6

TECHNICAL DATA

6-1

Torque Tool is
Measuring Equipment!
（1） Control of torque tools 80
（2） Calibration of torque tools 80

6-2 Traceability
81
Torque Tools as （1） Traceability system
（2） Diagram of torque traceability and
Measurement Equipment National standard 82
84
Torque Tools as Measurement Equipment

（3） Hand torque tool standards

（4） ISO 9000-related documents 90

6-3

Engagement with JCSS and
development of services
（1） JCSS outline 91
（2） JCSS calibration service 92
（3） Flow of JCSS calibration 94

78 TOHNICHI TORQUE HANDBOOK Vol.9

 TECHNICAL DATA
6-4 Accuracy and Uncertainty
（1） Accuracy 95
（2） Uncertainty 96
（3） Analysis procedure for uncertainty in
measurements 98
（4） Example of uncertainty 99
（5） Accuracy of torque tools 101
（6） Durable accuracy of torque tools
(Tohnichi standards) 102
6

Torque Tools as Measurement Equipment

6-5 Tool control
（1） Tool Control 103
（2） Select testers 103
（3） Testers for torque tools 104
（4） Standards of Tohnichi, ISO, JIS 104
（5） Naming of hand torque tools 105
（6） Cautions for calibration of hand torque tools 105

Technical Data 79
 6-1
TECHNICAL DATA

Torque Tools as Measurement Equipment

Torque Tools are Measurement Equipment

（1）
Control of torque tools
The process for controlling torque tools (Figure 6-1) The periodic calibration cycle depends on the same
involves ascertaining the accuracy by adequately factors, but normally this is set between 3 months and
checking the measurement of the tools upon reception a year. If possible this cycle should be readjusted as the
at the facility and on a daily basis. The decision of how tool ages to allow more effective control.
to set up the process for the control should assess the Due to torque tools are precision measurement
following factors: importance, usage frequency, and equipment contrast to standard hand tools, take care
usage torque capacity of the measuring instruments, by for storage and management to maintain accuracy and
referring to the ISO standards (ISO 6789), JIS standards durability.

6 (JIS B 4652), and the manufacturer’s nominal accuracies.

Figure 6-1. Control system for torque tools

（2） Calibration
Torque Tools as Measurement Equipment

TEL
FAX TOHNICHI
Selection of E-mail
Reference and support materials Calibrating a measuring device involves inspecting and verifying
Torque Wrench
Product guide Tohnichi website the extent to which the device deviates from what it should
Torque handbook
Technical materials show, using as reference the upper measurement range value.
Return
Order Traceability chart
Sales support
Measurement range values must have a higher level of
Torque seminar
Parts supplies
Parts list precision than the device used for measuring. The highest
Delivery
Exhibition/Laboratory measurement standard applied within a company or
Customer
organization is called the “reference standard.”
NG
Acceptance
Tools requiring calibration are calibrated periodically at a
OK
Certificate of public institution. National standards and traceability must be
calibration
Inner company Outer company maintained without interruption.
Registration Work
It is understood that calibration attests to a status only when
Outer company Inner company
it is performed. It does not provide Pass/Fail judgments.
Control
Work
Therefore, adjustment and repair is not involved in calibration
Spare tools
Use Storage service. As a general rule, Tohnichi products come with a
Calibration Certificate. Relevant documentation, such as an
OK Regular calibration OK Inspection Report or Traceability System Diagram, will be
Daily inspection
and inspection
NG NG issued upon request.
OK *Example: Once a year We keep inspection records on file for predetermined periods
Repair/Adjustment/
Inspection
of time. Contact us if you need information regarding a record
NG
for a former product.
Disposal

80 TOHNICHI TORQUE HANDBOOK Vol.9

6-2

TECHNICAL DATA
Torque Tools as Measurement Equipment

Traceability

（1）
Traceability system
Generally, measurement equipment will be calibrated Tohnichi is inspecting a wide variety of torque tools based
with more precise standard equipment and the standard on the traceability system (Figure 6-2). Services, such as
equipment also calibrated by a higher level of standard calibration and repair, are very important and necessary
devices. Eventually, it chains consecutively to National factors in the control process. All of these services required
standard and when it certified, it can be described as for internal company controls of torque tools, such as
traceable for National standard. calibration certificates, inspection sheets, and traceability
Torque can be resolved into length by the force. As the charts (Figure 6-3), are available upon request. Use the
units of length and force are approved by official calibration Traceability Issue Request forms from Tohnichi agents and
laboratory respectively these units, or in part of country,
torque itself chains directory to the National standard.
included with the general product information for such
traceability requests.
6
Figure 6-2. Traceability of Tohnichi products Figure 6-3. Traceability chart

Torque Tools as Measurement Equipment

Official calibration

National Institute of Advanced

Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)
Laboratory

Measuring Measuring Calibration Institute Measuring

Calibration Institute Calibration Institute
Torque Length Mass Force
Reference
Standard

Torque Length Mass Force

Working Standard

Calibration Lever Weight

Force

Torque (tester, Checker, Torque Sensor)

Tohnichi Products

Power Torque Tool

Torque Screwdriver

Bolt Tension Meter

Torque Wrench

Torque Gauge

Torque Meter

Technical Data 81
 6-2
TECHNICAL DATA

Torque Tools as Measurement Equipment

Traceability

（2）
Diagram of torque traceability and National standard
In order to secure traceability system using torque SI principles to the torque level structure for torque
units, the establishment of calibration methods using testing machines and torque wrenches measurement
national torque standards is progressing worldwide. In equipment disclosed by National Institute of Technology
Japan, a supply system using national torque standards and Evaluation (NITE) shows in the figure 6-4. The layer
has been prepared, in which “ torque meters” that composed of torque wrench and torque screwdriver
measure pure torsion are already being supplied in a and chains to torque tester and checker is "Tertiary
range of 10 N・m to 20 kN・m, and “ reference torque Stage", the layer chains to reference torque wrench and
wrenches” that occupy the top standard of torque reference torque screwdriver is "Secondary stage", and

6 wrench testers are being provided in a range of 0.1 N・m

to 5 kN・m (As of July 2018).
the layer chains from torque calibration
machine to designated secondary standard equipment is
Items from the technical requirement application "Primary stage".
Torque Tools as Measurement Equipment

Figure 6-4. Traceability System Diagram

Torque Standard Machine Torque Standard Machine

Designated Secondary Standard Equipment Torque Measuring Device Reference Torque Wrench
Primary Stage

Torque Calibration Machine Torque Meter Calibration Machine Torque Wrench Calibration Machine

Reference Torque Wrench Reference Torque

Secondary Stage

Torque Meter Reference Torque Wrench

Screwdriver

Torque Testing Torque Screwdriver Torque Screwdriver Torque Wrench Torque Wrench
Object for Secondary stage calibration Machine Tester Checker Checker Tester
Tertiary Stage

Object for Tertiary Stage Calibration or Test Hand Torque Driver Hand Torque Wrench

82 TOHNICHI TORQUE HANDBOOK Vol.9

 TECHNICAL DATA
Explanation of terms in JCSS (Hierarchy of torque wrench: from NITE issue technical requirements
application guidelines)

■Designated standard equipment …… Equipment designated as the national standard that realizes the
(Torque standard Machine) torque units.

■ Designated secondary standard A Reference torque wrench which is calibrated by designated standard equipment.
equipment ………………………… It is a reference standard for the torque of the calibration laboratory and is used for
(Reference torque wrench) maintenance of the calibration equipment.

■Working standard ……………… An actual load type, load cell type or build-up type torque wrench calibration
(Torque wrench calibration Machine) machine. It is used for direct comparison calibration with a designated secondary
6
standard equipment of a calibration service laboratory.

Torque Tools as Measurement Equipment

■Regular reference standard …… The most significant reference torque wrench in a calibration service laboratory.
(Reference torque wrench) It has a torque wrench shaped sensor part (torque converter) provided with a lever and
calibrated by linking to a designated secondary standard equipment.
It is a reference standard of torque wrench testers and calibration target of the primal stage.
■Torque wrench tester ………… A torque testing tool with a loading device to be given torque for calibrating hand torque
wrenches.
It is calibrated by a regular reference standard as the higher standard. It is a calibration target
of the secondary stage.
■Hand torque tool ……………… The torque wrenches, those that apply load manually and also have function as screw tightening
tools. The instruments can be calibrated by a torque wrench tester or torque wrench checker
under JIS B 4652. It is the calibration target of the third stage of JCSS system.

Using these, through the establishing of a torque supply system by JCSS (refer to 6-3.), a traceability system
for torque will be established similar to that for other units. However, depending on the torque range, it will
performed conventional local calibration.

Technical Data 83
 6-2
TECHNICAL DATA

Torque Tools as Measurement Equipment

Traceability

（3）Hand torque tool standards

Requirements of ISO, International Organization for Standardization and JIS, Japanese Industrial
Standards for manual torque wrenches and screwdrivers.

① ISO 6789:2017: Standards for assembly tools for screws and nuts -- Hand torque tools

Before adoption of these standards, standards in effect were listed under ISO 6789:2003 (Assembly tools
for screws and nuts -- Hand torque tools -- Requirements and test methods for design conformance testing,
quality conformance testing and recalibration procedure).

6 The standards underwent a number of changes, and are divided into Part 1 and Part 2, in response to the
different needs of different users.The JIS version does not yet reflect these changes.
Torque Tools as Measurement Equipment

Part1 Part2
Part 1 specifies requirements for design and manufacture The following were established: Calibration and measurement specifications
requirements, including the content of a declaration of for hand torque tools; and requirements for traceable certificates of calibration.
conformity for hand torque tools. Calculation methods for uncertainty are included.
• The classification of hand torque tools specified by the
• Parameters were set for ratios between relative measurement uncertainty
former standards (2003 version) was not changed.
intervals for torque measurement devices and relative measurement
• For scales and dials, maximums between graduation
mark intervals were established. For electronic displays uncertainty intervals for torque tools.
and indicators, resolution minimum requirements were • The calculation method for relative measurement deviation (accuracy) is the
established. In addition, applicable torque range must be same as that specified in the former standards (2003 version). Names are
specified. different from those in Part 1.
• For high-order standard torque measurement devices, • Parameters were set for methods used to measure analog/dial graduation
maximum measurement tolerances were established.
resolution.
• Torque tool calibration procedures were made stricter than
• Stipulation of the need to evaluate variations caused by the reproducibility
under the former standards.
• The calculation method for relative deviation (accuracy) was of a torque tool or the effect of an interface (e.g., interchangeable heads), or
changed from that specified in the former standards (method the output drive of a torque tool.
returned to 1992 version). • Stipulation of the need to use actual torque tool calibration data when
• Some terminology and names were changed. (Reference calculating reproducibility uncertainty.
to certificates was changed to declarations of conformity, • The above-mentioned data is to be used when calculating a torque tool’s
inspection reports, etc., and their content is specified.)
relative expansion uncertainty and relative measurement uncertainty intervals.
• No re f erence is made t o t orque t o ol measurement
• A calibration certificate attests to the accreditation, and its content is described.
uncertainty.
Tohnichi Manufacturing plans to introduce application of the above-
mentioned standards in an orderly fashion.

84 TOHNICHI TORQUE HANDBOOK Vol.9

 TECHNICAL DATA
② JIS B 4652:2008: Requirements and testing methods for hand torque tools

These JIS standards were compiled on the basis of the These standards are valid in Japan, so there is no
older ISO version (2003), which was later replaced by problem with their application in this country. However,
ISO 6789:2017 mentioned above. Applicable sections some sections differ from the content of the two-part
of the international standards were translated, ISO 6789:2017, making it urgent that new standards be
to form Japanese Industrial Standards issued in 2008 drawn up.
without change in the technical content.
Translated JIS, so content same as ISO: 6789:2003.
Content is provided for torque tool types, tests and
calibrations, and an explanation is given regarding
c al cul a t ion me t ho ds ( incl udin g f or unc er t ain t y
evaluations).

Reference data: Terms and definitions of hand torque tool in JIS / ISO
Permissive Deviation

6
Type Ⅰ: Indicating torque wrench
Tool that indicates the applied torque by a Maximum Maximum
mechanical scale, dial or electronic display torque torque
Below 10N・m Above 10N・m
Class Ａ Twisting or deflection beam type wrench ±6%

Torque Tools as Measurement Equipment

High rigidity housing type wrench with scale,
Class Ｂ
dial, or display unit
±6% ±4%
High rigidity housing type wrench with
Class Ｃ
electronic indicator
Class Ｄ Screwdriver with scale, dial, or display unit ±6%
Class Ｅ Screwdriver with electronic indicator ±6% ±4%

Type Ⅱ: Setting torque tool Permissive Deviation

Tool that is set on a preset torque before use and it Maximum Maximum
emits audibly,visibly or perceptibly signal when the torque torque
torque reaches preset value. Below 10N・m Above 10N・m
Variable torque type wrench with graduations
Class Ａ
or display unit
Class Ｂ Fixed torque type wrench ±6% ±4%
Variable torque type wrench with no
Class Ｃ
graduations
Variable torque type screwdriver with
Class Ｄ
graduations or display unit
Class Ｅ Fixed torque type screwdriver
Variable torque type screwdriver with no ±6%
Class Ｆ
graduations
Deflection beam / variable torque type wrench
Class Ｇ
with graduations

Technical Data 85
 6-2
TECHNICAL DATA

Torque Tools as Measurement Equipment

Traceability

Special report Torque Measurement Traceability Systems

National Metrology Institute of Japan, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology
Force and Torque Standards Group,
Hiroshi Ogushi, Research Group Director,

1. Introduction 2. Torque measurement traceability systems

Since the end of the last century, awareness has been Figure 1 shows the outline of tractability system of Germany.
growing of the importance of torque measurement It is classified "pure torsion torque calibration" and "Loading
traceability. This is reflected in the ISO 9000 series, torque calibration"
ISO/IEC 17025, ISO/TS 16949, Pure torsion torque measurement device calibrations are
6 the Fastener Quality Act (USA), and directives conducted under EU guidelines EURAMET/cg-14 and DIN
regarding American aircraft maintenance. In Japan, 51309, or German industrial standards. On the other hand,
Torque Tools as Measurement Equipment

R&D for the further development of torque standards for torque wrench load calibrations, domestic authorization
and traceability systems was begun 1997 by the system guideline DKD-R 3-7 is relevant for reference
National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and calibrations of torque wrenches, domestic guideline DKD-R 3-8
Technology (AIST) and the National Metrology Institute is relevant for torque wrench tester calibrations, and ISO 6789
of Japan (NMIJ, known at the time as the National is relevant for hand torque tool calibrations. The German
Research Laboratory of Metrology, under the Agency authorization system promoted by DAkkS is used, and the
of Industrial Science and Technology). This report SI traceability system for torque units has been established
compares current torque measurement traceability through the involvement of the national metrology institute
systems in two countries: Germany and the U.S.A. (PTB), Germany’s National Measurement Institute (NMI).

DAkks accredited laboratory

PTB Torque

EURAMET/cg-14 Loading to the

Pure torque
DIN51309 wrench part DKD-R 3-7

Torque meter Reference torque wrench

DIN51220 DKD-R 3-8 DKD-R 3-8

Torque testing machine/

Torque wrench tester/checker
torque screwdriver tester, checker

Regulation of each test ISO 6789 ISO 6789

Material/Motor/Engine/
Hand torque tool test Hand torque tool

Figure
Figure 1. 1. Germany
Germany torque
torque traceabilitysystem
traceability system and
andrelated standards
related standards
86 TOHNICHI TORQUE HANDBOOK Vol.9
Gravity acceleration→Gravity map
National torque standard (Under planing)
Mass NVLAP accredited laboratory
 TECHNICAL DATA
Figure 2 shows the outline of traceability Figure 3 shows the outline of Japan. Public
system of USA. In the United States, there are t r a c e a b i l i t y s y s t e m f o r T o r q u e w i l l b e
many public service such as National Voluntary established soon with JCSS, Japan Calibration
L a b o r a t o r y A c c r e d i t a t i o n P r o g r a m c a l l e d Service System. Japan Measuring Instruments
NVLAP, A2LA organization and others. Both Federation, JMIF provides guidelines JMIF015
mass of weights and standard length for torque for calibration service of torque meter and
calibration services must be traceable to US guidelines JMIF019 for torque wrench testers.
national science laboratory, called the National For calibration
DAkks accredited of reference torque wrench
laboratory
PTB Torque
Institute of Standard and Technology, NIST. and torque wrench tester/checker, JMIF016
EURAMET/cg-14 Loading to the
Calibration performance of test equipment
Pure torque and JMIF019 are referred. To calibrate manual
wrench part
DIN51309 DKD-R 3-7
is referred to ASTM international, American torque instruments, JIS B 4652 by Japanese
Torque meter
S o c i e t y f o r T e s t i n g a n d M a t e r i a l s . A S T M
Reference torque wrench
Industrial Standards Committee covers the 6
E2428 is standard DIN51220
practice for the DKD-R
calibration
3-8 requirement and procedure
DKD-R 3-8 according to ISO
and verification of static
Torque torque measuring 6789 2003. ISO 6789, however was significantly

Torque Tools as Measurement Equipment

testing machine/
Torque wrench tester/checker
instruments, and ASTM
torque E2624 tester,
screwdriver is for torque
checker revised in 2017, it's categorized into two parts.
calibration of testing machines. American The Part 1 is for examination and the another
Regulation of each test ISO 6789 ISO 6789
Society of Mechanical Engineers, called ASME Part 2 for calibration.
provides guidelines Material/Motor/Engine/
for manually operated Hand torque tool
Hand torque tool test
torque instruments.
Figure 1. Germany torque traceability system and related standards

National torque standard (Under planing) Gravity acceleration→Gravity map

Mass NVLAP accredited laboratory

NIST Length A2LA accredited laboratory
MIL-STD-45662.A
ASTM E2428 ANSI/NCSL Z540.1
Torque meter

ASTM E2624 Test rather than

calibration
Torque testing machine/
torque screwdriver tester, checker
ASME B107.14M

Regulation of each test

Material test etc. Hand torque tool

FigureFigure
2. American torque
2. American traceability
torque systemand
traceability system and related
related standards
standards

JCSS accredited laboratory

NMIJ/AIST Torque
Technical Data 87
JMIF015 JMIF016
 Torque meter

TECHNICAL DATA ASTM E2624 Test rather than

calibration
Torque testing machine/
torque screwdriver tester, checker
ASME B107.14M

Regulation of each test

Material test etc. Hand torque tool

Figure 2. American torque traceability system and related standards

JCSS accredited laboratory

NMIJ/AIST Torque

JMIF015 JMIF016

Torque meter Reference torque wrench

JMIF019 JMIF019

Torque testing machine/

Torque wrench tester/checker
torque screwdriver tester, checker

JIS B 4652
Regulation of each test ISO 6789

6 Material test etc. Hand torque tool

FigureFigure 3. Japanese
3. Japanese torquetraceability
torque traceability system
systemand related
and standards
related standards
Torque Tools as Measurement Equipment

3. Traceability stages
Here follows an explanation of traceability stages the reference torque screwdriver (RTS), and the
for a sample calibration, using JCSS terminology. reference torque wrench (RTW), which are in the
For the first stage, using torque standard machines possession of the technician who performed the
(TSM), which are classified as Specified Standard 2nd stage calibration. And then, use the TM, RTS
Instruments by the National Metrology Institute or RTW to calibrate the torque testing machine
of Japan (NMIJ), calibrate a Specified Secondary (TTM), the torque screwdriver tester (TST) /
Standard Instrument (either a torque measuring torque screwdriver checker (TSC), and the torque
d e v i c e [ T M D ] o r a hi g h p r e c i s i o n r e f e r e n c e wrench tester (TWT) / torque wrench tester (TWC,
torque wrench [HGRTW]). Next, using the TMD which are in the possession of the technician who
or HGRTW, calibrate the practical standards performed the 3rd stage calibration. Use the TTM,
torque calibration machine (TCM) which is in TST, TSC, TWT or TWC to test various materials
the possession of the technician who performed or to calibrate (or test) hand torque tools. This will
the 1st stage calibration. Then, using the TCM, ensure traceability up to the end user.
calibrate the working standard torque meter (TM),

88 TOHNICHI TORQUE HANDBOOK Vol.9

 TECHNICAL DATA
4. Conclusion
My report has briefly examined torque standards
and torque measurement traceability systems in
Japan. Under government directive, accreditation
programs ensure measurement traceability. Such
practices have become a corporate responsibility,
e v en a busine s s s tra t e g y, and the y are no w
considered common sense worldwide. It is to be
hoped that this report will encourage industries in
Japan to use the Japan Calibration Service System
(JCSS), and strengthen their torque measurement 6
traceability systems.

Torque Tools as Measurement Equipment

Technical Data 89
 6-2
TECHNICAL DATA

Torque Tools as Measurement Equipment

Traceability

（4）
ISO 9000-related documents Figure 6-5. Certificate of calibration supplied with torque wrenches

Torque equipment is also required to be controlled,

calibrated and have traceability with national
standards as a measurement instrument according
to ISO 9000. Tohnichi provides certificate of
calibration shown in Figure 6-5. Alternatively,
upon the customer’s request, we also issue an
inspection certificate, traceability chart shown in
Figure 6-3. Tohnichi stores the histories of these

6 issued documents for a certain period and it helps

maintain your torque management system base on
ISO 9000.
Torque Tools as Measurement Equipment

ISO Related document

1. Calibration Certificate
(Combined with inspection certificate)

2. Inspection Certificate

3. Traceability Chart

90 TOHNICHI TORQUE HANDBOOK Vol.9

6-3

TECHNICAL DATA
Torque Tools as Measurement Equipment

Engagement wit JCSS and development of services

The Torque Standards Calibration Laboratory of Tohnichi Manufacturing was awarded JCSS Second Grade (Torque Wrench Testers) accreditation in
November 2011. By March 2018 the Laboratory had also been granted First Grade (Reference Torque Wrenches) and Third Grade (Hand Torque Tools)
registration. This makes Tohnichi the first torque device calibration service provider in Japan to complete accreditation in all JCSS grades. (10N•m 〜 1000N•m)

（1）
JCSS overview
JCSS (Japan Calibration Service System) covers measurement Figure 6-6. JCSS symbol
traceability systems under Japan’s Measurement Law.
Its focus is twofold: the National Measurement Standards
Provision System and the Calibration Laboratory Registration
System. The latter system has been administered since November
0281
1993 as the Calibration Laboratory Accreditation System by the
National Institute of Technology and Evaluation (NITE: initially called
6
the International Trade and Industry Inspection Institute). Then due Figure 6-7. JCSS symbol with MRA compliant

Torque Tools as Measurement Equipment

to system changes introduced on 1 July 2005, JCSS has since been
administered as a calibration service provider registration system.
Participation in the registration system is voluntary. Acceptance
depends on whether the entity satisfies the requirements of
0281
the Measurement Law, relevant regulations and ISO/IEC 17025.
Registration is offered for each of the 24 registration categories
currently published. Audits are conducted by NITE. Upon an entity’ When JCSS-registered calibration service providers
s application, NITE examines such factors as whether the entity’s wish to be covered by the international MRAs, they
quality assurance system is administered appropriately, whether its sign a separate voluntary agreement and may then
calibration methods and uncertainty evaluations are appropriate, be issued a calibration certificate imprinted with JCSS
and whether its equipment, etc. are suitable for calibration accreditation symbols and ILAC MRA attestation (see
performance. Audited entities deemed by the audit to be eligible Figure 6-7). International MRA-accredited entities
for JCSS registration can be issued a calibration certificate that are subjected to periodic inspections to verify
includes a special accreditation symbol (see Figure 6-6). international MRA compliance. The JCSS emblem, and
calibration certificate with JCSS accreditation symbol,
In December 1999 JCSS entered into a Mutual Recognition offer traceability assurance under Japan’s national
Arrangement (MRA) with Asia Pacific Laboratory Accreditation measurement standards, and provide the advantage
Cooperation (APLAC), and then in November 2000 it signed of immediate recognition of the technical expertise of
another MRA with International Laboratory Accreditation the calibration service provider.
Cooperation (ILAC). Participation in these international MRAs Extract from National Institute of Technology and Evaluation (NITE)
brings JCSS another step closer to worldwide acceptance of
calibrations conducted under its umbrella (One-Stop-Testing).
Technical Data 91
 6-3
TECHNICAL DATA

Torque Tools as Measurement Equipment

Engagement with JCSS and development of services

（2）
JCSS calibration service
Tohnichi has been registered to JCSS as "torque" National standard with "torque" and the contents
part, figure 6-9. and it is accredited to issue a o f c o n f o r m i t y a s s e s s m e n t a r e g u a r a n t e e d
calibration certification with the JCSS and MRA internationally.
(Mutual Recognition Arrangement) symbol which
certified the torque to be traced directly to

Figure 6-8 Traceability chart from the view point of calibration service

Torque Wrench

6 The third stage

Calibration of torque
CEM3-G Series
wrenches
(Object of JCSS)
Torque Tools as Measurement Equipment

Torque Wrench Tester

JCSS calibration with a

DOTE4-G tester.

The second stage

Calibration of torque
wrench testers
(Object of JCSS) Reference Torque Wrench

JCSS calibration with a

reference torque wrench

The first stage

Torque Wrench Calibration Machine
Comparison calibration
of reference torque
wrenches.
(Object of JCSS)

Designated Secondary Standard Equipment

Calibration of reference torque
wrench by torque wrench
calibration machine

Torque Standard Machine

(National standard)

Torque Standard Machine

(Provided from AIST)

92 TOHNICHI TORQUE HANDBOOK Vol.9

 TECHNICAL DATA
Figure 6-9 JCSS certification of registry and MRA attestation certification
(Registration the torque range from 10 N・m to 1000 N・m)

Torque Tools as Measurement Equipment

Figure 6-10. Example of JCSS calibration certificate (Initial page only)

Technical Data 93
 6-3
TECHNICAL DATA

Torque Tools as Measurement Equipment

Engagement with JCSS and development of services

（3）
Flow of JCSS calibration
F i g u r e 6 - 11 s h o w s a f l o w c h a r t o f J C S S Under JCSS calibration system, not only newly
calibration system. Application form is sent in purchasing Tohnichi torque equipment, also
advance to confirm requirements. "Tohnichi being used items can be calibrated. Contact
Accredited Room" performs calibration. Tohnichi for further information.

Figure 6-11　Flow of JCSS calibration

User Tohnichi Dealers Tohnichi Accredited Room

6 Request
（TEL、FAX、E-mail）
Initial check and sending application form
Torque Tools as Measurement Equipment

Fill out application

form
Confirmation

Request New Purchasing

Quotation
Contact the user
Dispatch Testers

Receiving Goods

Inspect Goods

Acknowledge Quotation

Ordering
JCSS Calibration
Ordering new tester

Delivery of Goods with

Receiving Goods Issue Certificate
Certificate

94 TOHNICHI TORQUE HANDBOOK Vol.9

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TECHNICAL DATA
Torque Tools as Measurement Equipment

Accuracy and Uncertainty

（1）
Accuracy
Accuracy is the overall favorable condition including the
Accuracy = Deviation + Dispersion
correctness and precision of values shown by measuring
equipment or measurement results. Further, correctness Deviation: In graduated torque measuring devices, this is the difference
is the condition where there is little deviation, while between the graduated values and the measured values. In torque
measuring devices without graduation (preset type), this is the difference
precision is the condition where there is little dispersion. between the set torque value and the measured torque value.
Dispersion: The standard for the dispersion is taken as 2σ or 3σ.
Figure 6-12. Relation between deviation and dispersion Figure 6-13. True value
Population mean
Deviation Relation of Sample mean

6
measured value
True value Deviation and true value
True value

True value

Measured value

Torque Tools as Measurement Equipment

Residual
X X X Deviation
（a） （b） （C）
Error
Case where dispersion is Case where deviation is Case where there is Bias
small, but there is deviation small, but there is dispersion deviation and dispersion
Correction

Table 6-1. Glossary of terms used in measurement(Extracted from JIS Z 8103, Glossary of terms used in measurement)
Term Definition
Value consistent with the definition of a given particular quantity. (refer to Figure 6-13)
True value
Remarks: Excluding particular cases, this is an ideal value it is unattainable practically.
Measured
That value which has been obtained by a measurement. (refer to Figure 6-13)
value
That value subtracted by the true value from a measured value. (refer to Figure 6-13)
Error Remarks: The ratio of an error to the true value is called the relative error. However, in the case
where it is not liable to be confused, it may also be called simply an error.
Bias A subtracted value of population mean of measured value by a true value. (refer to Figure 6-13)
Deviation A subtracted value by population mean from a measured value. (refer to Figure 6-13)
Residual A subtracted value by sample mean from a measured value. (refer to Figure 6-13)
Value added algebraically to the uncorrected result of a measurement to compensate for systematic error. (refer to Figure 6-13)
Remarks： 1. The correction is equal to the negative of the estimated systematic error.
　　　　　 2. The ratio of the correction to the read out value or calculated value is called the correction rate,
Correction
and the value of correction rate expressed in percentage is called the percentage correction.
　　　　　 3. For the purpose of compensating the presumable systematic error, the factor to be
multiplied to the measured result before correction is called the correction factor.
Dispersion Unevenness of the magnitudes of measured values or the degree of irregularity.

Technical Data 95
 6-4
TECHNICAL DATA

Torque Tools as Measurement Equipment

Accuracy and Uncertainty

（2）
Uncertainty
Without assuming the conventional concept of the true value (which is generally unknown), the
uncertainty is obtained from the data dispersion (already known) in the data range, using the
measured results themselves. (Figure 6-12) The methods of evaluating uncertainty are classified
under the following two types:

① Evaluation method by statistical analysis from a series of measured values.

　 (Uncertainty type A)
② Evaluation method by a means other than statistical analysis from a series of measured values.
6 　 (Uncertainty type B)
Further, for both of type A and type B, the standard uncertainties and the standard deviations (or similar
values) are estimated from the normal distribution, rectangular distribution and trapezoid distribution.
Torque Tools as Measurement Equipment

Finally, these are combined by the propagation rule of errors. (The combined standard uncertainty)
Under these procedures, the overall uncertainty is indicated as the Extended Uncertainty.

Table 6-14. Factors for uncertainty in general measurements

Measurement method Measuring device Work piece Measuring environment

Measurement principle
(Rules, definitions)

Measuring period Measuring person Measurement time

Table 6-15. Uncertainty

Generally within the range of 2σ (k = 2)

96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103

Measured value Uncertainty

99.3 0.96
98.34 100.26

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 TECHNICAL DATA
In normal distribution, σ (standard error) equals the standard uncertainty and generally, 2σ equals the
extended uncertainty. In rectangular distribution, dividing the half width of distribution (a) by 3 equals the
extended uncertainty (a/ 3). In triangular distribution, dividing the half width of distribution by
a 6 equals
the standard uncertainty (a/ 6).

Table 6-16. How to estimate the uncertainty

Normal distribution a
σ Standard uncertainty Rectangular distribution Triangular distribution
a a

Torque Tools as Measurement Equipment

2σ σ=a/ 3 σ=a/ 6
Extended uncertainty a

To obtain the resolution of a digital display for the uncertainty of 1 [digit], dividing 0.5 [digit] (half
the width of 1 [digit]) by 3 equals the standard uncertainty (1 [digit]/2 3). For example, if the
resolution (Nmin) using the minimum torque capacity (Tmin) is taken as 100, 1 [digit] equals 1% and
the uncertainty of its resolution (Udigit) equals 0.29%.

Table 6-17. Example of estimating the uncertainty from the rectangular distribution

Resolution of digital display

1[digit]
Uncertainty for 1 [digit] (Udigit)
Resolution Nmin at Tmin 1/resolution × 100%
Udigit = 1/(Nmin × 2 3) ×100%
1/resolution × 100%

Nmin Udigit
100 0.29%
200 0.14%
u u
400 0.07% 1[digit]/2 3

Technical Data 97
 6-4
TECHNICAL DATA

Torque Tools as Measurement Equipment

Accuracy and Uncertainty

（3）
Analysis procedure for uncertainty in measurements
① Setting the method of measurement and p i e c e , e t c . ( D e s c r i b e d i n t h e s t a n d a r d
calibration. (Describe the procedure concisely.) uncertainty; show the basis of the method of
Describe the principles and measuring methods, determination).
measuring devices and instruments concisely.
⑤ Calculation of combined standard uncertainty
② Construction of the mathematical model (Write (Square root of sum of squares)
the formulas or state the principal factors.) 1
n ／
a）D
escribe the formulas if they can express the uc =（Σui 2） = u 1 2＋u 2 2＋… un 2
2

6
uncertainty.
b）I f the uncertainty cannot be expressed by
i＝1

(The apparent differences between type A

and type B will disappear.)
numerical formulas, indicate the factors of the
Torque Tools as Measurement Equipment

uncertainties and combine them by adding.

c）E
xecute the test of significance through
e xperiment s based upon the design o f ⑥ Calculation of extended uncertainty
e x p erimen t s and f a c t or anal y sis. T hen
estimate the uncertainties of each factor. u = k・uc
k: Coverage factor
(Generally, k = 2 is taken. If not,
③ Correction of values (Describe the correction describe the reason for this.)
items and the methods, if any.) If corrections
are made, the estimation of uncertainties
should be carried out after the data correction.

④ Analysis and estimation of uncertainty elements

(Including type A and type B classification)
point out and classify the uncertainty elements,
and estimate the standard deviation (or similar
values) per element as follows:
a）U
ncertainty of standard. (Described as the
standard uncertainty.)
b）T
he uncertainty compared to the standard.
Uncertainty resulting from factors such
as the calibration equipment, calibration
envir onment, calibra tion perio d, w ork
98 TOHNICHI TORQUE HANDBOOK Vol.9
 TECHNICAL DATA
（4）
Example of uncertainty
① Theoretical formula
Torque [N·m] = Mass of dead weight [kg] x Gravitational acceleration [m/s²] x Effective length of
calibration lever L [mm]

② Hypothetical models
・Torque calibration kit DOTCL100N
・Torque wrench tester DOTE100N4-G

③ Uncertainty of calibration of torque wrench tester

Extended uncertainty of torque calibration kit: UIA
6
Extended uncertainty of torque calibration work: UIB

Torque Tools as Measurement Equipment

Extended uncertainty of measured torque: UIT (UIT² = UIA² + UIB²)
Extended uncertainty of torque wrench tester: UC
Extended uncertainty of calibration of torque wrench tester: UT (UT² = UIT² + UC²)

④ Uncertainty of torque calibration kit

Combined standard uncertainty for force
Factors Standard uncertainty
・Mass (standard dead weight) 0.0004%
uf = 0.00042＋0.012＋0.0052＋0.0152＋0.0142 = 0.023%
・Mass for measurement 0.01%
・Gravitational acceleration 0.005%
＊(Refer to P. 27, ''Acceleration of gravity'')
・Corrections of specific gravity 0.015%
・Vertical/horizontal conversion 0.014%

・Scale (calibration) 0.006%

Combined standard uncertainty of length of lever
・Length of lever
ul = 0.0062＋0.022＋0.022＋0.0142 = 0.032%
(process tolerance) 0.02%
・Diameter of wire 0.02%
Combined standard uncertainty of torque calibration kit
・Elongation of lever 0.014%
ua = uf2＋ul2 = 0.0232＋0.0322 = 0.04%
Extended standard uncertainty of torque calibration kit (k = 2)
UIA =2×ua = 0.08%

Technical Data 99
 6-4
TECHNICAL DATA

Torque Tools as Measurement Equipment

Accuracy and Uncertainty

⑤ Uncertainty of torque calibration

Factors Standard uncertainty
・Horizontality of wire 0.06%
・Inclination of lever (horizontality) 0.06%
・Length of lever (angle of drive) 0.03%
・Newton conversion 0.03%
・Repeated uncertainty 0.1%
Combined standard uncertainty of torque calibration work:
ub = 0.062＋0.062＋0.032＋0.032＋0.12 = 0.14%

Extended uncertainty of torque calibration work:

6 UIB = 2×ub =0.28%
Extended uncertainty of calibration torque:
UIT = UIA2＋UIB2 = 0.29%
Torque Tools as Measurement Equipment

⑥ Uncertainty of calibration of torque wrench tester

Factors Standard uncertainty
・Resolution of torque wrench tester (zero point) 0.06%
・Resolution of torque wrench tester (display) 0.06%
・Friction of axis bearing area 0.005%
・Uncertainty of gauge 0.14%
・Uncertainty of display 0.14%
Combined standard uncertainty of torque wrench tester:
uc = 0.062＋0.062＋0.0052＋0.142＋0.142 = 0.22%

Extended uncertainty of torque wrench tester:

UC = 2×uc =0.44%
Extended uncertainty of calibration of torque wrench tester:
UT = UIT2＋UC2 = 0.52%

⑦ Traceability of torque tools

The extended uncertainty of the torque wrench tester is required to be below ±1% (k = 2).
The extended uncertainty of the torque of the torque calibration kit should be below ±0.3% (k = 2).
Therefore, the standard uncertainty of the calibration kit is expected to be below 0.15%.
Each standard uncertainty of inferior characteristics that is below 0.015% can be ignored.

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 TECHNICAL DATA
（5）
Accuracy of Torque Tools（JIS B 4652：2008）
Situation where calibration of a torque wrench or torque
（χa－χr）
screwdriver is being carried out using a measuring A（
s %）＝ ×100
χr
instrument, match the indicated value on the index of
the graduated scale of the measuring instrument being As(%)： Deviation of the torque tool
calibrated with the measuring point, and read the Xa : Indicated value of torque tool
numbers on the measuring instrument. Reference value of Calibration Equipment
Xr : Reference value of Calibration Equipment

Deviation of the torque tool ＝

Indicating value of torque tool － Measuring value of calibration equipment
Measuring Value of Calibration Equipment
×100 6

Torque Tools as Measurement Equipment

Indicated value of torque tool Reference value of Calibration equipment

Calculation example　 As
（%）　χa ＝50 　χr ＝52

（50－52）×100
As ＝ ＝－3.85%
52

Figure 6-18. Difference in accuracy between RD and FS

Tohnichi adopts RD (Reading) for accuracy of torque

Measured value

products, not F.S (Full Scale).

Figure 6-18 shows the concept of difference of Reading
S.

and Full Scale accuracy.

F.
3%

RD

RD For Full Scale +/-3% accuracy, the +/-3% error at the

＋

3%

3%
＋

－ maximum range is applied on all measuring point. In

contrast, Reading +/-3% error will be applied against
S.
F.

each indicating points, so the more lower the measuring

3%

Reference value
－

point, error will be larger in Full Scale.

Technical Data 101
 6-4
TECHNICAL DATA

Torque Tools as Measurement Equipment

Accuracy and Uncertainty

Table 6-2. List of Torque Equipment Accuracy

Description Model Name Accuracy

Digital Torque Wrench Tester TF，
TCC2-G， DOTE4-G
Digital Torque Meter TME2
Digital Torque Screwdriver Tester TDT3-G ± 1％＋ digit
Digital Torque Wrench Checker LC3-G
Digital Rotary Torque Checker ST3-G
Digital Torque Screwdriver STC2-G
± 1％
Digital Torque Wrench CEM3-G，
CTA2-G， CTB2-G

6 Digital Torque Gauge

Torque Meter
ATGE-G， BTGE-G
TM
± 2％ +1digit

Torque Gauge ATG， BTG ± 2％

Torque Tools as Measurement Equipment

Torque Wrench Tester DOT

Digital Torque Wrench CPT-G
RTD， LTD，
NTD， FTD，
MTD， RNTD， A/BMRD，

Torque Screwdriver
A/BMLD etc.
± 3％
QL（E2）， CL（E2）， DQL（E2)，
TW2，
SP2，
QSP，
PQL，

Torque Wrench
MPQL etc.
Semi-automatic Torque Wrench A3、AC3
Torque Wrench QSPCA12N ～ 70N ± 4％
Power Torque Tool U, UR, AUR, DU, AP2 ME, MC2, etc. ± 5％
Torque Wrench QSPCA6N ± 6％

（6）
Durability Accuracy of Tohnichi Standard
■Manual Torque Tools ■Power Torque Tools
Guaranteed accuracy and durability on 100,000 cycle Guaranteed 500,000 cycle operations or one year
operations at maximum torque set or one year from from the first use under proper operation.
the first use. With proper maintenance, calibration, Required periodical calibration and overhauling.
adjustment and parts replacement every 100,000 cycles,
Tohnichi torque wrenches, upto 420N・m models can be
used 1,000,000 times. Upto 1000N・m models 500,000
times, and more than 1000N・m 250,000 times.

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6-5

TECHNICAL DATA
Torque Tools as Measurement Equipment

Tool Control

（1）
Tool Control
Any torque equipments break down and cause malfunction as they are used for a long time. To
prevent it, periodical check and calibration are required.
Daily inspection serves as a basis for the validity to use, and periodic calibration is effective
for external report by securing traceability. By combining these, corresponds to measurement
equipment management requirements of various standards including ISO.
Table 6-3. Daily Check and Periodic Calibration

Daily check Periodic calibration

Inspector Operators QC section, Calibration providers
Time
Testing equipment
Before or after the operation
Torque wrench checker
Periodic sequence
Torque wrench testers, Calibration equipment 6
Anomaly detection Possible to detect an error at an early stage Evaluable the uncertainty and long term variation
Difficult to find an error at early, need a

Torque Tools as Measurement Equipment

Failure and trouble Possible to find abnormal trends at early stage
report from line side for repairing

（2）
Select Testers
Checker for Daily Check … ■
Required to zero adjust since weight of torque wrench itself is add to
Prevents numerous defective vertical loading direction.
products beforehand ■ Direct manual loading doesn't provide stable Loading speed, force
position and direction.
Tester for Calibration …… ■Horizontal loading direction is not affected by the acceleration of gravity.
Quality control and securing ■ Loading device can keep stable operation speed, force position and
traceability of torque
equipment
loading direction.

Table 6-4. Select Testers

Type　 Checker Tester

Article LC3-G ST3-G TDT3-G DOT DOTE4-G TF, TCC2-G
Torque Power Tool, Torque Torque Torque Torque
Object
Wrench Torque Wrench Screwdriver Wrench Wrench Wrench

Accuracy ± 1%+1digit ± 1%+1digit ± 1%+1digit ± 2% ± 1%+1digit ± 1%+1digit

Torque Range Small-Medium-Large Small-Medium-Large Small Small-Medium Small-Medium-Large Small-Medium-Large
Analog × × × ○ × ×
Digital ○ ○ ○ × ○ ○
Manual ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○（TCC2-G）
Power × × × ○（DOT-MD）○（DITE4-G-MD2） ○（TF）
Direction Right Right/Left Right/Left Right Right/Left Right/Left

Technical Data 103

 6-5
TECHNICAL DATA

Torque Tools as Measurement Equipment

Tool Control

（3）
Testers for torque tools
Table 6-5. Example of Torque tools and Testers/Checkers

Torque tools Representative Model Tester / Checker

Pneumatic torque screwdriver U、UR、AUR TCF＋TP＋Display
Semi-automatic airtork A3, AC3 DOT・DOTE4-G・LC3-G・TF・TCC2-G Torque wrench tester
Fully automatic airtork HAT, AP2 TCF＋TP＋Display、ST
Multiple unit ME, MC2, MG TCF＋TP＋Display、ST
Manual torque screwdriver RTD、LTD、AMRD、BMRD TDT、 ATGE、TCF＋Display
Manual torque wrench QL、SP、QSP、TW、QSPCA DOT・DOTE4-G・LC3-G・TF・TCC2-G Torque wrench tester
Tester, Checker, Torque meter DOTE4-G, LC3-G, TF, TDT3-G, TME2 Calibration kit (weight + calibration lever/pulley)

6
（4）
Standards of Tohnichi, ISO, JIS (ISO 6789:2003, JIS B 4652:2008)
Torque Tools as Measurement Equipment

Table 6-6. Permissible deviation of torque value

Tohnichi standard Wrench、Screwdriver ± 3%

A. Dial indicating
Wrench Below 10 N·m ± 6% Above 10 N·m ± 4%
type ISO、 JIS standard
Screwdriver ± 6%
Tohnichi standard Wrench、Screwdriver ± 3%
B. Adjustable
Wrench Below 10 N·m ± 6% Above 10 N·m ± 4%
type ISO、 JIS standard
Screwdriver ± 6%
Tohnichi standard Wrench、Screwdriver ± 3％※
C. Preset type Wrench Below 10 N·m ± 6% Above 10 N·m ± 4%
ISO、 JIS standard
Screwdriver ± 6%
Permissible deviation of JIS, ISO sectionalize by the maximum torque range of torque tools. ※QSPCA is based on ISO and JIS standard

Table 6-7. Measurement procedure

1. Tohnichi standard
A. Dial indicating Preliminary loading at maximum capacity → Release loading →
2. ISO standard
type Zero adjustment → Measure 5 times at each measuring point
3. JIS standard
1. Tohnichi standard
B. Adjustable 5 times preliminary loading at maximum capacity → Measure 5 times at
2. ISO standard
type each measuring point
3. JIS standard
1. Tohnichi standard 5 times preliminary loading at torque set value → Measure 5 times
C. Preset type 2. ISO standard
5 times preliminary loading at torque set value → Measure 10 times
3. JIS standard

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 TECHNICAL DATA
Table 6-8. Measurement point

Tohnichi standard 20%

A. Dial indicating type
ISO、JIS standard 60%
Tohnichi standard 100% ※
B. Adjustable type of maximum torque value
ISO、JIS standard
Tohnichi standard
C. Preset type Torque set value
ISO、JIS standard
Adjustable Minimum value, 60% and 100% of the maximum torque range.
There are case to calibrate at 20% of the maximum range even if it is not the
minimum scale value.

（5）
Naming of hand torque tools
Table 6-9. Naming of torque tools

Type I Indicating type torque tool (ISO, JIS) Tohnichi equivalent model
Class A Twisting or deflection beam type wrench F、CF
Class B High rigidity housing type wrench with scale, dial, or display unit DB、CDB、T-S
Class C
Class D
High rigidity housing type wrench with electronic indicator
Screwdriver with scale, dial, or display unit
CEM3-G
FTD
6
Class E Screwdriver with electronic indicator STC2-G

Torque Tools as Measurement Equipment

Type II Adjustable type torque tool (ISO, JIS) Tohnichi equivalent model
Class A Variable torque type wrench with graduations or display unit QL、CL、PQL
Class Ｂ Fixed torque type wrench －
Class Ｃ Variable torque type wrench with no graduations QSP、CSP、QSPCA
Class Ｄ Variable torque type screwdriver with graduations or display unit LTD、RTD
Class Ｅ Fixed torque type screwdriver NTD、 RNTD
Class Ｆ Variable torque type screwdriver with no graduations －
Class Ｇ Deflection beam / variable torque type wrench with graduations －

（6） Cautions for calibration of hand torque tools（ISO 6789 ： 2003、JIS B 4652 ： 2008）
Calibration The maximum permissible uncertainty of the calibration equipment:
Device measurement should be ±1% of the indicated value. (including coefficient k = 2)
Common items
Calibration Should be in the range of 18 to 28°
C and should have a temperature variation
Temperature of less than ±1°C. (The maximum relative humidity should be 90%)
Torque wrench: incline within ±3° and loading incidence angle within ±10°.
Installation
torque screwdriver: tilt within ±5°
.
Type I
Preliminary Carry out preliminary loading one time up to the maximum value in the working
Indicating type
Loading direction, and set to zero after releasing the load.
torque tools
Loading
Load gradually with increasing force until the indicated torque value is reached.
Method
Torque wrench: incline within ±3° and loading incidence angle within ±10°,
Installation
torque screwdriver: tilt within ±5°
.
Type II Preliminary Carry out loading five times to the maximum capacity (torque tool nominal
Adjustable type Loading capacity) in the working direction, and carry out averaging.
torque tools
Loading After loading gradually with increasing force up to 80% of the target torque value, slowly
Method apply a final loading evenly over 0.5 to 4 seconds to reach the target torque value.

Technical Data 105