Functions

Prepared by:

Ma’am Mizpa Cabral

OBJECTIVES
At the end of the lesson, the learners are
expected to:
1. recall the concepts of relations and
functions;
2. define and explain functional
relationship as a mathematical model
of situation; and
3. represent real-life situations using
functions, including piece-wise function.
 Before you
proceed with the
presentation, let’s
assess what you
have already
know about the
lesson.
WAIT…
 “ A GREAT
RELATIONSHIP IS
ABOUT TWO THINGS:
FIRST, APPRECIATING
THE SIMILARITIES
AND SECOND,
RESPECTING THE
DIFFERENCES.”
A relation is any set of ordered
pairs. The set of all first
elements of the ordered pairs is
called the domain of the
relation, and the set of all
second elements is called the
range.
A function is a relation or rule
of correspondence between
two elements (domain and
range) such that each element
in the domain corresponds
to exactly one element in the
range.
 What’s in?

ACTIVITY 1

1. Given the following ordered

pairs, which relations are functions?
A = {(1,2), (2,3), (3,4), (4,5)}
B = {(3,3), (4,4), (5,5), (6,6)}
C = {(1,0), (0, 1, (-1,0), (0,-1)}
D = {(a,b), (b, c), (c,d), (a,d)}
ACTIVITY 1
Answer: The relations A and B are
functions because each element in the
domain corresponds to a unique
element in the range. Meanwhile,
relations C and D are not functions
because they contain ordered pairs with
the same domain [C = (0,1) and (0,-1), D
= (a,b) and (a,d)]
ACTIVITY 1
2. How about from the given table of
values, which relation shows a
function?

A.

B.

C.
ACTIVITY 1

Answer: A and B are functions

since all the values of x corresponds
to exactly one value of y. Unlike
table C, where -1 corresponds to
two values, 4 and 1.
ACTIVITY 1 Domain Range

3. We can also A.
identify a function
given a diagram.
On the following
mapping diagrams, B.
which do you think
represent
functions? C.
ACTIVITY 1

Answer: The relations A and C are

functions because each element in the
domain corresponds to a unique
element in the range. However, B is a
mere relation and not function because
there is a domain which corresponds to
more than one range.
How about if the given
are graphs of relations,
can you identify which
are functions? Do you
still remember the
vertical line test?
 A relation between two sets
of numbers can be
illustrated by graph in the
Cartesian plane, and that a
function passes the vertical
line test.

A graph of a relation is a function if any

vertical line drawn passing through the
graph intersects it at exactly one point.
ACTIVITY 1
4. Using the vertical line test, can you
identify the graph/s of function?
ACTIVITY 1

Answer: A and C are graphs of

functions while B and D are not because
they do not pass the vertical line test.

In Mathematics, we can represent

functions in different ways. It can be
represented through words, tables,
mappings, equations and graphs.
We said that for a relation to
become a function, the value of
the domain must correspond to a
single value of the range. Let’s
read some of the conversations
and determine if they can be
classified as function or not.
Scenario 1: June and Mae are in a long-time
relationship until June realized that he wants to marry
Mae.
Scenario 2: Scenario 2: Kim is a naturally born Filipino but
because of her eyes, many people confused if she is a
Chinese. Let’s see how she responds to her new
classmates who are asking if she’s a Chinese.
Scenario 3: As part of their requirements in Statistics class,
Andrei made a survey on the religion of his classmates and
here’s what he found out.

Andrei: Good morning classmates, as our requirement in

Statistics may I know your religion. This data will be part of
my input in the survey that I am doing.
Ana: I am a Catholic.
Kevin: I am also a Catholic.
Sam: I am a member of the Iglesia ni Cristo.
Joey: I am a Born Again Christian.
Lanie: My family is a Muslim.
Jen: We are sacred a Catholic Family.
Andrei: Thank you classmates for your responses.
Question:

From the given conversations,

which scenario/s do you think
can be classified as function?
Explain why/why not.
Answer to Scenario 1:

Monogamous marriage (e.g. Christian

countries) is an example of function when
there is faith and loyalty. Let say, June is the
domain and Mae is the range, when there is
faithfulness in their marriage, there will be
one-to-one relationship - one domain to one
range.
Answer to Scenario 2:
Nationality could also illustrate a function. We
expect that at least a person has one nationality.
Let say Kim is the domain and her nationality is the
range, therefore there is a one-to-one relationship.
Since Kim was born and live in the Philippines, she
can never have multiple nationalities except
Filipino. (Remember: Under RA 9225 only those
naturally-born Filipinos who have become
naturalized citizens of another country can have
dual citizenship. This is not applicable to Kim since
she was born in the Philippines and never a citizen
of other country.)
Answer to Scenario 3:
Religion is also an example of function
because a person can never have two religions.
Inside the classroom, three classmates said
that they are Catholic. This shows a many-to-
one relationship. Classmates being the domain
and religion being the range indicate that
different values of domain can have one value
of range. One-to-one relationship was also
illustrated by the classmates who said that they
are Born Again, Muslim and Iglesia ni Cristo -
one student to one religion.
 Can you cite other
real-life situations
that show functions?
You have learned that function can be
represented by equation. Since output (y) is
dependent on input (x), we can say that y is a
function of x. For example, if a function
machine always adds three (3) to whatever you
put in it. Therefore, we can derive an equation
of x + 3 = y or f(x) = x+ 3 where f(x) = y.
Real-life situation about function

A. If height (H) is a function of age (a),

give a function H that can represent the
height of a person in a age, if every year
the height is added by 2 inches.

Solution: Since every year the height is

added by 2 inches, then the height
function is 𝑯(𝒂) = 𝟐 + 𝒂.
Real-life situation about function

B. If distance (D) is a function of time (t),

give a function D that can represent the
distance a car travels in t time, if every
hour the car travels 60 kilometers.

Solution: Since every hour, the car

travels 60 kilometers, therefore the
distance function is given by 𝑫(𝒕) = 𝟔𝟎𝒕
Real-life situation about function
(Independent Assessment 1)

C. A computer shop charges ₱15.00

in every hour of computer rental.
Represent your computer rental fee
(R) using the function R(t) where t is
the number of hours you spent on
the computer.
R(t) = 15t
Real-life situation about function
(Independent Assessment 1)
D. Squares of side a are cut from each
corner of a 8 in x 6 in rectangle, so that its
sides can be folded to make a box with
no top. Represent a function in terms of a
that can define the volume of the box.
8
The length and width of the box are
a a
a a 8 – 2a and 6 – 2a, respectively. Its height
6
a a is a. Thus, the volume of the box can be
a a represented by the function.

V= (8 – 2a)(6 – 2a) (a)

Piecewise
Functions
Definition
A piecewise function in which
more than one formula is used
to define the output. The rule for
a piecewise function is different
for different parts, or pieces, of
the domain.
Example 1:
A user is charged ₱250.00 monthly for a
particular mobile plan, which includes 200
free text messages. Messages in excess of
200 are charged ₱1.00 each. Represent
the monthly cost for text messaging using
the function t(m), where m is the number of
messages sent in a month.

𝟐𝟓𝟎 𝒊𝒇 𝟎 < 𝒎 ≤ 𝟐𝟎𝟎

t(m) =
𝟐𝟓𝟎 + 𝟏 𝒎 − 𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝒊𝒇 𝒎 > 𝟐𝟎𝟎
Example 2 (Independent Assessment 2):
A van rental charges ₱5,500.00 flat rate
for a whole-day tour in CALABARZON of 5
passengers and each additional passenger
added ₱500.00 to the tour fare. Express a
piecewise function to show to represent the
van rental in terms number of passenger n.
Example 3 (Independent Assessment 2):
An internet company charges ₱500.00
for the first 30 GB used in a month. Every
exceeding GB will then cost ₱30.00 But if
the costumer reach a total of 50 GB and
above, a flat rate of ₱1,000.00 will be
charged instead. Write a piecewise
function C(g) that represents the charge
according to GB used?
 EXERCISES
Answer:  x  1, if x  2
f ( x)  
  x  1, if x  2

Point of Discontinuity
Step Functions

A piecewise function that is

constant for each interval
of its domain is called a
step function.
Graph:

 1, if 0  x 1
 2, if 1 x  2
f ( x)  
 3, if 2 x3
 4, if 3 x  4
  1, if 0  x  1
 2, if 1  x  2
f ( x)  
 3, if 2  x  3
 4, if 3  x  4
 EXERCISES
Graph:

 1, if  4  x  3
 2, if  3  x  2
f ( x)  
 3, if  2  x   1
 4, if  1  x  0
 EXERCISES
Answer:
Definition
Special Step Functions
In a floor function, all non-integers are rounded
down to the nearest integer.

The way we usually count our age is an

example of a floor function since we round our
age down to the nearest year and do not add
a year to our age until we have passed our
birthday.

The floor function is the same thing as the

greatest integer function which can be written
as f (x)=[x].
Special Step Functions
( f (x)=
In a ceiling function, all non-integers
are rounded up to the nearest
integer.

An example of a ceiling function is

when a phone service company
charges by the number of minutes
used and always rounds up to the
nearest integer of minutes.