Module 0 in Math

Immaculate Conception School of Malolos – Senior High School
Immaculate
Poblacion, City of Malolos, Conception School of Malolos-SHS
Bulacan
First Semester, S.Y. 2020-2021 First Semester, S.Y. 2020-2021
RATIONAL EXPRESSIONS
Introduction
We refer to fractions as rational expressions. Rational expressions play a big part
in algebra and are used in studying different concepts. But, what is a rational
expression?
What to know?
 Simplify rational expressions.
 Solve rational expressions.
Get on board!
Let’s first have a review in reducing fractions to lowest terms.
15 32 77 240
1. 2. 3. 4.
40 128 132 720
Think about this!

Rational Expression
 In arithmetic, it is a quotient or the ratio of two numbers.
𝑎
 In algebra, it is the quotient of two polynomials in the form 𝑏, where a and
b are both polynomials, and b is not equal to 0.
In simplifying rational expressions, we will follow the same concept in simplifying

fractions. Let’s look at the following examples:
2
12𝑥 4 𝑦𝑧 4 12
1. =
18𝑥 7 𝑦3 𝑧 9 18𝑥 7−4 𝑦3−1 𝑧 9−4
3
2
=
3𝑥 3 𝑦2 𝑧 5
Mathematics Page 1 of 14
Review Module (Grades 11/12) Mrs. Karrish S. Bueno/Mr. Alwen R. Perona
©This is exclusively for Immaculate Conception School of Malolos-SHS use only. No part or portion of this module may be reproduced.
Immaculate Conception School of Malolos-SHS
First Semester, S.Y. 2020-2021
4𝑎𝑥−2𝑏𝑥 2𝑥(2𝑎−𝑏)
2. =
6𝑎𝑥−4𝑏𝑥 2𝑥 (3𝑎−2𝑏)
2𝑎−𝑏
=
3𝑎−2𝑏
Operations on Rational Expressions

Your knowledge on how to deal with fraction operations will be your basis
for this lesson.
Multiplying Rational Expressions

In multiplying rational expressions, we multiply the numerators, multiply the
denominators, and express the product in lowest term.
Example:
4𝑎2 𝑏 3𝑐 5 (4𝑎2 𝑏)(3𝑐 5 )
1. ∙ 3 =
𝑐2 8𝑎 (𝑐 3 )(8𝑎3 𝑏)
(𝑎2 𝑏)(3𝑐 5 )
=
(𝑐 3 )(2𝑎3 𝑏)
3𝑎2 𝑏𝑐 5
=
2𝑎3 𝑏𝑐 3
𝟑𝒄𝟐
=
𝟐𝒂
4𝑎𝑥−2𝑏𝑥 𝑦2 2𝑥(2𝑎−𝑏) 𝑦2
2. ( )( )= ∙
𝑦 6𝑎𝑥−4𝑏𝑥 𝑦 2𝑥(3𝑎−2𝑏)
2𝑥(2𝑎−𝑏) 𝑦2
= ∙
𝑦 2𝑥(3𝑎−2𝑏)
𝒚(𝟐𝒂−𝒃)
=
𝟑𝒂−𝒃
Division of Rational Expressions

The quotient of two rational algebraic expressions is the product of the dividend
a c a d ad
and the reciprocal of the divisor. In symbols, 𝑏 ÷ 𝑑 = 𝑏 • 𝑐 = 𝑏𝑐 , bc ≠ 0
Example:
12𝑚5 𝑛2 24𝑚5 12𝑚5 𝑛2 25𝑛2
1. ÷ = ∙
5𝑚𝑛 25𝑛2 5𝑚𝑛 24𝑚5
1 1 n 5
5
12𝑚 𝑛 2 25𝑛2
= ∙
5𝑚𝑛 24𝑚5
1 1 2 1
𝟓𝒏𝟑
=
𝟐𝒎
2𝑦 3 +16 3𝑦 2 −𝑦−14 2𝑦 3 +16 4𝑦 2 3𝑦2 −𝑦−14

2. ÷ = ∙
𝑦 2 −2𝑦+4 4𝑦 2 𝑦 2 −2𝑦+4 3𝑦 2 −𝑦−14
2
2(𝑦+2)(𝑦 −2𝑦+4) 4𝑦 2
= ∙
(𝑦 2 −2𝑦+4) (𝑦+2)(3𝑦−7)
2(𝑦+2)(𝑦2 −2𝑦+4) 4𝑦 2
= ∙
(𝑦 2 −2𝑦+4) (𝑦+2)(3𝑦−7)
𝟖𝒚𝟐
=
𝟑𝒚−𝟕
Adding and Subtracting Rational Expressions with Similar Denominators

Recall how to add and subtract fractions with similar denominators.
Addition and Subtraction of Fractions with Similar Denominators

If a, b, and c represent real numbers, and c ≠ 0, then
𝒂 𝒃 𝒂+𝒃 𝒂 𝒃 𝒂−𝒃
+ = and − =
𝒄 𝒄 𝒄 𝒄 𝒄 𝒄
Example:
6𝑥 9 6𝑥+9
1. + =
2𝑥+3 2𝑥+3 2𝑥+3
3(2𝑥+3)
=
2𝑥+3
=3
9𝑦 2 𝑦 2 + 16𝑦 9𝑦 2 −(𝑦2 +16𝑦)

2. − =
𝑦−2 𝑦−2 𝑦−2
9𝑦 2 − 𝑦 2 −16𝑦
=
𝑦−2
8𝑦 2 −16𝑦
=
𝑦−2
8𝑦(𝑦−2)
=
𝑦−2
= 8y
Adding and Subtracting Rational Expressions with Different Denominators
We can only add or subtract fractions when the denominators are the same.
When the fractions are not the same, the fractions should be made similar by
determining the least common denominator.
Before we proceed to adding and subtracting dissimilar rational expressions, we

will first study how to determine the least common denominator.
Example:
Find the LCD of the following rational expressions.
7 2 8 𝑥 3𝑥 4
a. 3𝑥 3 , 6𝑥 2 𝑦 b. 𝑥−2 , 𝑥+2 c. 4𝑥 2 −9 , 2𝑥 2 +𝑥−3
Solutions:
a. Factor each denominator
3x3 = 3 x∙x∙x
6x2y = 3∙2∙x∙x ∙y
3∙2∙x∙x∙x∙y
The LCD is 3 ∙ 2 ∙ x ∙ x ∙ x ∙ y = 6x3y

b. The denominators have no common factor. The LCD is (x – 2) (x + 2)
c. Factor each denominator.
4x2 – 9 = (2x + 3) (2x – 3)
2x + x – 3 = (2x + 3)
2 (x -1)
(2x + 3) (2x – 3) (x – 1)
The LCD is (2x + 3) (2x – 3) (x – 1)
We will now proceed to adding and subtracting rational expressions with

different denominators.
Example:
5 2
1. +
8𝑚2 𝑛4 6𝑚2 𝑛
4𝑥 5
2. −
𝑥 2 −25 𝑥−5
𝑥 5 𝑥
3. + −
𝑥 2 +11𝑥+30 𝑥 2 +9𝑥+20 𝑥 2 +10𝑥+24
Solutions:
1. LCD: 24m3n4
15 8𝑛3
= 4 +
24𝑚3 𝑛 24𝑚3 𝑛4
𝟏𝟓+𝟖𝒏𝟑
=
𝟐𝟒𝒎𝟑 𝒏𝟒
2. LCD: (x + 5)(x – 5)
4𝑥 5 𝑥+5
= − ( )
(𝑥+5)(𝑥−5) 𝑥−5 𝑥+5
4𝑥 5𝑥+25
= −
(𝑥+5)(𝑥−5) (𝑥+5)(𝑥−5)
4𝑥−5𝑥−25
=
(𝑥+5)(𝑥−5)
−𝒙−𝟐𝟓
=
(𝒙+𝟓)(𝒙−𝟓)
3. LCD: (x + 5)(x +6)(x + 4)

𝑥 5 𝑥
= (𝑥+5)(𝑥+6) + (𝑥+5)(𝑥+4)
− (𝑥+6)(𝑥+4)
𝑥(𝑥+4)+5(𝑥+6)−𝑥 (𝑥+5)
=
(𝑥 + 5)(𝑥 +6)(𝑥 + 4)
𝑥 2 +4𝑥+5𝑥+30− 𝑥 2 −5𝑥
=
(𝑥 + 5)(𝑥 +6)(𝑥 + 4)
𝟒𝒙+𝟑𝟎
=
(𝒙 + 𝟓)(𝒙 +𝟔)(𝒙 + 𝟒)
Assessment
See attachment.
SOLVING QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
What to know?
 Determine a quadratic equation.
 Solve quadratic equations by factoring.
 Solve quadratic equations using quadratic formula.
Think about this!

A QUADRATIC EQUATION is an equation that may be written in the standard
quadratic form
𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄 = 𝟎
Where a, b, and c are real numbers and 𝑎 ≠ 0
In the equation, 𝒂𝒙𝟐 is the quadratic term, 𝒃𝒙 is the linear term, and 𝒄 is the
constant term.
Example 1: 𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 6 = 0 is a quadratic equation in standard form with

𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 = −5, and 𝑐 = 6.
In this lesson, we seek to find the value(s) which make/s the statement true, or to
show that there are no such values.
For example, the values 𝑥 = 3 and 𝑥 = 2 satisfy the equation 𝑥2 − 5𝑥 + 6 = 0. This
is easily checked by substitution.
These values are called the solutions of the equation. Quadratic equations may
have no solution, one solution, or, as in the above example, two solutions.
These are the four methods used in solving quadratic equations:
1. Square Root Property
2. Factoring Method
3. Completing the Square
4. Quadratic Formula
1.1 Square Root Property

This property states that If 𝐴 and 𝐵 are algebraic expressions such that 𝐴2 = 𝐵, then
𝐴 = ±√𝐵. This method is used if the form of the equation is:
𝑥2 = 𝑘 𝑜𝑟 (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)2 = 𝑘
where k represents a constant
Example 1: Solve 𝑥 2 − 16 = 0
STEP 1: Transform the equation so that a perfect square is on one side and a constant
is on the other side of the equation.
𝑥 2 − 16 = 0
𝑥 2 = 16
STEP 2: Use the square root property to find the square root of each side. REMEMBER
that finding the square root of a constant yields positive and negative values.
𝑥 2 = 16
𝑥 = √16
𝑥 = ±4
Thus, the solution to the quadratic equations are 𝑥 = 4 and 𝑥 = −4.
Example 2: Solve (𝑥 + 1)2 = 49
STEP 1: Transform the equation so that a perfect square is on one side and a constant
is on the other side of the equation.
(𝑥 + 1)2 = 49
(𝑥 + 1)2 = 49
𝑥 + 1 = √49
𝑥 + 1 = ±7
STEP 3: Solve each resulting equation. (If you are finding the square root of a negative
number, there is no real solution and imaginary numbers are necessary.)
𝑥 + 1 = ±7
𝑥+1=7 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 + 1 = −7
𝑥 =7−1 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = −7 − 1
𝑥=6 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = −8

1.2 FACTORING
If the quadratic polynomial can be factored, the Zero Product Property may be
used. This property states that when the product of two factors equals zero, then
at least one of the factors is zero.
If 𝐴 and 𝐵 are algebraic expressions, then 𝐴𝐵 = 0 if and only if 𝐴 = 0 or 𝐵 = 0.
Example 1: Solve 𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 = −12.
STEP 1: Write the equation in standard form (equal to 0).

𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 = −12
𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 + 12 = 0
STEP 2: Factor the polynomial. We factor it by finding two numbers which product is
12 and which sum is −𝟕.
The possible factors of 12 are:
12 = (4)(3) 𝟏𝟐 = (−𝟒)(−𝟑)
12 = (6)(2) 12 = (−6)(−2)
12 = (12)(1) 12 = (−12)(−1)
Out of all the possible factors of 12, the one which sum is −7 is:
(−𝟒)(−𝟑)
Thus we factor the polynomial using those numbers

𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 + 12 = 0
(𝑥 − 4)(𝑥 − 3) = 0
STEP 3: Use the Zero Product Property to set each factor equal to zero and then solve
each resulting linear equation.
(𝑥 − 4)(𝑥 − 3) = 0
𝑥−4=0 𝑜𝑟 𝑥−3=0
𝒙=𝟒 𝒐𝒓 𝒙=𝟑
Thus, the solution to the quadratic equation are 𝑥 = 4 and 𝑥 = 3.
Example 2: Solve 𝑥 2 = 9𝑥.

𝑥 2 = 9𝑥
2
𝑥 − 9𝑥 = 0
STEP 2: Factor the polynomial. We factor it by finding the common factor in each
term.
𝑥 2 − 9𝑥 = 0
Both terms have the variable x as a factor, thus:
𝑥(𝑥 − 9) = 0
STEP 3: Use the Zero Product Property to set each factor equal to zero and then solve
each resulting linear equation.
𝑥(𝑥 − 9) = 0
𝑥=0 𝑜𝑟 𝑥−9=0
𝒙=𝟎 𝒐𝒓 𝒙=𝟗
Thus, the solution to the quadratic equation are 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑥 = 9.
1.3 COMPLETING THE SQUARE

Example 1: Solve 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 21 = 0.
STEP 1: Transform the equation so that the quadratic term and the linear term equal a
constant. 𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 = −𝒄
𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 21 = 0
𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 = 21
STEP 2: Divide each term by the coefficient of the quadratic term if it is not a 1.
𝒃𝒙 −𝒄
𝒙𝟐 + =
𝒂 𝒂
Since the coefficient of the quadratic term (𝑎𝑥 2 ) is 1. We leave it as it is.

𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 = 21
STEP 3: Complete the square.
𝑥 2 + 𝟒𝒙 = 21
Divide the coefficient of x by 2 and then square it.
4 2
( ) =4
2
Add the result to both sides of the equation
𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 𝟒 = 21 + 𝟒
Express the left side as the square of binomials, and simplify the right side.
(𝑥 + 4)2 = 25
(𝑥 + 4)2 = 25
𝑥 + 4 = √25
𝑥 + 4 = ±5
STEP 3: Solve each resulting equation. (If you are finding the square root of a negative
number, there is no real solution and imaginary numbers are necessary.)
𝑥 + 4 = ±5
𝑥+4=5 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 + 4 = −5
𝑥 =5−4 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = −5 − 4
𝑥=1 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = −9
1.4 QUADRATIC FORMULA
The quadratic formula, which may also be used to solve any quadratic equation,
results from solving the quadratic equation 𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄 = 𝟎, 𝒂 ≠ 𝟎 for x by
completing the square.
−𝒃 ± √𝒃𝟐 − 𝟒𝒂𝒄
𝒙=
𝟐𝒂
Example: Solve 𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 = 16.

𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 = 16
2
𝑥 + 6𝑥 − 16 = 0
STEP 2: Determine the value of a, b, and c.

𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄 = 𝟎,
𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 − 16 = 0
Thus, 𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 = 6, 𝑐 = −16
STEP 3: Substitute to the formula and solve.
−𝑏 ± √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
𝑥=
2𝑎
−6 ± √(6)2 − 4(1)(−16)
𝑥=
2(1)
−6 ± √36 + 64
𝑥=
2
−6 ± √36 + 64
𝑥=
2
−6 ± √100
𝑥=
2
−6 ± 10
𝑥=
2
−6 + 10 −6 − 10
𝑥= 𝑜𝑟 𝑥=
2 2
4 −16
𝑥= 𝑜𝑟 𝑥=
2 2
𝒙=𝟐 𝒐𝒓 𝒙 = −𝟖
Thus, the solution to the quadratic equation are 𝑥 = 2 and 𝑥 = −8.
Assessment
See attachments.
Attachment
MATHEMATICS
WORKSHEET NO. 1
Name: (Surname, Given Name, M.I) Score:
Section:
Solve the following and show your complete and neat solution. Simplify if
possible. 2 points each for numbers 1 – 2 , and 3 points each for numbers 3 – 11.
𝑥−3 𝑥+2 21𝑎2 𝑏 7𝑎𝑏2
1. + 7. ÷
4𝑥 2 −1 4𝑥 2 −1 5𝑥𝑦 20𝑥 2 𝑦
5𝑥 2 +3 𝑥 2 +4
2. −
2𝑥 2 −9𝑥−5 2𝑥 2 −9𝑥−5
18𝑥 5 𝑦 5
8. 8𝑥 4 𝑦 7 ÷
4𝑥𝑦
𝑥2 1
3. +
𝑥−1 1−𝑥
𝑠 2 +13𝑠+12 𝑠 2 −144
9. ÷
𝑠+2 3𝑠+6
32𝑎2 25𝑏2
4. ∙
25𝑏3 32𝑎2
𝑥 2 +4𝑥−5 2
10. −
𝑥 2 −2𝑥−3 𝑥+1
𝑎𝑥−𝑏𝑥+𝑐𝑥 𝑦2
5. ∙
𝑦3 𝑎−𝑏+𝑐
𝑥−1 𝑥+3
11. +
𝑎2 −4 𝑎2 4𝑥 2 −9 2𝑥−3
6. ∙
𝑎5 4− 𝑎2
Attachment
MATHEMATICS
WORKSHEET NO. 2
Name: (Surname, Given Name, M.I) Score:
Section:
Answer the following problems on a one whole sheet of paper. Show your
complete and neat solutions.
A. Solve the following equations by B. Solve the following equations by
factoring completing the square
1. 𝑥 − 2𝑥 = −1
2
1. 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 2 = 0
2. 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 30 = 0 2. 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 6 = 0
3. 𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 − 6 = 0 3. 2𝑥 2 − 10𝑥 − 10 = 0
4. 2𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 + 3 = 0 C. Solve the following equations using

quadratic formula
1. 𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 + 12 = 0
If you have questions or clarifications regarding the lesson, write these in the
space provided.
Student’s Feedback/Question Teacher’s note

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Immaculate Conception School of Malolos – Senior High School

Think about this!

In simplifying rational expressions, we will follow the same concept in simplifying

Operations on Rational Expressions

Multiplying Rational Expressions

Division of Rational Expressions

2𝑦 3 +16 3𝑦 2 −𝑦−14 2𝑦 3 +16 4𝑦 2 3𝑦2 −𝑦−14

Adding and Subtracting Rational Expressions with Similar Denominators

Addition and Subtraction of Fractions with Similar Denominators

9𝑦 2 𝑦 2 + 16𝑦 9𝑦 2 −(𝑦2 +16𝑦)

Adding and Subtracting Rational Expressions with Different Denominators

Before we proceed to adding and subtracting dissimilar rational expressions, we

The LCD is 3 ∙ 2 ∙ x ∙ x ∙ x ∙ y = 6x3y

The LCD is (2x + 3) (2x – 3) (x – 1)

We will now proceed to adding and subtracting rational expressions with

3. LCD: (x + 5)(x +6)(x + 4)

SOLVING QUADRATIC EQUATIONS

Think about this!

Example 1: 𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 6 = 0 is a quadratic equation in standard form with

1.1 Square Root Property

where k represents a constant

Thus, the solution to the quadratic equations are 𝑥 = 4 and 𝑥 = −4.

Example 2: Solve (𝑥 + 1)2 = 49

Thus, the solution to the quadratic equations are 𝑥 = 6 and 𝑥 = −8.

STEP 1: Write the equation in standard form (equal to 0).

Thus we factor the polynomial using those numbers

Thus, the solution to the quadratic equation are 𝑥 = 4 and 𝑥 = 3.

Example 2: Solve 𝑥 2 = 9𝑥.

STEP 1: Write the equation in standard form (equal to 0).

Thus, the solution to the quadratic equation are 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑥 = 9.

1.3 COMPLETING THE SQUARE

Since the coefficient of the quadratic term (𝑎𝑥 2 ) is 1. We leave it as it is.

Thus, the solution to the quadratic equations are 𝑥 = 1 and 𝑥 = −9.

1.4 QUADRATIC FORMULA

STEP 1: Write the equation in standard form (equal to 0).

STEP 2: Determine the value of a, b, and c.

Thus, the solution to the quadratic equation are 𝑥 = 2 and 𝑥 = −8.

4. 2𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 + 3 = 0 C. Solve the following equations using

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