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Received: 26 December 2018    Revised: 3 July 2019    Accepted: 5 July 2019

DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13165

ORIGINAL ARTICLE

Effects of supplementing broiler diets with coriander seed

powder on growth performance, blood haematology, ileum
microflora and economic efficiency

Ayman E. Taha1  | Saber S. Hassan2 | Ramadan S. Shewita3 | Ahmed A. El‐seidy2 |

Mohamed E. Abd El‐Hack4  | El-sayed O.S. Hussein5 | Islam M. Saadeldin5,6 |
Ayman A. Swelum5,7  | Mohamed A. El‐Edel8

1
Department of Animal Husbandry and
Animal Wealth Development, Faculty of Abstract
Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, A total of 480 one‐day‐old Arbor Acres broiler chicks were randomly assigned to
Rasheed, Egypt
2 four dietary groups, each including six replicates (n  =  20/replicate). Broilers in the
Department of Animal and
Poultry Production, Faculty of first group (G1) were fed a basal diet without any additives (control). Broilers in
Agriculture, Damanhur University,
groups 2, 3 and 4 (G2, G3 and G4) were fed a basal diet supplemented with 0.1%,
Damanhur, Egypt
3
Department of Nutrition and Clinical
0.2% and 0.4% coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) seed powder (CSP) respectively.
Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Feeding trials lasted for 42 days, and after that growth, carcass traits, haematologi-
Medicine, Alexandria University, Rasheed,
Egypt
cal parameters, gut microbiota and economic efficiency (EE) were evaluated. Final
4
Department of Poultry, Faculty of body weight (FBW), total weight gain (TWG), total feed intake (TFI) and red blood cell
Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, (RBC) counts of broilers in the G4 and G3 treatment groups were significantly higher
Egypt
5 (p < .05) compared with broilers in the G1 treatment group. The feed conversion ratio
Department of Animal Production, College
of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud (FCR) was better (p < .05) in the G4 treatment group (1.72) than in the G1 treatment
University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
6
group (1.84). Broilers in CSP treatment groups had significantly higher haemoglobin
Department of Physiology, Faculty of
Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, (Hb) concentrations, packed cell volume (PCV) and platelet counts, and had lower
Zagazig, Egypt (p  <  .05) Escherichia coli and Clostridium perfringens counts compared with broilers
7
Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of
in the G1 treatment group. Dressing, liver, pancreas, bursa and thymus percentages
Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University,
Zagazig, Egypt were higher (p  <  .05) in broilers in the G4 (70.30, 3.18, 0.31, 0.10 and 0.32% re-
8
Department of Animal Husbandry and spectively) treatment group, compared with broilers in the control (G1) group (66.57,
Animal Wealth Development, Faculty of
Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University,
2.37, 0.23, 0.04 and 0.21% respectively). Broilers in treatment groups G4 and G3 had
Damanhour, Egypt lower percentages of abdominal fat and lower total bacterial counts (p < .05) than

Correspondence
broilers in treatment groups G2 and G1. The highest economic efficiency (EE) was
El-sayed O. S. Hussein, Department of found in treatment group G4, and EE in this group was 13.06% greater than in the
Animal Production, College of Food and
Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University,
control (G1) group.
P.O.Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
Email: shessin@ksu.edu.sa. KEYWORDS
blood, broiler, coriander, economic efficiency, performance
Funding information
This work was funded by the Deanship of
Scientific Research at King Saud University
through the College of Food and Agriculture
Research Center; King Saud University

J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr. 2019;00:1–10. © 2019 Blackwell Verlag GmbH |  1

wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/jpn  
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2       TAHA et al.

1 |  I NTRO D U C TI O N Laboratory Animals (DMU2018‐0052), and procedures were approved

by the Committee of the Faculty of Agriculture, Damanhur University.
Recently, poultry breeders and nutritionists have tried to avoid the use
of synthetic dietary feed additives, as most of these additives lead to
2.2 | Broilers, housing and experimental treatments
performance and health problems in broiler chickens (Abdelnour, Abd
El‐Hack, Arif, Khafaga, & Taha, 2019; Pourhossein et al., 2015; Shewita In this experiment, a total of 480 one‐day‐old Arbor Acres broiler
& Taha, 2018). Natural feed additives have emerged as alternatives chicks (average weight 45.54 g) were individually wing banded and
to synthetic additives (Abdelnour, Abd El‐Hack, Khafaga, et al., 2019; randomly assigned to four mixed‐sex groups (120 per group). Each
Khafaga, Abd El‐Hack, Taha, Elnesr, & Alagawany, 2019). There is ev- group contained six replicates (20 broilers each). Broilers in the first
idence that suggests that some herbs, spices and plant extracts have group (G1) were fed a basal diet (BD), and this group was considered
antioxidant activities, antimicrobial effects and stimulating effects on the control group. Broilers in G2, G3 and G4 groups were fed a basal
the digestive system (Hashemi, Zulkifli, Davoodi, Zunita, & Ebrahimi, diet supplemented with 0.1%, 0.2% and 0.4% of coriander seed pow-
2012; Khafaga & Bayad, 2016a, 2016b). In addition, such natural addi- der (CSP) respectively.
tives can act on the appetite and intestinal microflora, which stimulates Broiler chicks were obtained from a commercial hatchery and
pancreatic enzyme secretions, which in turn increases endogenous raised in pens with a deep litter system under standard hygienic con-
enzyme activities and stimulates the immune system (Ghazalah & Ali, ditions. Broilers received the experimental diets for six consecutive
2008). Many traditional natural additives are also used to treat diabe- weeks (42 days). The broilers were housed in a pen previously disin-
tes, but most of the evidence for their beneficial effects is anecdotal fected with formaldehyde gas. The temperature was maintained at
(Al‐Aboudi & Afifi, 2011). Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) is a phy- 32 ºC for the first three days of the trial and then gradually lowered
togenic herb that is widely distributed at North Africa, central Europe to 23 ºC by the end of the trial. Photoperiods were maintained at 24‐
and Asia, and mainly cultivated for its seeds. The seeds contain up to hr light/day during the first week and then reduced to 23‐hr light/
1% of an essential oil, and the main components of the coriander seed day up to the end of the experimental period (EL‐Tahawy, Taha, &
essential oil are linalool (57.57%); geranyl acetate (15.9%); β‐caryo- Adel, 2017). Broilers in all groups had free access to feed and water,
phyllene (3.26%); camphor (3.02%); and p‐cymene (2.5%) (Khani & and were routinely vaccinated against Newcastle disease, infectious
Rahdari, 2012). Coriander has been reported to have many medic- bronchitis and infectious bursal viral diseases. The diets were formu-
inal properties and may have antioxidant (Abd El‐Hack et al., 2019; lated according to (NRC, 1994) guidelines, and the ingredient com-
Darughe, Barzegarand, & Sahari, 2012), antidiabetic (Eidi et al., 2009), position and analysis of the basal diet are presented in Table 1.
anti‐inflammatory (Lee et al., 2017), antifungal (Freires et al., 2014), Coriander seeds were purchased from a local market, oven‐dried
antimutagenic (Cortes, Gomez, & Villalobos, 2004), diuretic, sedative and milled into powder. The powdered coriander seeds were stored
and anthelmintic effect. Coriander may also have stimulating effects in an airtight polyethylene bag until use. Proximate analysis of CSP
on the digestive system and may act as antibacterial (Ghazanfari, (Table 2) was conducted according to (AOAC, 2004) methods. Essential
Mohammadi, & Adib Moradi, 2015; Kubo, Fujita, Kubo, Nihei, & Ogura, oil was extracted from Coriandrum sativum seeds using a Clevenger‐
2004) and as an antibiotic alternative (Hesam, Ali, Alireza, David, & type apparatus where sample was subjected to hydrodistillation. The
David, 2014; Pathak, Kasture, Bhatt, & Rathod, 2011). Moreover, conditions of extraction were fifty grams of seeds, 1:10 sample/water
it was reported that coriander consumption plays a role in reducing volume ratio and 4‐hr distillation. The coriander oil was dehydrated
lipid biosynthesis and protects against carcinogenic effects of some using anhydrous sodium sulphate and stored in airtight glassware in
types of lipids (Lee et al., 2003). Coriander could also be used as a refrigerator at 4°C. The essential oil was analysed on a gas chromato-
growth promoter and to improve intestinal health (Ghazanfari et al., graph (Varian suturn 2200) mass spectrometer (varian cp 3800) (GC‐
2015). Although some reports suggest that many herbs and spices or mass). The GC column was DB‐5 (30m  ×  0.25  mm i.d, 0.25  μm film
their extracts had positive effects on poultry nutrition, others did not thickness). The GC conditions were as follows: injector temperature,
find clear evidence of positive effects (Windisch, Schedule, Plitzner, & isothermal at 50°C for 1 min and then programmed to 200°C at 4°C/
Kroismayr, 2008) or found no effects of herbs and spices on growth min. Helium was used as the carried gas at the rate of 0.8ml/min. The
performance parameters (Ocak et al., 2008). Thus, the aim of the cur- effluent at the GC column was introduced directly in to the source of
rent study was to investigate the impacts of dietary supplementation the MS. Spectra were obtained in the EI mode with 70 eV ionization
with various concentrations of coriander seed powder (CSP) on the energy. The sector mass analyzer was set to scan from 40 to 300 amu
performance and carcass characteristics of broiler chickens. for 1 s. Unknown essential oil was identified by comparing its GC reten-
tion time to that of known compounds and by comparison of its mass
spectra, either with known compounds or with published spectra.
2 |  M ATE R I A L S A N D M E TH O DS

2.1 | Ethical statement 2.3 | Growth performance measurements

The experimental procedures were performed according to the guide- Performance parameter measurements included initial body weight
lines of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) for the Care and Use of (IBW), body weight on day 10 (end of starting period), body weight
TAHA et al. |
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on day 22 (end of growing period) and final body weight on day 42 Each carcass was plucked, eviscerated and weighed to determine
(FBW). Total feed intake (TFI) was recorded, and total weight gain carcass weight and dressing percentage. The liver, proventriculus,
(TWG) was calculated as the difference between IBW and FBW, gizzard, heart, pancreas, intestine, spleen, abdominal fat, bursa of
while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) was estimated as feed intake fabricius and thymus gland were separated, individually weighed and
divided by weight gain. In addition, the mortality (as a percentage) expressed as relative weights using the live weights of the broilers.
was calculated as the number of dead chicks divided by the initial
number in each group throughout the experimental period.
2.6 | Gut microbiota
At the end of the experiment, ileum contents were collected from
2.4 | Haematological parameters
three broilers in each replicate (fifteen samples/group). Ileum con-
At the end of the experimental period, 30 blood samples were tents were handled aseptically as follows: we weighed 1 g of ileum
collected from each group (five broilers from each replicate). The contents of each broiler, and then dissolved this into 99 ml of sterile
samples were collected in labelled and sterilized vials containing saline solution and homogenized the mixture for 5  min in a stom-
Na‐EDTA as an anticoagulant for the assessment of haematological acher. Ten‐fold dilutions (10 −1 to 10−7) of digesta were performed
parameters, including packed cell volume (PCV), red blood cell (RBC)
count, white blood cell (WBC) count, haemoglobin, platelets and dif-
ferential leucocyte count, according to Lamb (1991). TA B L E 2   Nutritional composition of coriander seed (Coriandrum
sativum) and its essential oil

Items %
2.5 | Carcass traits
Dry matter (DM) 87.8
Five broilers were randomly selected per replicate at the end of the
Crude protein (CP) 15.4
experiment, and then weighed and slaughtered to complete bleeding.
Ether extract (EE) 20.2
Crude fibre (CF) 33.7
TA B L E 1   Feed ingredients and nutrient composition of the basal
diet fed to broilers in this study (g/kg) Ash 9.8
Total saturated fatty acids (TSFA) 0.952 g/kg
Ingredients, (g/kg) Starter Grower Finisher
Total monounsaturated fatty acids (TMFA) 13.55 g/kg
Yellow corn, ground 504.8 580.2 636.1
Total polyunsaturated fatty acids (TPFA) 1.68 g/kg
Soybean oil meal (44%) 325.5 308.0 269.6
Composition of the essential oil (%)
Corn gluten meal (CP 60%) 71.0 25.0 12.2
α‐Terpinene 0.37
Vegetable oils 60.0 55.0 48.8
1,8‐Cineol 0.93
Ground limestone 14.5 13.0 12.0
γ‐Terpinene 0.11
Di‐calcium phosphate 16.9 11.6 14.2
Camphor 2.90
Vitamin mixa 1.5 1.5 1.5
(z)‐β‐Ocimene 0.39
b
Mineral mix 1.5 1.5 1.5
Linalool 55.27
Sodium chloride 3.0 3.0 3.0
δ‐Elemene 0.54
DL‐Methionine 1.0 1.0 1.0
β‐Citronella 0.37
L‐Lysine (HCL) 0.3 0.2 0.1
Carvone 1.09
Nutrient composition (g/kg)
Borneol 1.22
Crude protein 229.1 197.4 179.2
Menthol 0.52
ME (MJ/kg) 13.3 13.3 13.3
Terpinen−4‐ol 0.13
Ether extract 24.0 25.0 26.0
Nerol 1.90
Ash 51.0 54.0 55.0
Neral 0.28
Crude fibre 34.8 35.0 32.0
β‐Caryophyllene 3.13
Lysine 11.0 10.0 9.0
Thymol 0.12
Methionine 5.1 4.3 3.9
Carvacrol 0.28
a
Each 1.5 kg contained: vitamin (vit) B1 2000 mg, vit B2 6,000 mg, vit Eugenol 0.73
B6 5,000 mg, vit B12 20 mg, niacin 45,000 mg, biotin 75 mg, folic acid
Geranyl acetate 14.49
2000 mg, vit B3 12,000 mg, retinol 7,200 mg, cholecalciferol 75 mg,
tocopherol 40,000 mg and menadione 3,000 mg. Neryl acetate 0.01
b
Each 1.5 kg contained manganese (Mn) 100,000 mg, zinc (Zn) p‐Cymene 2.42
600,000 mg, iron (Fe) 30,000 mg, copper (Cu) 10,000 mg, iodine (I)
Limonene 0.60
1,000 mg, selenium (Se) 200 mg and cobalt (Co) 100 mg.
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4       TAHA et al.

using buffered peptone water (BPW). One set of dilutions were cul-
3 | R E S U LT S A N D D I S CU S S I O N
tured directly on standard plate count agar and MacConkey's agar
at 37°C for 24  hr under aerobic condition for total aerobic bacte-
3.1 | Growth performance
rial count (TBC) and coliform count (Escherichia coli) respectively.
Another set of dilutions were incubated anaerobically in tryptose‐ Body weights, TWG, TFI and FCR of broiler chicks fed diets with
sulphite‐d‐cycloserine agar at 37°C for 48  hr, in order to count different concentrations of CSP are listed in Table 3. There were no
Clostridium perfringens (Garridol, Skjervheim, Oppegaard, & Sørum, statistical differences in the initial body weights of broiler chicks
2004). All red colonies within the range of 15–150 µm were selected in the different treatment groups (p > .05). However, by day 10 of
for E. coli counts, while plates with black colonies within the range the experiment, broilers in treatment group G3 (i.e. broilers supple-
of 25–250 µm were selected for C. perfringens counts (FAD, ). The mented with 0.2% CSP) were heavier (p < .05) than broilers in the
counts obtained were expressed as base‐10 logarithm colony‐form- other CSP treatment groups (G2, G4) and the control (G1) group.
ing units (CFU)/gram of the digesta. Additionally, broilers supplemented with different concentrations of
CSP (G2, G3 and G4) had higher body weights than broilers in the
control (G1) group (p < .05) on day 22 of the experiment. The final
2.7 | Economic efficiency of production
body weight of broilers in treatment group G4 (i.e. broilers supple-
The total production cost is the sum of all costs during the experi- mented with 0.4% CSP) was higher (p < .05) than that of broilers in
ment, including the cost of 1‐day‐old broiler chicks, and costs of the other CSP treated (G2 and G3) and control (G1) groups. In addi-
feeding, heating, veterinary care, management and housing. The tion, broilers in treatment group G3 had higher (p < .05) final body
selling price was calculated by multiplying the total live weight of weights than broilers in the control (G1) group. However, the FBW
the birds produced by the price per kg live weight. Net revenue was of broilers in the G2 treatment group was not significantly different
calculated as the difference between the selling price and the total from the FBW of broilers in the control (G1) group.
cost. Finally, the economic efficiency (EE) was estimated as: EE = net Broilers in the G4 treatment group had higher (p < .05) TWG
revenue × 100/total production cost. than broilers in the other CSP treated (G2 and G3) and control (G1)
groups, and broilers in the G3 treatment group had higher (p < .05)
TWG than broilers in the control (G1) group. However, TWG
2.8 | Statistical analysis
did not significantly differ (p  >  .05%) between broilers in the G2
The data were compared between different groups using the treatment and control (G1) groups. The TFI was higher (p < .05) in
Statistical Analysis System software (SAS (Statistical Analysis broilers in treatment groups G3 and G4 than in broilers in the con-
System), 2004). The data are presented as the mean ± SE (standard trol (G1) group, and the TFI of broilers in the G2 treatment group
error), and data were statistically analysed using analysis of variance did not significantly differ (p > .05) from the TFI of broilers in the
(ANOVA). Differences between groups were considered statistically control (G1) group. In addition, supplementation with 0.4% CSP
significant at p < .05 using Duncan's test. Data of bacterial counts (treatment G4) resulted in a better FCR (p  <  .05) compared with
were expressed as base‐10 logarithm then analysed by ANOVA. the control group, although there were no differences between

TA B L E 3   Effect of dietary coriander seed powder supplementation on growth performance parameters of broiler chickens in different
experimental groups. Data are shown as means ± SE

Experimental groups

Parameters G1 G2 G3 G4

IBW 45.63 ± 0.21a 45.27 ± 0.22a 45.50 ± 0.20a 45.77 ± 0.20a

b a b
BW (day 10) 465.17 ± 15.38 517.67 ± 9.26 446.90 ± 27.41 436.33 ± 10.38b
BW (day 22) 1,269.37 ± 15.70a 1,185.50 ± 20.02a 1,195.67 ± 29.33a 1,039.17 ± 43.40 b
a b bc
FBW (day 42) 2,342.50 ± 15.49 2,256.67 ± 22.89 2,183.83 ± 32.47 2,105.33 ± 38.61c
TWG 2,296.87 ± 15.47a 2,211.40 ± 22.84b 2,138.33 ± 32.42bc 2059.57 ± 38.68c
         
TFI 3,780 ± 17.32b 3,860 ± 23.09ab 3,900 ± 57.74a 3,960 ± 11.55a
a ab ab
FCR 1.84 ± 0.04 1.81 ± 0.03 1.76 ± 0.02 1.72 ± 0.01b
Mortality % 6.67 0.00 3.33 0.00

Note: Means with different superscript letters (a, b, c) in the same row differ significantly at p < .05.
G1 = control group, G2 = CSP in diet at 0.1%, G3 = CSP in diet at 0.2%, G4 = CSP in diet at 0.4%.
Abbreviations: BW, body weight; FBW, final body weight; FCR, feed conversion ratio; IBW, initial body weight; TFI, total feed intake; TWG, total
weight gain.
TAHA et al. |
      5

FCR in treatment groups G2 and G3 and the control (G1) group. the presence of Linalool, due to its emerging therapeutic benefits
Phytogenic bioactive compounds have many properties such as (Serhat & Muzaffer, 2016) which enhance the general health sta-
the maximization of performance parameters (rapid growth with tus and promotion of intestinal mucosa parameters, such as villus
less feed consumption), in addition to an optimum health status height and crypt depth, as well as reductions in goblet cell num-
for poultry (Adaszyńska‐Skwirzyńska & Szczerbińska, 2017). Many bers and epithelial thickness, which enhance nutrient absorption
scientists confirmed that herbal feed additives play a role in im- (Ghazanfari et al., 2015). In general, the lowered mortality and im-
proving the flavour and palatability of feed through their active proved productivity may be attributed to the antimicrobial growth
compounds, which stimulate digestive processes (Brenes & Roura, promoters (AGPs) effect (microbiome and immune‐modulating
2010; Windisch et al., 2008). CSP contains linalool compounds activities) of many phytogenic feed additives (such as coriander)
(Çabuk, Alçiçek, Bozkurt, & İmre, 2003), which enhance the activ- which led to decreasing the colonization of the pathogenic bac-
ity of digestive enzymes, resulting in higher nutrient absorption, teria or its number in gastrointestinal tract (GIT), such as some
thus improving the feed intake, which in turn can enhance the species of salmonella and Escherichia coli counts, (Ghazanfari et al.,
FCR and improve growth performance parameters. Moreover, our 2015) in addition to Necrotic Enteritis and Clostridium perfringens
results are in agreement with those reported by ; Al‐Jaff (2011); in Chickens (Diaz Carrasco et al., 2016), which further leads to re-
Saeid and AL‐Nasry (2010) and Naeemasa et al. (2015) who re- duce microbial toxic metabolites in the gut.
ported that supplementing broiler diets with 0.3%, 0.2% coriander
seed and 952 mg/kg of coriander extract, respectively, improved
3.2 | Haematological parameters
the overall growth performance. Coriander seed meal in broiler
diets was found to have antioxidant properties that may act as Data on haematological parameters are presented in Table 4.
natural growth promoters, and also resulted in improvements in Broilers supplemented with CSP (G2, G3 and G4) all had significantly
broiler weight gain (Rashid et al., 2014). Our results also are sup- higher (p  <  .05) Hb concentrations, PCV and platelet counts than
ported by those of Rajeshwarim and Andallu (2011), who reported broilers in the control (G1) group. Significantly higher RBCs counts
that the essential oils of coriander are excellent appetite stimula- were found in broilers in the G3 and G4 treatment groups, compared
tors and stimulate the appropriate secretion of enzymes and some with broilers in the control (G1) group. However, no statistical dif-
digestive juices in the stomach. This in turn stimulates digestion, ferences (p  >  .05) were found between the treatments groups re-
and results in improved FCR and growth performance. No broiler garding the other haematological parameters measured, including
mortalities were recorded in treatment groups G3 and G4 during the differential leucocytic count. Ali, Hoda, Mohamed, Abdel latif,
the trial period. The highest mortality rate was recorded in the and Massoud, (1992) previously demonstrated that addition of co-
control group (6.67%), followed by treatment group G2 (3.33%). riander seed at 0.1% in broiler diet resulted in higher Hb concentra-
The increase in body weight associated with dietary supplementa- tions and WBC counts, compared with broilers in the control group.
tion of coriander essential oils in broiler diets may be attributed to Saeid and AL‐Nasry (2010) demonstrated that the PCV, RBC counts

TA B L E 4   Haematological parameters of broiler chickens fed diets with different concentrations of coriander seed powder. Data are
shown as means ± SE

Experimental groups

Parameter G1 G2 G3 G4
6 3 b ab a
RBCs (10 /mm ) 1.62 ± 0.19 1.99 ± 0.23 2.56 ± 0.13 2.55 ± 0.21a
b a a
PCV (%) 35.04 ± 10.62 39.56 ± 2.53 42.65 ± 7.47 42.88 ± 5.86a
Hb (g/100ml) 8.52 ± 0.84b 10.58 ± 2.19a 11.02 ± 0.74a 11.80 ± 1.16a
3 a a a
MCV (µm ) 323.03 ± 34.55 293.18 ± 30.74 379.03 ± 34.11 401.65 ± 59.17a
MCH (pg) 105.55 ± 11.28a 95.90 ± 10.75a 124.18 ± 11.61a 132.25 ± 20.17a
a a a
MCHC (%) 32.68 ± 0.03 32.63 ± 0.29 32.73 ± 0.15 32.85 ± 0.16a
WBCs (103/mm3) 17.78 ± 0.33a 17.60 ± 0.64a 17.03 ± 0.59a 16.90 ± 0.18a
6 3 b a a
Platelet (10 /mm ) 9.25 ± 0.25 13.50 ± 1.55 13.25 ± 1.80 13.75 ± 0.85a
Basophiles (%) 3.38 ± 0.27a 3.03 ± 0.78a 2.08 ± 0.47a 3.13 ± 1.07a
a a a
Eosinophils (%) 3.15 ± 0.19 3.15 ± 0.19 3.00 ± 0.12 3.00 ± 0.24a
Heterophils (%) 42.20 ± 0.82a 42.00 ± 0.83a 41.80 ± 0.82a 42.40 ± 0.86a
a a a
Lymphocytes (%) 46.88 ± 0.72 47.63 ± 1.28 49.13 ± 1.28 46.88 ± 1.55a
Monocytes (%) 4.40 ± 0.52a 4.20 ± 0.38a 4.00 ± 0.33a 4.60 ± 0.38a

Note: Means with different letters (a, b, c) in the same row differ significantly at p < .05.
G1 = control group, G2 = CSP in diet at 0.1%, G3 = CSP in diet at 0.2%, G4 = CSP in diet at 0.4%.
 |
6       TAHA et al.

and Hb concentrations were significantly higher in chicks fed diets G4 groups had a lower percentage of abdominal fat (p < .05) than
with 0.3% coriander seed compared with lower concentrations of broilers in the G2 and control (G1) groups. There were no signifi-
coriander seed (0.2% and 0.1%) or chicks fed control diets. Our re- cant differences between the other relative slaughter traits (relative
sults concerning WBCs, heterophils and lymphocyte counts are in weights of the gizzard, proventriculus, heart, spleen and intestine) in
disagreement with Farag (2013), who reported that coriander seed the four treatment groups (p > .05). The improvement of slaughter
supplementation increased levels of these parameters compared weights and some relative organ weights may be related to the es-
with the control treatments. Farag (2013) also observed that addi- sential oils found in CSP (Giannenas, Florou‐Paneri, Papazahariadou,
tion of coriander seed to broiler diet at 0.4% significantly increased & Christaki, 2003).
RBC counts, Hb concentrations and PCV when compared with the The obtained results agree with those of Farag (2013), who re-
control group. Increases in Hb, PCV, RBCs and platelet counts of co- ported that the carcass and relative organ weights (except that of the
riander supplemented groups may be attributed to improvements heart) of broilers chicks increased significantly with increasing cori-
in nutrient absorption, and the positive correlations between these ander seed supplementation (0.2%, 0.4% and 0.6%), compared with
traits Farag (2013). The increase in Hb, PCV and RBC contents in the control group. In addition, Saeid and AL‐Nasry (2010) concluded
the birds fed on coriander is a good indication of higher oxygen car- that chicks fed diets with 0.3% coriander seed had the highest car-
rying capacity of the cells that resulted in improved availability of cass yield and relative liver weight. The higher relative weights of the
nutrients to the birds and consequently a better their well‐being (El‐ lymphoid organs (bursa and thymus) in broilers supplemented with
katcha, Soltan, Sharaf, & Hasen, 2016). The other haematological pa- higher concentrations of CSP suggest that coriander may have im-
rameters (MCV, MCH, MCHC%, WBCs, basophiles%, eosinophils%, mune stimulant effects in broilers. The compounds present in phy-
heterophils%, lymphocytes% and monocytes%) did not differ in CSP togenic plants such as quinones, phenolcarboxylic acids, terpenoids,
supplemented birds compared with control group, and these results alcaloids, glycoproteins and polysaccharides have been linked to im-
indicate that CSP has no adverse effects as a phytogenic additive in munostimulating potential (Wagner, 1990).
broiler diets.

3.4 | Gut microbes
3.3 | Carcass traits
Effects of dietary supplementation of different concentrations
The results concerning the effects of CSP on dressing percentage of CSP on ileum total bacterial, E. coli and C. perfringens counts
and relative weights of organs are shown in Table 5. We found that are presented in Table 6. The results revealed that E. coli and
the dressing percentage of broilers increased with increasing con- C. perfringens counts were significantly lower in broilers in groups
centrations of CSP in the diet. The relative weights of the liver, pan- supplemented with different concentrations of CSP (G2: 0.1%,
creas, bursa and thymus were significantly higher (p < .05) in broilers G3: 0.2% and G4: 0.4%) compared with the control (G1) group.
in the G4 treatment group compared with broilers in the control The TBC was significantly lower in broilers in treatment groups
(G1) group. In addition, the relative liver and bursa weights were sig- G3 and G4, compared with broilers in treatment groups G1 and
nificantly higher in broilers in treatment group G3 than in broilers in G2. The effect of CSP on these harmful bacteria may be attrib-
the control (G1) group. Results revealed that broilers in the G3 and uted to the presence of essential oils in the plant, which have

TA B L E 5   Effect of dietary coriander

Parameter Experimental groups
seed powder supplementations on carcass
(Relative weights
traits of broiler chickens. Data are shown
%) G1 G2 G3 G4
as means ± SE
c bc ab
Dressing 66.57 ± 0.47 67.14 ± 1.42 69.53 ± 0.60 71.30 ± 0.49a
a a a
Gizzard 1.30 ± 0.02 1.28 ± 0.08 1.28 ± 0.07 1.31 ± 0.09a
Liver 2.37 ± 0.11b 2.79 ± 0.11ab 3.18 ± 0.13a 3.18 ± 0.07a
a a a
Proventriculus 0.46 ± 0.09 0.47 ± 0.08 0.46 ± 0.05 0.46 ± 0.08a
Heart 0.42 ± 0.03a 0.40 ± 0.03a 0.46 ± 0.03a 0.48 ± 0.02a
a a a
Spleen 0.09 ± 0.01 0.11 ± 0.02 0.12 ± 0.01 0.14 ± 0.01a
Pancreas 0.23 ± 0.01b 0.25 ± 0.01b 0.29 ± 0.02ab 0.31 ± 0.02a
a a a
Intestine 7.59 ± 0.61 8.25 ± 0.63 6.79 ± 0.55 7.49 ± 0.50a
Abdominal fat 1.72 ± 0.08a 1.52 ± 0.09a 1.24 ± 0.07b 1.14 ± 0.09b
b b a
Bursa 0.04 ± 0.00 0.06 ± 0.01 0.09 ± 0.01 0.10 ± 0.00a
Thymus 0.21 ± 0.02b 0.21 ± 0.01b 0.24 ± 0.00 b 0.32 ± 0.02a

Note: Means with different superscript letters (a, b, c) in the same row differ significantly at p < .05.
G1 = control group, G2 = CSP in diet at 0.1%, G3 = CSP in diet at 0.2%, G4 = CSP in diet at 0.4%.
TAHA et al. |
      7

TA B L E 6   Ileum microflora (log10

Experimental groups
CFU/g) of broilers chickens fed diets with
different concentrations of coriander seed Type of bacteria G1 G2 G3 G4
powder at the end of the experiment (day
TBC 13.3 ± 0.2a 12.3 ± 0.3ab 11.2 ± 0.5bc 10.2 ± 0.4c
42). Data are shown as means ± SE
a b b
E. coli 7.9 ± 0.3 6.9 ± 0.1 6.4 ± 0.2 5.7 ± 0.2c
C. perfringens 3.4 ± 0.04a 3.2 ± 0.03b 3.2 ± 0.01b 3.1 ± 0.04b

Note: Means with different letters (a, b, c) in the same row differ significantly at p < .05.
G1 = control group, G2 = CSP in diet at 0.1%, G3 = CSP in diet at 0.2%, G4 = CSP in diet at 0.4%.
Abbreviation: TBC, total bacterial count.

hydrophobic properties that affect cell wall lipids of the bacteria, in poultry production (Beier et al., 2014) and improvement of gut
disturbing bacterial structures and rendering them more perme- integrity (Lillehoj et al., 2018).
able, thus resulting in lower numbers of harmful bacteria (Brul
& Coote, 1999; Wati, Ghosh, Syed, & Haldar, 2015). In addition,
3.5 | Economic efficiency of production
Park et al. (2009) reported that linalool and α‐terpineol, which
are present in CSP, are terpene alcohols and may display broad‐ The data on the effects of dietary supplementation of broiler chicks
spectrum antimicrobial activities. Moreover, Tucker (2002) inves- with different concentrations of CSP on feeding costs, total produc-
tigated the effect of essential oil supplementation in broiler diets tion costs, net income (Egyptian pound (LE)/broiler) and economic
and found a significant reduction in C. perfringens colonization in efficiency of production are summarized in Table 7. The higher TFI
gastrointestinal tract (GIT), which could be attributed to bacte- in broilers fed diets supplemented with different concentrations of
rial inactivation by digestive enzymes such as trypsin. Patra and CSP resulted in a significant increase in the total production cost
Saxena (2011); da Silva et al. (2017) reported that coriander ex- (p < .05) in these groups, compared with the total production cost
tract had a potent effects against gram‐positive bacteria due to in the control group. However, the higher FBW of broilers in CSP
its content of alkaloids and tannins; these bacteria are more sen- supplemented groups increased the selling price of these broil-
sitive to penetration of the coriander bioactive compounds due to ers, leading to more net income and a higher economic efficiency
the absence of their outer membrane that present only in gram‐ with increasing concentrations of CSP. The highest EE (p < .05) was
negative bacteria. Delaquis, Stanich, Girard, and &Mazza (2002) found in treatment group G4, in which the EE was 13.06% higher
concluded that the gastric pH of the broilers in coriander oil sup- than in the control group. The next highest EE was found in treat-
plemented groups was lower than that of broilers in the control ment group G3, followed by treatment group G2, which had EEs that
group; this would improve the barrier function of the stomach were 10.35% and 4.32% higher than in the control group respec-
against acid susceptible bacteria, such as coliforms, and favour tively. These findings are compatible with those of Farag (2013), who
the growth of acid tolerant bacteria, such as lactic acid bacte- concluded that using CSP in broiler diet with 0.6% diet improves EE
ria. Moreover, linalool which is found in coriander leaf and seed by 27.06% more than control group. These results suggest that it is
(Serhat & Muzaffer, 2016) has proven antimicrobial properties, possible to increase the economic efficiency of production by sup-
which indicate it might be useful for control of enteropathogens plementing diets of broiler chickens with CSP.

TA B L E 7   Average economic efficiency

Experimental groups
of production in broilers fed different
concentrations of coriander seed powder. Parameter G1 G2 G3 G4
Data are show as means ± SE c b b
Feed costs including CSP 26.84 ± 0.12 27.80 ± 0.16 28.47 ± 0.41 29.70 ± 0.41a
(LE)a
Fixed costs (LE)b 11.5 ± 0.0 a 11.5 ± 0.0 a 11.5 ± 0.0 a 11.5 ± 0.0 a
Total production costs (LE) 38.34 ± 0.12c 39.30 ± 0.16b 39.97 ± 0.41b 41.20 ± 0.41a
c bc ab
Return, sales price (LE) 52.68 ± 0.97 54.58 ± 0.81 56.42 ± 0.57 58.58 ± 0.39a
Net revenue (LE) 14.30 ± 1.06b 15.29 ± 0.76ab 16.45 ± 1.10 ab 17.37 ± 0.35a
b ab a
Economic efficiency (EE)% 37.29 ± 1.10 38.90 ± 1.42 41.15 ± 1.58 42.16 ± 0.86a
EE, relative to control (%) 100.00 104.32 110.35 113.06

Note: Means with different superscript letters (a, b, c) in the same row differ significantly at p < .05.
G1 = control group, G2 = CSP in diet at 0.1%, G3 = CSP in diet at 0.2%, G4 = CSP in diet at 0.4%.
a
All costs calculated using Egyptian pound, LE (1 US$ = 17.75 LE), 1 kg of basal diet costs 7.1 LE;
1 kg of CSP costs 100 LE and 1 kg of live body weight of chicken sold for 25.00 LE.
b
Fixed costs include the price of one‐day‐old chicks, and costs of management, drugs, electricity,
water and labour.
 |
8       TAHA et al.

Al‐Jaff, F. K. (2011). Effect of coriander seeds on diet ingredient on blood

4 |  CO N C LU S I O N parameters of broiler chicks raised under high ambient tempera-
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lytical chemists, (15th ed.) Washington, USA.
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numbers of harmful ileum bacteria and improved the economic ef- Anderson, R. C., & Nisbet, D. J. (2014). Evaluation of linalool, a nat-
ficiency of production in broiler chicks, without detrimental effects ural antimicrobial and insecticidal essential oil from basil: Effects on
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The authors extend their appreciation to the Deanship of Scientific Brul, S., & Coote, P. (1999). Preservative agents in foods: Mode
of action and microbial resistance mechanisms. International
Research at King Saud University for funding this work through a
Journal of Food Microbiology, 50, 1–17. https​://doi.org/10.1016/
research group project NO (RG‐1438‐066). The authors thank the S0168-1605(99)00072-0
Deanship of Scientific Research and RSSU at King Saud University Çabuk, M., Alçiçek, A., Bozkurt, M., & İmre, N. (2003). Antimicrobial
for their technical support. Authors extend thanks to their respected properties of the essential oils isolated from aromatic plants and using
possibility as alternative feed additives. II. National Animal Nutrition
institutes and universities.
Congress. 18–20 September, Konya, Turkey, 184–187.
Cortés‐Eslava, J., Gómez‐Arroyo, S., Villalobos‐Pietrini, R., & Espinosa‐
Aguirre, J. J. (2004). Antimutagenicity of coriander (Coriandrum sa‐
C O N FL I C T S O F I N T E R E S T
tivum) juice on the mutagenesis produced by plant metabolites of
aromatic amines. Journal of Toxicology Letters, 153, 283–292. https​://
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2004.05.011
da Silva, C. S., De Souza, E. J. O., Pereira, G. F. C., Cavalcante, E. O., De
Lima, E. I., Torres, T. R., … Da Silva, D. C. (2017). Plant extracts as
ORCID
phytogenic additives considering intake, digestibility, and feed-
ing behavior of sheep. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 49,
Ayman E. Taha  https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0429-2587
353–359. https​://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-016-1199-y
Mohamed E. Abd El‐Hack  https://orcid. Darughe, F., Barzegarand, M., & Sahari, M. A. (2012). Antioxidant and
org/0000-0002-2831-8534 antifungal activity of Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) essential oil
in cake. International Food Research Journal, 19, 1253–1260.
Ayman A. Swelum  https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3247-5898 Delaquis, P. J., Stanich, K., Girard, B., & Mazza, G. (2002). Antimicrobial
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