line (Repair or replace; do not use Teflon tape; use pipe sealing
compound)
 Foot valve too small (Match foot valve to piping or install one size larger foot valve)
 Foot valve or suction line not submerged deep enough in water (Submerge lower in water--at
least 3 feet)
 Impeller damaged (Replace impeller)
 Insufficient inlet pressure or suction head ( Increase inlet pressure by adding more water to tank
or increasing back pressure)
 Suction piping too small (Increase to pump inlet size or one size larger)
 Motor wired incorrectly (Check wiring diagram)
 Casing gasket or "O" ring leaking (Replace)
 Suction or discharge valve closed (Open)
 Pump flow is greater than well flow capacity (Match pump flow to well capacity)
COMMON PUMP PROBLEMS

Loss of suction

 Air leak in suction line (Repair & replace)

 Suction lift too high (Lower suction lift, install foot valve and prime)
 Insufficient inlet pressure or suction head (Increase inlet pressure by adding more water to
tank or increasing back pressure)
 Clogged foot valve check valve or strainer (Unclog)
 Defective foot valve or check valve (Replace)
 Defective priming hose bibb on suction pipe (Replace)
 Defective well (Repair or replace)

Motor Overheats and Shuts Off (Overload)

 Motor voltage does not match power supply voltage (Check motor connection against wiring
diagram on the motor nameplate and against the power supply voltage)
 Improper wire size (Consult with a licensed electrician or refer to the National Electrical Code
for definite guide to wire size and circuit protection devices)
 Impeller is rubbing against pump case or not turning freely (Dismantle pump, unclog or replace
the impeller)
 Low voltage at the motor (Make sure electrical connections are tight)
COMMON PUMP PROBLEMS
Pump leaks at shaft

 Worn mechanical seal / gland packing (Replace mechanical seal / gland packing)

Pump vibrates and/or makes excessive noise

 Mounting plate or foundation not rigid enough (Reinforce)

 Foreign material in pump (Dismantle pump and clean)
 Impeller damaged (Replace impeller)
 Worn motor bearings (Replace bearings)
 Suction lift too high ( Lower suction lift, install foot valve and prime)

Pump will not deliver water or develop pressure

 No priming water in casing (Fill pump casing)

 Mechanical seal leaking (Replace mechanical seal)
 Leak in suction line (Repair or replace)
 Discharge line is closed and priming air has nowhere to go (Open)
 Suction line or valve is closed (Open)
 Pump is down (Replace worn parts)
 Foot valve or check valve is leaking ( Replace valve)
 Suction screen clogged (Clean or replace)
COMMON PUMP PROBLEMS

Pump will not prime

 No priming water in casing (Fill pump casing)

 Mechanical seal leaking (Replace mechanical seal)
 Leak in suction line (Repair or replace)
 Discharge line is closed and priming air has nowhere to go (Open)
 Suction line or valve is closed (Open)
 Pump is down (Replace worn parts)
 Foot valve or check valve is leaking ( Replace valve)
 Suction screen clogged (Clean or replace)

Pump will not start or run

 Improperly wired (Check wiring against diagram on motor)

 Blown fuse or open circuit breaker (Replace fuse, reset circuit breaker)
 Loose or broken wiring (Tighten connections, replace broken wiring
 Stone or foreign object lodged in impeller (Dismantle pump and remove foreign object)
 Motor shorted out (Replace motor)
 Thermal overload has opened circuit (Allow unit to cool, restart after reason for overload has
been determined)
ejadah.com

PRESSURE VESSEL – SOP

PRESSURE VESSEL
PRESSURE VESSEL - PPM
 Check the pressure vessel for defective
diaphragm or ruptured bladder.

 Record the vessel air pressure. Top up as

required.

Note - Prior to operation, with the tank, empty of water, the pressure should be 2psi below the cut-
on pressure. So, for example, with a 30-50 pressure switch (factory default setting), air pressure in
the tank will equal 28psi.
If the pressure switch is adjusted to 40-60, the cut-on pressure will be 38psi. Furthermore, always
set the pressure switch to reflect a 20psi differential between cut-on and cut-off.
If the pump cycles too quickly causing the pump to cut on and off, setting the pressure switch to a
higher on/off setting should slow down the cycling. Remember to adjust the air pressure in the tank
to reflect the new cut -on pressure.
ejadah.com

PLUMBING ACCESSORIES
VALVES

i. Valves - Valves are used to stop and regulate the flow of water, and each type of valve has its pros
and cons and applications for which it is best suited. Most valves in a residential plumbing system
are part of the water supply system and are used to control the flow of pressurized water from the
water utility or a private well. Depending on the design of the valve, they may be best suited for
simple ON-OFF control of the water flow, or they may be designed instead for adjusting the volume
of the water flow.

Most valves are available in different materials, including bronze, brass, and PVC plastic. Make sure to
choose materials appropriate to the type of pipe used in the plumbing system.

Gate Valve - Gate valves are among the most commonly used valves in plumbing applications. Gate
valves control water flow by raising or lowering an internal gate by use of a twist-type handle or knob
located at the top of the valve. Gate valves should never be used to control the volume of flow—they are
designed to be fully open (allowing full flow) or fully closed (stopping the flow entirely). Using them to
adjust water flow can wear out these valves. Gate valves are very reliable for closing off the water
supply, and they are commonly used as shutoff valves on main and branch water supply lines, although
ball valves are gradually becoming more popular in these applications.

Because internal metal parts may corrode, it is not uncommon for a gate valve to get stuck in an ON or
OFF position. They are most commonly used in applications where the water needs to be shut off only
infrequently.
TYPES OF VALVES

Cut away of a Gate Valve

TYPES OF VALVES
BALL VALVE - Ball valves are perhaps the most reliable type of valve and are commonly used for main
water shutoffs and for branch line shutoffs. Like gate valves, a ball valve is designed as an all-or-nothing
valve—they should be either fully open to allow full flow, or fully closed to stop all water flow. Internally,
these valves have a ball with a hole in the middle, which is connected to a lever-type outer handle.
When the handle is parallel to the water supply pipe, the valve is open; when it is perpendicular, the
valve is closed.

This handle serves as a handy visual aid so you know at a glance whether the water is ON or OFF.

Cut away of a Ball Valve

TYPES OF VALVES
GLOBE VALVE - Globe valves are used to regulate or throttle the flow of water in plumbing
applications. This type of valve gets its name from the bulge in the body of the valve, a shape not
found in other valve types. The handle on a globe valve is usually a twist knob.
Globe valves are usually installed when the flow of water needs to be regulated or when it needs to
be adjusted regularly. The internal design features contain a stopper on the end of a valve stem,
which is raised and lowered by the valve's twist knob. When the stem forces the stopper down
against the interior valve seat, water flow is halted entirely.

The stem can be raised incrementally away from the valve seat to precisely control the volume of
water flowing through the valve.

Because globe valves are good for regulating flow, they are often used for outdoor faucets (hose
bibs) and similar utility faucets.
TYPES OF VALVES
BUTTERFLY VALVE - Externally, butterfly valves resemble ball valves, since they have a lever-type handle
that opens and closes the valve. Internally, the design uses a metal disc that rotates to regulate the flow
of water. Because the water flows around the disc, which is at the center of the valve, the water flow is
reduced somewhat, even when the valve is fully open.

Unlike a ball valve, which is intended as an ON-OFF valve, a butterfly valves can precisely adjust the
volume of flow. One notable drawback of a butterfly valve is that the gasket inside the valve can present
maintenance issues after a few years.

Butterfly valves are used primarily in industrial applications and are not commonly found in household
plumbing systems

Flange Butterfly Valve

TYPES OF VALVES
FIXTURE SHUTOFF VALVE (STOP VALVE) - Fixture shutoff valves are small valves with small twist handles
or knobs, used to control water flow to individual plumbing fixtures, such as faucets and toilets. There
are straight versions and 90-degree-angle versions (also known as angle valves or angle stops). Shutoff
valves allow you to work on a faucet or other fixture without having to shut off the water to the whole
house at the main shutoff valve.

Externally, fixture shutoff valves resemble small gate valves, since they usually have a small knob or
wheel that turns to open and close the valve. Internally, fixture shutoff valves can use one of several
different designs. Some types use a simple compression washer that opens and closes against a valve
seat operated by the valve handle. Others use a diaphragm design, in which the valve stem controls a
flexible diaphragm that presses down against a valve seat opening to stop the flow of water.

Stop Valve – Angle and Straight

TYPES OF VALVES
PRESSURE-REDUCING VALVE

 Water pressure-reducing valves are installed to reduce the overall water pressure in a plumbing
system to the desired or accepted limits.
 They normally have a spring and diaphragm that is adjusted to a specific limit, depending on the
pressure of the water supply.
 Pressure-reducing valves are not used to open or close the water flow, but rather to throttle it
down to reduce overall water pressure.
 They are commonly used in homes that receive relatively high-pressure water from the municipal
water supply, where the pressure might be sufficient to damage house plumbing systems and
appliances.
There are three types of PRVs.
1) Direct-Acting. The direct-acting type operates with either a flat diaphragm or convoluted bellows.
Completely self-contained, it does not need an external sensing line downstream to operate.
TYPES OF VALVES

Internally Piloted Piston-Operated. This type

incorporates a pilot and main valve in one
unit. The pilot valve has a design similar to
the direct-acting valve. The discharge from
the pilot valve acts on top of the piston,
which opens the main valve.

Externally Piloted. In this type, double

diaphragms replace the piston operator of the
internally piloted design. This increased
diaphragm area can open a larger main valve,
allowing a greater capacity per line size than
the internally piloted valve.
TYPES OF VALVES
Check Valve (Non-return valve)
 A check valve is a specialty valve used to keep water flowing in one direction only and
prevent flow in the opposite direction.
 Most types are not operational, and therefore do not have control handles. A back-flow
preventer, of the type often found on outdoor faucets (hose bibbs) and on lawn sprinkler
systems, is one example of a check valve.
 Check valves can use different types of inner mechanisms, include ball-check designs and
diaphragm check designs.
 An operational type of check valve, known as a stop-check, can be used to completely
stop all water flow in both directions.
TYPES OF VALVES
FOOT VALVE
 A foot valve is a type of check valve that is typically installed at a pump or at the bottom of a
pipe line (hence the name).
 Foot valves act like ball check valves, but have an open end with a shield or screen over it to
block debris from entering the line. The valve opening is designed to be larger than the line
itself, minimizing head loss.
 Foot valves can be found in ponds, pools and almost anywhere there is a pump. These special
valves allow the pump to stay primed, letting liquid to flow in, but keeping it from flowing
back out.
 The screens or baskets that cover the valve opening tend to get clogged over time, especially
in ponds and wells. It is important to check and clean your valves regularly for optimum
performance.

Brass foot valve and parts of a PVC foot valve

PVC FITTINGS
PVC FITTINGS
PVC FITTINGS
PVC FITTINGS
PVC FITTINGS
PVC FITTINGS
PVC FITTINGS
PVC FITTINGS
OTHER ACCESSORIES
Floor Drain and Covers

Interceptors, grease traps and sand traps

OTHER ACCESSORIES
Gully traps, floor clean out, dry manhole and catch basin
OTHER ACCESSORIES
Pipe clamps, hangers and supports
 Piping designers specify supports for piping systems based on the design conditions specified prior to
construction.
 During construction and years of operation, many of the initial design specs may change, such as operating
temperatures, pressures and flow rates.
 Periodic inspection is necessary to evaluate the status of the individual pipe supports and overall support of
the piping system.
 Safety of the system is an important consideration when considering replacement of individual pipe
supports or recalibration of the entire support system.
 Check the beam attachment, pin and the spring hanger attachment for any cracks, fractures, or signs of
corrosion.
 Replace if found defective or unacceptable condition.
OTHER ACCESSORIES
ejadah.com

PLUMBING CODES & STANDARDS

CODES & STANDARDS

Plumbing Codes and Standards

 The words code and standard are similar but they have different meanings. Codes
are laws. They usually are based on standards.
 Codes have requirements that must be obeyed. They form the basis for legal
obligations.
 Standards usually are developed by voluntary committees made up of persons
interested in the subject. When standards become codes, then they must be
obeyed.
 Plumbing codes establish the minimum requirements for designing, selecting
materials for, building, testing, and inspecting safe plumbing systems.
 Revisions are made from time to time to incorporate any new developments in the
field.
 Plumbing codes may be adopted by a city, county, or state. Standards are issued by
various plumbing organizations. Some of the major ones are:
INSTITUTES FOR STANDARDS
ABBREVIATIONS
ABBREVIATIONS
 SAFETY PRECAUTIONS
Plumbing works and Safety precautions
 Be familiar with chemicals like drain cleaning acid, solder, adhesives, and solvents that you
use on the job. Use Safety Data Sheets (SDS) to learn about the chemical properties, health
hazards, and required personal protective equipment (PPE) that you will need.
 Chemical and material exposures are common for plumbers, so get training on the potential
hazards at the job sites that you are assigned.
 Find out if your jobsite has asbestos, lead paint, or mold. Make sure that it is abated and
Flexible Ducts Fiber board Ducting Fiberglass lined ducts
cleaned up before you begin any work that may disturb it. If you must disturb lead, asbestos,
or mold, get certified for the work and use the required work practices.
 Working in plumbing shaft, manhole, tanks etc. these types of Plumbing work areas are not
always easy to access or work in.
 Learn how to identify confined spaces and follow confined space procedures if you must
enter one. Avoid oxygen deficient atmospheres and be aware that hydrogen sulfide, a
byproduct of sewage decomposition, can build up to unhealthy levels. Use air monitors to
assure your safety.
 When you work in awkward positions or perform repetitive manual tasks, you are at risk for a
musculoskeletal disorder.
 Make sure to use proper lifting techniques and keep your back straight while working.
Manual Damper Motorized Damper
SAFETY PRECAUTIONS

 Plumbers work in wet environments, so wear appropriate footwear to avoid slips,

trips, and falls. Make sure you have a sturdy shoe with a protective toe box and a
non-slip sole.
 Keep your work areas clear of clutter and equipment to make it easier to move
around and avoid a fall. You can get burns from hot equipment parts, steam lines,
and the release of hot water or steam.
 Use heat-insulating gloves and eye/face shields and make sure to drain pipes before
you open them up.
 Avoid exposure to sewage by wearing gloves, coveralls, rubber boots, eye protection,
washing your hands, and decontaminating your equipment after use.
 After working with raw sewage or soil, wash immediately with soap and water. Do
not use solvents to wash your hands as the solvents can cause irritation that may
lead to skin infections.
 Change out of work clothes before leaving the work site. If any sewage has gotten
onto your clothes, change them right away.
SAFETY PRECAUTIONS

 Soiled work clothes should be sealed in a plastic bag and laundered separately from
other clothing. Wash your hands thoroughly after handling the clothing.
 To avoid electric shock, only use power tools that are safe for a wet environment and
that have a ground fault circuit interrupter (GFCI).
 Be cautious when working on metal pipes; if you feel tingling when touching a metal
pipe, stop work immediately.
 A variety of hand tools, pipe cutting, and bending equipment, and power tools is
necessary for working on plumbing materials.
 Keep your tools and equipment, and their safety features, in good working order.
Keep cutting equipment sharp so it will work properly.
 Cut away from your face and body to avoid cuts and punctures. Use eye protection
when cutting or grinding to avoid eye injuries from flying particles.
WATER TANK TESTING & CLEANING
Water tank cleaning, testing, third party certificates and QHSE retirements related to
potable water.

 Water system disinfection &/or testing shall be carried out by 3rd party who are
authorized by DM.

 All HSE precautions like risk assessments and method statements associated with the
task, chemical and equipment used as part of the disinfection or testing of water
systems shall be provided by the relevant service provider and reviewed by Idama
QHSE section.

 In case of any activity that is covered by Idama Permit to Work Program, then PTW
shall be issued by Idama before allowing the task to commence (Confined space).
Once task is finished then the PTW shall be closed out.

 All water systems under the control of Idama shall be subjected to regular water
testing program (including chemical & total bacteria count tests). Such program shall
meet DM requirements. Please see table below.

 Note: the testing of water is not a control measure but a systematic reliable method to
check the effectiveness of the applied control measures
WATER SYSTEM CLEANING

Frequency of water system cleaning & testing (in line with DM)
WATER SYSTEM CLEANING - FREQUENCY

SI
Test Description Frequency Parameters Unit Limit
No

Legionella Testing - Legionella Legionella pneumophobia serogroup 1 CFU/L <1

in domestic water systems. At
least six samples that shall Legionella pneumophobia serogroup <1
1 Quarterly CFU/L
randomly cover tanks, pipe- 2-14
work, shower head & kitchen CFU/L <1
Legionella Sp
tapes
Microbiological Analysis -
Testing total bacterial in
Quarterly CFU/ml
domestic water systems. At Total Bacteria count / Heterotrophic
least six samples plate count 500
2 Every two
Swimming Pool
months E.coli CFU/100ml 0

Total Coliforms CFU/100ml 0

Cooling water (Cooling Towers Monthly
and Evaporative Condensers) Pseudomonas aeruginosa CFU/100ml 0

 In Hot and cold water systems Legionella bacteria count should not exceed 1000
cfu/litre.

 Swimming pool safety DM technical guidelines 69 should be followed for other

microbiological and chemical parameters to control pool and spa water quality.
MICRO ORGANISMS FOUND IN WATER SYSTEMS AND ITS RISK TO HEALTH

Micro organisms are living organisms generally observable only through a microscope. Even
though most of the microorganisms are not harmful some microbes are pathogens that cause
diseases.

Legionella:

 This is found naturally in the water. The bacteria grow best in warm water (Water
temperature between 20–45 °C, which is suitable for growth), like cooling towers, hot water
tanks, dead ends etc. Legionella bacteria are health risk if the bacteria are aero-soled.
Legionnaires' disease can be associated with a variety of systemic problems, including kidney,
liver, and central nervous system dysfunction.
 Generally, the clinical presentation of Legionnaires' disease also includes gastrointestinal
symptoms. Most cases of legionellosis occur sporadically, although both nosocomial and
community outbreaks are of great public concern.
 The legionella count should be less than 1000 CFU for potable water and NIL for shower
heads and other aerosol producing water system.
MICRO ORGANISMS FOUND IN WATER SYSTEMS AND ITS RISK TO HEALTH

Total Bacteria Count (TBC)

 Total Bacteria Count is an estimate of the number of viable units of bacteria per
milliliter of water made using the pour plate, spread plate or membrane filter test.

 It is used as an indicator of water quality in cooling water systems.

 Total Bacteria Count (TBC), is also known as Heterotrophic Colony Count (HCC) is the
total plate count or viable bacteria count test.

 It is reported as the number of Colony forming units per milliliter of sample (CFU/mL).

 Microbial growth in water system is favoured by the ambient temperature (between 20

C to 45 C), biofilms, organic matters, general corrosion, stagnation etc.
ACTIONS AFTER MICROBIOLOGICAL TEST

Actions to be followed after microbiological test

 The owners, principal manager, or person in charge of the premises should established
an emergency plans to protect public health and prevent further infection of major
outbreaks of infectious disease including legionellosis.

 An outbreak is defined as two or more confirmed cases of legionellosis occurring in the

same locality within a six-month period.

Emergency decontamination

Emergency decontamination is required if:

 a manufactured water system is suspected of being associated with an outbreak of

Legionellosis; or

*a system is known to or suspected of containing Legionella populations of:

 more than 1000 cfu/litre for hot and cold water system
 more than I 000 cfu/litre for a cooling tower
ACTIONS AFTER MICROBIOLOGICAL TEST

Along with any disinfection methods of treatment used the following is an abbreviation of
the emergency cooling water disinfection method:-

 Shut down the system

 Isolate cooling tower fans to prevent operation

 Circulate a dispersant throughout the system

 Dose with sodium hypochlorite and circulate to maintain a free chlorine residual
of 5-10 mg/L and pH 7.0-7.6, maintain these concentrations and monitor at 15
minute intervals for at least 60 minutes

 Isolate the system and drain water to a sewer or trade waste in accordance with
the requirements of the appropriate relevant regulatory authority, ensuring that
any isolated pipe work such as bypass pipes and secondary pumps are also
drained

 Open all system drains temporarily to flush drain lines with disinfected water
ACTIONS AFTER MICROBIOLOGICAL TEST

 Clean all wetted surfaces in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions or by

using water spray and mechanical cleaning as necessary. Exercise care to avoid
damaging components

 Refill the cooling tower

 Dose the circulating cooling water with sodium hypochlorite to maintain a free
chlorine residual of at least 1-5 mg/L and pH 7.0-7.6 and monitor these concentrations
at 15 minute intervals for at least 30 minutes

 Drain the system, refill, and recommission. Reinstate water treatment programs

 Along with any disinfection methods of treatment used, the following are
recommendations to reduce of the incidence Legionella contamination within
domestic plumbing (hot and cold) water systems:

 Water systems (hot & cold water) must be flushed with water of not less than 70 °C for
5 minutes (minimum of 60°C) measured at the outlets. Q!
 Treated with chlorine to provide minimum free chlorine residual of 1-2 mg/I at all
outlets.
ejadah.com

SOP
BOOSTER PUMP
S
O
P

B
O
O
S
T
E
R

P
U
M
P
S
O
P

B
O
O
S
T
E
R

P
U
M
P
S
O
P

B
O
O
S
T
E
R

P
U
M
P
S
O
P

B
O
O
S
T
E
R

P
U
M
P
S
O
P

B
O
O
S
T
E
R

P
U
M
P
ejadah.com

SOP
SUMP PUMP
S
O
P

S
U
M
P

P
U
M
P
S
O
P

S
U
M
P

P
U
M
P
S
O
P

S
U
M
P

P
U
M
P
ejadah.com

SOP
TRANSFER PUMP
S
O
P

T
R
A
N
S
F
E
R

P
U
M
P
S
O
P

T
R
A
N
S
F
E
R

P
U
M
P
S
O
P

T
R
A
N
S
F
E
R

P
U
M
P
ejadah.com

Q&A
ejadah.com

THANK YOU!