(b) Hence show that, for a material which is stressed in the same manner as += and where Poisson’s ratio is 0.5, there will be no change in volume. (©) Determine the change in volume which will occur in a concrete cylinder of 250 mm diameter and 1000 mm length when it is subjected to an axial compression of 200 KN. Young’s modulus (E) = 210 kN/mm? and Pois- son's ratio (v) = 0.2 (Coventry Polytechnic) Solution 4.7 (a) First sketch a diagram as Figure 4.12. Figure 4.12 Longitudinal stress, o = P/BD Longitudinal strain. «= +8L/L. where 31. is the inerease in length Lateral strain, ¢, = —8B/B and -8D/D where 8B and 8D are the decreases in B and D respectively. Original volume = L x BX D Volume after loading and subsequent deformation = (L + 8L) x (B — 8B) x (D ~ 8D) = L(l + BU + &)DU + &|) = LBD(l + €)(1 + 2a + €,) Expanding the brackets and neglecting second-order terms in ¢ and €1, volume after loading = LBD(I + € + 2¢,) Thus, change in volume = final volume ~ original volume = LBD(1 + € + 2¢,) — LBD LBD(e + 2¢,) LBDe(1 ~ 2») since e, = —ve Thus, x (o/E) x (1 ~ 2»)(b) If» = 0.5, then change in volume = V x (a/E) x (1 - 2 x 0.5) = 0 (c) Area of cross-section, A = md'/4= mr x 2507/4 49.087 105 mt _ original volume = 1000 x 49.087 x 10° = 49.087 x 10° mm* and stress, ¢ = P/A 200 x 10°/49.087 x 10° = 4.074 N/mm? :. Change in volume = V x (a/E) x (1 — 2v) 49.087 x 10° x (4,074/210 x 10°) x (1-2x 0.2) $71.37 mm* compress Example 4.8 A cylindrical reinforced concrete water tank sits on solid ground and is filled with water to a depth of 6m. The internal diameter of the tank is 10m. If the circumferential hoop stress is limited to 1.5 N/mm’, determine the required thickness of the walls of the tank. (Hint ‘The pressure in the tank at depth h is pgh, where p = 1000 kg/m*.) (Coventry Polytechnic) Plan of tank Figure 4.13 Solution 4.8 (1) Maximum pressure (p) at base of wall of tank pgh (sce Figure 4.14) 000 x 9.81 x 6 18860 N/m” 58.86 x 10-7 N/mm? 112\ pa Figure 4.14 Pressure distribution diagram (2) Consider a semicircular element of the wall at a level just above the base of the tank. Figure 4.15 shows the free body diagram of such an element of height of. ah . Pa Figure 4.15 ‘The water pressure (p) gives rise to a resultant force Pp, where Pp = water pressure X projected area of curved surface of tank (58.86 x 107) x (10x 10" x 8h) N 588.60. Bf N The force Pp is resisted by forces Py in the wall of the tank, as shown in Figure 4.15. If the hoop stress in the wall at base level is oy, then the force Py is given by Po = Gy X area of cross-section of wall = on x (Bh x1) But, for equilibrium, the two internal forces (P,) must equal the force (Pp) due to the water pressure. Thus, 2X oy x Bh XD = But oy, is limited to 1.5 N/mm*; thus the required value of is given by 88.60 % Bh 2% 15 x 1 = 588.60 196.20 mm.4.5 Problems 4.1 A vertical steel hanger ABC is 2.0 m long and carries a load of 135 KN at the lower end, as shown in Figure P4.1. The upper length AB is 50 mm diameter and 50 mm SE min 7 : Pian Figure P4.1 the lower length BC is 35 mm diameter. If Young’s modulus of elasticity (£) is 200 kN/mm* and Poisson's ratio (v) is 0.3, calculate (i) the total extension; (ii) the vertical movement of B; (iii) the change in lateral dimensions of AB and BC; (iv) the change in volume of the hanger. (Coventry Polytechnic) 4.2. A rigid bar POR of length 6 mis pinned to a foundation at P and supported by a steel cable QS of cross-sectional area 270 mm” at Q (see Figure P4.2). QS is of length 2.5 m and its end $ is pinned to a foundation, The bar POR is subjected to a uniformly distributed load of 21 kN/m along its length. Assuming that the displacements of the bar PQR are small, calculate the deflection of R. (E = 200 kN/mm?.) (Birmingham University) s = 21 kNim Et Fr 5m yim Figure P4.2 11443 44 A cube is made from a material whose modulus of elasticity is 10° N/mm? and Poisson's ratio is 0.25. Two opposite faces of the cube are subjected to a compressive stress of 80 N/mm. Determine the percentage change in volume of the cube. (Polytechnic of Central London) A long cylindrical pressure vessel of internal diameter 400 mm and length 10.0 m has plane ends as shown in Figure P4.3. The vessel contains a fluid at a pressure of 3.1 N/mm? and the wall thickness of the vessel is + mm. (a) Determine: (i) the total fluid thrust on one end; (ii) the longitudinal stress in the wall of the vessel; and (iii) the hoop stress in the wall of the vessel (b)_ It the ends of the vessel are secured to the body of the vessel by 12 bolts as indicated and if the tensile stress in the bolts is not to exceed 165 N/mm’, determine the size (diameter) of bolts required, (Coventry Polytechnic) me ; é 8 Fe uw tae ees 4.6 Answers to Problems 4a 42 43 44 (i) 1.04 mm; (ii) 0.34 mm; (iii) —0.005 mm and —0.007 mm; (iv) 540 mm* 4.20 mm. 0.04% (a) (i) 389.56 KN; (ii) 77.50 N/mm’; (ii) 155,00 N/mm?. (b) 15.83 mm ot5 Bending Stress S.1 5.2 Contents Neutral axis @ Calculation of second moments of area # Elastic section mod- ulus ® Theory of bending # Moments of resistance ® Bending stresses in symmetrical and assymetrical sections © Compound sections ¢ Use of flange plates to strengthen beams. The Fact Sheet 116 (a) Bending Stress The effect of a bending moment applied to a cross-section of a beam is to induce a state of stress across that section. These stresses are nown as bending stresses and they act normally to the plane of the cross-section. Bending stresses vary linearly across a section, with maximum value (compres sion or tension) at the outer fibres of the beam and with zero value at the level of the neutral axis. (b) Neutral Axis The neutral axis is the axis of the cross-section of a beam at which both the bending strain and bending stress are zero. The neutral axis passes through the centroid of the cross-section. (©) Equations of Bending ‘The fundamental equations that govern the bending of a beam or other structural member are given by where oe y If R = the bending stress in a layer of fibres distance y from the neutral axis; the bending moment at the section under consideration:See eee See L he second moment of area of the cross-section taken about the neutral axis: E = Young's modulus of elasticity; and R = the radius of curvature at the section under consideration (d) Second Moment of Area The second moment of area of a cross-section about the neutral axis is a geometrical property of that cross-section and can be obtained from tables of standard values or can be calculated. For a rectangular section of breadth b and depth d, the second moment of area (icc) of that section about an axis through the centroid is given by bd tec = Ty (ce) Parallel Axis Theorem The second moment of area (Iyx) of a cross-section about an X-X axis which is parallel to and at a distance / from an axis through its own centroid is given by : Ixy = loo + AR where Jee = the second moment of area about the centroidal axis; and ‘A = the area of the cross-section. (f) Elastic Section Modulus The elastic section modulus (Z) of a section is the second moment of area (J) about the axis of bending, divided by the distance (yjnyx) from the neutral axis to the furthermost fibre of the section. That is, L Jonas If the neutral axis is not at the mid-height of a section, that section will have two section moduli—one relating to the compression face «nd one relating to the tensile face. Zz (g) Moment of Resistance The moment of resistance (M) of a beam at a particular section is given by M = Onan X Z where Om — the maximum permissible bending stress; and Z = the elastic section modulus of that section5.3 Symbols, Units and Sign Conventions area (mm*) the distance between an axis through the centroid of a section and any parallel axis (mm) Jee = the second moment of area of a section about an axis through the centroid of its own cross-sectional arca (mm* or cm*) yy = the second moment of area of a section about an X—X axis (mm! or cm’) M = moment of resistance or bending moment (kNm) o = bending stress (N/mm?) y = the distance from the neutral axis to the level at which the bending stress is being calculated (mm) = the distance from the neutral axis to the top or bottom face of the beam (mm) elastic section modulus of a section about an X—X axis (mm’ or em*) a distance used for the determination of the position of the neutral axis of a section (y is commonly used for this purpose, but z is used in this text, to avoid confusion with the term y as defined above) (mm) 5.4. Worked Examples Example 5.1 A column section is built up by connecting together two 305 mm x 102 mm channels, using battens (see Figure 5.1). If the column is to have equal second moments of area about its two axes of symmetry, calculate the spacing (2p) required between the two channels, (Note that the battens do not contribute to the second moments of area of the section.) (Birmingham University) Properties of one channel: A = 60 cm? Igy = 8210 cm? Ty = 500.0m! vy y x - xX xf e Ihe : 3 30s x 102 8 channels 268 ¥ 7 102 Figure 5.1 118Solution 5.1 (1) The second moment of area of the compound section about the X-X axis will be equivalent to the sum of the second moments of area of the two channels about their own x-x axes. This is because the x-x axes of the two channels and the X-X axis of the compound section are colinear. al 2X bay x 8210 = 16 420 cm! (2) The y-y axes of the individual channels are not colinear with the Y-Y axis of the compound section; thus, the parallel axes theorem must be used to determine the value of [yy for each channel about the ¥-Y axis. Let the distance betwecn the Y-Y axis of the compound section and the y-y axis of a single channel be fh; then, for one channel, Ty = ly + Ale = 500 + 60 x A? Therefore, for the two channels, Tyy = 2(500 + 601°) 000 + 120 x A? But, as the column is to have equal second moments of area about both the X-X and the ¥-Y axes, then Ivy = Ix. that is, 1000 + 120A? A 6 420 {(16 420 — 1000)/120]" 1.336 cm 13.36 mm But, from the geometry of the section, his also given by h = (p + 102 ~ 26.60) + (p + 102 ~ 26.60) = 113.36 p = 113.36 — 102 + 26.60 = 37.96 Hence, 2p = 75.92 mm Note that the area and second moment of area of the channel section are given in cm units; thus, the derived value of 11.336 for A is in cm units, the other dimensions and p being in mm. Values of J (and Z) are normally quoted in cm units in standard tables, whereas calculations (as in future examples) are more usually executed in mm units. The reader must take care to be consistent in the use of units.Example 5.2 The beam section shown in Figure 5.2 is formed of a channel section and a universal beam section welded together as shown, The cross-sectional areas (A) and the relevant second moments of areas (/cc) about the centroidal axes of each section are as tabulated. The distance 26.5 mm is the distance from the top of the compound beam to the centroid of the channel section. of } as 285 TOA 3 6m Part Atem) kee (em) Channel 38.0 264 Universal beam. 60.8 9500 Figure 5.2 Calculate the maximum tensile and compressive bending stresses caused by the 20 kN/m load on a span of 6.0 m, as indicated (Liverpool University) Solution 5.2 (1) To locate the neutral axis of the compound section and to determine the value of Zyy, moments of area are taken about the bottom face of the section, (z is measured from the bottom face of the compound section.) Part ‘Area(A) = he — 2) ale Tec (mm’) (mm) (mm? x 10°) (mm) (mm! x 10°) (mm x 10°) Channel 3800 «291.50 107.70———«BA.00 26.81 2.64 Universal 080,155.00 942.40 52.50 16.76 95.00 beam 9880 2050.10 8.57 97.64 EAz _ 2050.1 x 10° TA 9880 «Lyx = 43.57 + 97.64 = 141.21 x 10° mm* = 207.5 mm 120(2) The maximum bending stresses will occur at mid-span, where the bending moment is a maximum, Maximum bending moment (at mid-span) wl8 = (20 x 6/8 90.00 kNm = 90.00 x 10° Nmm Bending stress is given by Mey weeny: I and will have maximum tensile value at the bottom of the section, where y is 207.5 mm 90.00 x 108 .21 x 10° = 132.25 N/mm? :. Maximum tensile bending stress = x 207.5 and maximum compressive stress at the top of the section _ 90.00 « 10° © V4L.21 x 10° 0.43 N/m (318.00 — 207.50) Example 5.3 The fibre-reinforced concrete I-beam shown in Figure 5.3(a) is simply supported ‘over a span of 8 mand carries a superimposed load as indicated in Figure 5.3(b). The density of the concrete is 2400 kg/ Determine the maximum value of bending moment in the beam due to: (i) selé-weight only; (ii) imposed load only. fa) ee wo) Figure 5.3122 Calculate the maximum tensile bending stress due to a combination of self weight and imposed loading. (Portsmouth Polytechnic) For ease of reference, the flanges and web of the section have been lettered. Solution 5.3 a) To locate the neutral axis and calculate Jyy. moments of area are taken about the bottom face of the section (2 is measured from the bottom face of the section) Part Area(A) 2 ht Ale Teclbd'/12) (mm? x 105) (mm) (mm) x 10) mm) (mm « 10°) (mm! « 10°) A 430 7740 264.50 28 540 | B 250 3000 84.50 85.68 90.00 c 50 250011550 667.01 41.67 13240 2011.97 137.07 pa 2At_ 13200 x10" soy “3A 80 x 107 si Tyy = 2011.97 + 137.07 = 2149.04 x 10° mm* (2) Bending moment due to self-weight 7 Volume of beam = area x length = (80.000 x 107") x 1 = 0.08 m/m weight = 0.08 x (2400 x 9.81 x 1075) = 1.884 kN/m ©. Maximum bending moment at mid-span = w/.7/8* 884 x 8/8 = 15.072 kNm (3) Bending moment due to the imposed load Reaction V, = Vg = (6.25 x 4)/2 = 12.5 kN Maximum B.M. (at mid-span) = (12.5 x 4) ~ (6.25 x 2 x 2/2) = 37.500 KNm (4). Stresses duc to combined loading ‘Total maximum B.M. (at mid-span due to both loadings) = 15.072 + 37.50 52.572 kNm Bending stress is given by Therefore, maximum tensile stress (at bottom face) 2.572 x 1 X 165.5 2149.04 x 10°If asked for, the maximum compressive stress would be calculated as follows: maximum compressive stress (at top face) 52.572 XW 469 — 165.5) = 7.20 N/mm? = 3149.04 x 10° * 6 165.5) = 7.20 N/mm? Example 5.4 Figure 5.4 shows a 254 mm x 102 mm universal beam which is strengthened by a 102 mm x 12 mm plate fixed to its lower flange. ‘The compound beam is used as a cantilever 4 m long, with the plate extending 1 m from the support. Details of the unreinforced universal beam are: 4mm x 102 mm U.B. Area = 36.2em? yy = 4008 cm! If the maximum allowable stress in tension and compression is 160 N/mm’, calculate the allowable value of W for the loading shown. (Hatticld Polytechnic) 12 bee Kw 8 “ eI im am at Figure 5.4 w The bending moment is a maximum at the support A, where the beam is reinforced by the addition of the flange plate. Hence, it is necessary to first analyse the compound section of the beam to determine the moment of resistance of the beam at A. Solution 5.4 (1) To locate the neutral axis and calculate Jyy (z measured from the bottom face of the section) Part Area(A) = Az A Are kee (rum?) mm) nm 10) (um) (mm! x 10%) mm! x 1071 Universal 3520 Bo 50RI8 33.61 409 Ws beam Plate 1224 6 TM 99.39 12.09 Wwe a4 310.52 16.18 *BAz _ 510,52 x 10° SA 484d +. Lex = 16.18 + 40.09 = 56.27 x 10" mm* = 105.39 mm (2) To determine the moment of resistance at A Moment of resistance Gina XZ Considering the compression face of the beam In this case the compression face is at the bottom of the beam since the beam is acting as a cantilever. 36.27 x 10° M = 160 xe x 10S = 5.43 kNm Considering the tensile face of the beam: In this case the tensile face at the top of the beam. 56.27 x 10° (266.00 — 105.39) :. Moment of resistance at A = 36.06 kNm M = 160 x x 10% = 06 kNm. Note that the lower of the two possible values determines the working value for the moment of resistance of the beam. 3) To determine the moment of resistance at B B is a critical section, since at this section the externally applied moment must be carried by the universal beam alone. The stress situation at this section must be checked. The universal beam-is symmetrical; hence, the stresses at the top and bottom flanges will be equal. The moment of resistance is, therefore, given by: Gina % Z = Frmax 40.08 x 10° — x 127 = 160 x (4) To determine the maximum allowable load ‘Taking moments about B of forces to the right of B, the bending moment at B is given by: - Mg = (43) xi 4+Wx3 (18 + 3) kNm 124But, as already calculated, the moment of resistance of the beam at B is 50.49 kNm. Hence, equating the bending moment to the moment of resistance, 18 + 3W = 50.49 W = 10.83 kN Similarly, the bending moment at A is given by My=(4X4)xi+Wx4 32 + 4W) kKNm and the moment of resistance of the compound beam at A is 56.06 kNm. Hence, equating the bending moment to the moment of resistance, 32 + 4W = 56.06 W = 6.02 kN . Maximum allowable value for W = 6.02 kN Note that the lower of the two possible values for W is the critical solution. Example 5.5 ‘The simply supported beam AB in Figure 5.5 is required to carry a vertical load of 15 KN at any point on the span. The beam has a rectangular hollow box ‘osssection of outside dimensions 100mm x 75mm which has two 65 mm x 6 mm plates welded to it over the middle 2m section of the span There is one plate welded to the top surface and one plate welded to the bottom surface as shown: Figure 5.5 Determine the maximum bending stress and the maximum curvature in the beam as the 15 KN load moves across the span. (E = 200 kN/mm*.) (Manchester University) ‘The neutral axis of the section is at mid-depth, since the section is symmetrical.Solution 5.5 (1) To determine fy for the strengthened and unstrengthened section Ixy for the box section alone = Igo, scetion — Literal void (BD*Y 12 — (ba y/12 (75x 100° ~ 63 x 88*/12 2.67 x 10° mm* For one plate: Tex = lec + Al = 65 x 65/12 + 65 x 6 x 53 = 1.10 x 10° mmt ©. Ixy for strengthened section = (2.67 + 2 x 1.1) x 10° 4.87 x 10° mm* (2) At mid-span The bending moment is a maximum at mid-span when the load is at mid-span and is of value M WL = 15 x} = 11.25 kNm Therefore, when the load is at mid-span, the maximum bending stress is given by M 11.25 x 10° * Ymax = F = 1”? 4.87 X 108 max X 56 = 129.36 N/m and curvature 1/R is given by 1M 11.25 * 10° 7 ei REL @O0 x 109(4.87 x 10%) ~ 0-011 x 10 mm (3) At the end of the flange plates (i.e. at C or D, 0.5 m from the supports) When a beam is reinforced by the addition of flange plates, the point of curtailment of the plates is a critical section and the state of stress at such a section should always he checked. The bending moment is a maximum at C (or D) when the load is at C (or D). If in doubt about this, calculate the value of B.M. for various positions of load and plot a graph to locate the maximum, Bending moment at D when the load is at D = Vy x 0.5 = 12.5 x0 = 6.25 kN tam Ms ry = $25 72 2.67 x 108 and curvature is given by M_ 6.25 «108 EL (200 x 105)(2.67 x 10°) % 50 = 117.04 N/mm? = 0.0117 x 107 mm! iz R {tension and compression) ©. Maximum bending stress = 129.36 N/mn maximum curvature = 0.0117 x 10") mm!Example 5.6 ‘A horizontal simply supported uniform beam spans 2 m and is made from the section shown in Figure 5.6. A vertical point load of 25 KN can be placed anywhere on the span. If the maximum stress in tension or compre allowed to exceed 160 N/mm”, determine whether there is a region along the beam where it would be unsafe to place the load, Determine the limits of this region if it exists jon is not (Manchester University) | a 8 c a at Figure 5.6 Solution 5.6 (1) To locate the neutral axis and calculate /yy (z is measured from the bottom face of the section) Part Area(A) = Az h Ale Teclba/12) (mm?) (mm) (mm? x 10°) (mm) (mm x 10°) (mm! x 10°) A 1920 «148 O8K.IG (26.33 133 042 B 264 136 350.06 14.33 0.54 0.03 c 1560 65 10140 56.67 5.01 2.20 6120 744.60 658 2.25 YAz _ 744.60 x 10° Fa 07 PET dx = 6.88 + 2 To determine the moment of resistance 1 _ 9.13 x 10" mx «121.67 = 75.04 x 10? mm* Hence, M » X Z = 160 x 75.04 x 10° x 10-% = 12.01 kNm Note that the elastic section modulus based on the distance to the bottom face of the beam has been used. This is the smaller of the two clastic modulii and, hence. 127728 gives the critical value for the moment of resistance in an example such as this, in which the may ‘missible values of the tensile and compressive stresses are (3) To locate the limits of the region where the load should not be placed ‘The maximum B.M. in a beam due to a single concentrated load will always be at the point of application of the load. Consider the load at a distance x from the right-hand end of the beam, as shown in Figure 5.7. The maximum bending moment in the beam, which occurs under the point load, is given by 25(2 ~ x SRD x = 12,527 Vg = 2512=21 2m Figure 3.7 Equating the bending moment to the moment of resistance, 25x ~ 12.5e° = 12.01 12.5r? — 25r + 12.01 = 0 from which, x = 0.8 mor 1.2m ‘Thus, it is not safe to place the load further than 0.8 m from either end, and the central region of the beam (a length of 1.2-0.8 m, i.e. 0.4m) constitutes the unsafe region, Example 5.7 A prismatic beam has the cross-sectional shape shown in Figure 5.8. It is subjected to a bending moment about the XX axis (i.e. the axis passing through the centre of area Q of the section) in such a way that compressive stresses are induced in the top flange. Determine a suitable value for the width of the top flange, 6, if the maximum allowable stresses in tension and compression are 200 N/mm? and 150 N/mm?, respectively. What would be the bending moment that the beam could then safely carry? (Manchester University)Figure 5.8 This question involves the design of the most economic section (i.e. one in which the maximum allowable stresses in both tension and compression are attained simultaneously). Solution 5.7, (1) To determine b If the maximum tensile stress equals 200 N/mm? and the maximum com- pressive stress simultaneously equals 150 N/mm’, then the moment of resistance of the section is given by Ma1x Je and 1s Maxi vr where yp = the distance from the neutral axis to the bottom face of the beam (i.e. the face in tension) and vy = the distance from the neutral axis to the top face of the beam (i.e. the face in compression), Hence, 200 5 12 8 Ye vr ,, 200 _ 150 “Ye Yr 200 7 Ya Yr X Toy = 1338 But Ya + yr = 380 © 2.333yr = 380 yy = 162.9 mmand Jp = 1.333 x 162.9 = 217.1 mm But yy can also be calculated (as in the previous examples) by taking moments of area of the separate parts of the section about the bottom face. SAz _ (40h x 360) + (800 x 30 x 190) + (40 x 400 x 20) XA 40b + (300 x 30) + (40 x 400) (4.4 + 1710 + Je ) x 108 217.1 = ow) (0.045 = 9 +16) x 10" 8.68 + 5427.50 = 14.4b + 2030.00 5.72h = 3307.5 594 mm (@) To determine yy Part ‘Area (A) h Ale Kee (mm? x 10°) (mm) (mm? > 10") (mar! x1 Top flange 2.76 360.0 — 217.1 19 Web 9.00 217.1 — 190.0 6.61 Bottom flange 16.00 217.1 — 20.0 621.57 113.37 Ixy = 113.37 + 72.80 = 1186.17 x 10" mm! (3) To determine the moment of resistance ©, 200 f= 1x 2B = 1186.17 x 10" x M Fe = 1186.17 x 108 x 5 = 1093 x 10°Nmm = 1093 kNm Example 5.8 A beam carries a central point load of W kN on a simply supported span of 6 m The section consists of a 178 mm x 102 mm joist of area 2740 mm? and secons | moment of arca 15.2 x 10° mm*. A single 100 mm x 10 mm plate can be welded onto the bottom flange as shown in Figure 5.9. Calculate the maximuz: load W and the minimum length of plate required if the allowable stress 165 N/imm*. (Hatfield Polytechniz Since the value of the bending moment in the beam reduces from a maximum at the mid-span to zero at the supports, the reinforcing flange plate is not required over the entire length. Figure 5.10 has been added to show the bending moment diagram with the values derived in the following calculations, 130| Figure 5.9 sit 18 SET Figure 5.100 8M. dia sama Solution 5.8 (1). To locate the neutral ax flange plate nd calculate [yy for the b m with the additional Part Area (A) z : A Ale lee (r (mm)_(mm' x 10°) (mm) (mm! x 10°) (mm? 10°) Joist — 7M W.N—S«H—SCLISSCLT 15.20 Plate 1000 _S.00 5.00 474 ont 3740 76.26 647 B24 ZAz _ 276.26 X10) _ 3A 37400 Ixy = 6.47 + 15.21 = 21.68 x 10° mm* mm 2). To determine maximum allowable value of W ‘The moment of resistance is given by 21.68 « 10° max X oe 165 x form a compound beam as shown in Figure PS.4.Figure P5.4 The beam carries a uniformly distributed load of 30 kN/m on a simply supported span of 5 m. If the allowable bending stress is 160 N/mm, calculate the maximum additional central point load that can be carried. (Hatfield Polytechnic) 5 The beam ABCD is simply supported at B and C. It carries vertical uniformly distributed loads of 130 kN/m (B to C) and $0 kN/m (A to B and C to D), as shown in Figure PS.5(a). The member ABCD is a steel universal beam (610 x 229 x 101), as shown in Figure P5.5(b). Over the length EF (see Figure P5.Sa) the U.B. is strengthened by the welding of 10 mm thick plates to the flanges, as shown in Figure P5.5(c) 190KtN/ma oe poo 610,,229; 1018 vera $76 700 om" asin ei22 ® Figure PS.S (a) Determine the values of the reaction forces at B and C and draw the shearing force and bending moment diagrams, indicating peak values. (b) Show that if the maximum bending stress is limited to + 165N/mm’, the U.B. alone is sufficient to carry the bending moment at B and C, 136(©) Determine the width of flange plates (b) required over the central part of BC and the minimum length (EF) of the plates. (Nottingham University) (Hint Although the density of the U.B. is quoted as 101 kg/m, the self weight of the beam should be neglected in the calculations. Also note that the overall depth of the universal beam is 602.2 mm—the 610 mm is the nominal size only.) A compound gantry girder is fabricated from a channel section welded to a universal beam section as indicated in the diagram of Figure P5.6. Determine the second moment of area / of the section about the neutral axis. If the maximum permissible stress in tension is 200 N/mm? and in compression is 120 N/mm’, determine the maximum allowable bending moments for sagging and hogging actions. (Sheffield University) Figure PS.6 3.6 Answers to Problems Sul 5.2 5.3 Overstressed in compression at 131.02 N/mm?. Understressed in tension -at 107.20 N/mm_. Maximum load = 49.84 kN/m, i.e. 99.68 kN total load. The stress diagram is linear from a maximum compressive stress of 99 N/mm? at the top face to a maximum tensile stress of 200 N/mm? at the bottom face Maximum compressive stress at top face 18 N/mm? Maximum tensile stress at bottom face = 5.62 N/mm? Maximum additional point load = 55.81 kN (a)_ The shearing force and bending moment diagrams are shown in P57. (b) Moment of resistance of the U.B. alone = 414.83 kNm, Thus. the bene: moment at B and C can be carried (©) Width (b) = 297 mm. Length (EF) = 4.16 m.138 465 SF. diagram BM. diagram 0635 Figure 8.7 5.6 B.M. based on maximum tensile stress (bottom face) = 311.84 kNm B.M. based on maximum compressive stress (top face) = 378.63 kNm (Jxx of compound section = $57.25 x 10° mm*)ombined Bending nd Direct Stress 6.1 Contents ‘The determination of the stresses in a section due to direct axial loads and externally applied moments acting together # The effect of eccentric loadings on structural sections and on foundations @ Stress distribution below founda- tions @ The effect of prestressing on conercte sections. 6.2 The Fact Sheet (a) Single-axis Bending ‘The maximum stresses in a section subject to direct axial loading together with an externally applied moment acting about cither the A~X axis or the Y-Y axis, are given by My Dye = gee My A” Zy respectively, where A = the area of the cross-section under load; P = the direct axial load; Me= the external applied moment about the X-X axis; My= the external applied moment about the ¥-Y axis; Zy = the elastic modulus of the section about the X—¥ axis; and Zy = the elastic modulus of the section about the Y-Y axis.‘The maximum stresses in a section subject to dircct axial loading together with externally applied moments acting about two mutually perpendicular axes (X-X and Y-Y) are given by P My, My ote ey A” Zy” Zy (b) Biaxial Bending | (ce) Eccentrically Loaded Sections Ha load P acts at an eccentricity e from the centroidal axis of a section, then that | loading is equivalent to: (i) A direct load P acting axially through the centroid of the section, together with (ii) 4 moment of value P x ¢ acting about the axis of bending which passes through the centroid of the se 6.3 Symbols, Units and Sign Conventions the area of the cross-section under load (mm”) = the eccentricity of a load measured perpendicular to the Y axis (mm) the cecentricity of a load measured perpendicular to the X axis (mm) the external applied moment about the XX axis (kNm) = the external applied moment about the ¥-¥ axis (kNm) the direct axial load (KN) the elastic modulus of the section about the XX axis (mm) the clastic modulus of the section about the ¥-Y axis (mm') In this chapter compressive stresses will be taken as positive. In the type of problem to be solved the stresses are predominantly compressive and the sign convention is chosen with this fact in mind. 6.4 Worked Examples Example 6.1 Figure 6.1 shows the cross-section of a beam made from aluminium alloy. The origin of coordinates is located at the centroid. Compute the values of Jy and hy At a particular cross-section the beam is subjected simultancously to (a) a tension of 50 KN acting through the centroid, (b) a bending moment about the X-X axis of value 0.8 kNm which causes tension along the face AB and (c) a 140x 4 | 20 ‘ ne be 7 i Figure 6.1 bending moment about the Y-Y axis of value 0.5 KNm which causes tension along the face BC. ‘Compute the stress on the cross-section at each of the four comers A, B, C and D duc to the given loading, on the assumption that the behaviour is, linear-clastic (Cambridge University) ‘The section is symmetrical, the two axes of symmetry passing through the centroid and being colinear with the specified Y-V and ¥-¥ axes. With reference to the last sentence of the question, the reader should appreciate that all the examples in this book are based on the assumption that materials behave in a linear-elastic manner. Solution 6.1 (1) To caleulate Zy Part ‘Area (A) h Ale Tec (bd/12) (mmr) (mm) (mm! x 10°) mm! x10") Top flange 300 20 0.200 0.008 17 web 300 0 0.000 0.022 50 Bottom flange 500 20 0.200 0,008.17 1300 0.400 (0,030 84 0.400 + 0.030 84 = 0.431 x 10° mm* ‘ 0.431 x 10° ayo be 8 k = = 17.24 x 10° mm? Fx 25 (2) To calculate Zy ‘The Y axis passes through the centroid of each of the three parts of the section; thus, there are no Ah? terms involved in the calculat8 For the top flange, bd¥/12 = 10 x SU/12 = 0.104 17 x 10° For the web, bd'/12 = 30 x 10/12 = 0.002 50 x 10° For the bottom flange, bd'/12 = 10 x 50°/12 = 0.104 17 10° 0.210 84 x 10° Ivy = 0.211 X 10° mm? yy _ 0.211 x 108 ce ets 3 8.44 x 10° mm? (3) To determine the stresses on the cross-section (i) Stress due to the direct axial tensile load of 50 kN P_ 30x 10° ; Fy = 3846 Nm? (i.e. a unifonn tensite stress) (ii) Maximum stress due to My: My _, 0.8 x 10° 7 My 4 08x10 _ 2 “ Zo Paco 7 28-40 Nim? (tensile on fave AB and compressive on face CD) (iii) Maximum stress due to Myy: My _ , 0.5 x 106 8.44 x 10° +59.24 N/mm? (tensile on face BC and compressive on face AD) Hence, the total stresses at the corners are given by: Po My. My avA, ua ~ Mey Me MAAR EZ TZ, = -38.46 ~ 46.40 + 59.24 = ~25.62 N/mm’ (tensile) Similarly: at B, op = —38.46 ~ 46.40 — 59.24 = —144.10 N/mm? (tensile) at C, o¢ = ~38.46 + 46.40 4 at D, op = —38.46 + 46.40 + 59.24 51.30 N/mm (tensile) +67.18 N/mm? (compressives The nature of the stresses produced by the axial loud and the moments on the various faces are determined by a careful study of the question and the diagram. ‘The reader should be able to visualise the effect each moment has on the ‘cross-section (i.e. whether a moment causes tension or compression on any face or corner). Example 6.2 A short box member carries an eccentric load P as shown in Figure 6.2. Ths box member is 80 mm x 80 mm with a uniform wall thickness of 10 mm. If th= value of the loud is 72 KN, determine the values of the maximum tensile 1422 t ita sh fi | lds 3) | 60, x P= 72 kN 0 8 ay x Figure 6.2 compressive stresses on a cross distribution on a diagram sectional plane (such as S-S). Show the stress (Nottingham University) The eccentric load has an effect equivalent to that produced by a moment of value P x ¢ (i.e. 72 x (60 + 40) kNmm = 7.2 kNm) about the centroidal axis of the cross-section together with a direct axial tensile load of 72 KN. This equivalent loading is shown in Figure 6.3. X-X is the centroidal axis, which for reference purposes has been added to the original Figure 6.2. Solution 6.2 (1). The stress on the section is given by where area A = (80 x 80) ~ (60 x 60) = 2800 mm? eccentricity ¢ = 60 + 40 = 100 mm Yay = 80/2 = 40 mm Ixy = (80 X 80°12 — (60 60°12 = 2.33 x 10° mm* 3 x 10/40 = 58.25 x 10° mm Zx = byxl¥oun144 72 x 10° = 149.32 2 . x 19.32 N/mm? (tensile) ‘or +97.90 N/mm? (compressive) ‘The stress distribution across the section will be linear, varying from a ‘maximum tensile stress of 149.32 N/mm: at the face nearest to the load P to a maximum compressive stress of 97.90 N/mm’ at the face furthest from the load. This is shown in Figure 6.4 9790 NN 149.92 Figure 6.4 Example 6.3 Figure 6.5 shows a short column which carries a single 10 KN compressive load eccentric to both axes. The column is of square hollow cross-section with external dimensions 150 mm x 150 mm and with a wall thickness of 10 mm. Determine the value of the stress at the extreme fibres at the positions marked a, b. cand d (Portsmouth Polytechnic) Figure 6.5 alent loai ‘The load is eccentric to both axes; thus, the eqt ig will be: (a single direct compressive load of 10 KN acting at the centroid of the cross-section; (i) a moment of value 10 x 300 kNmm = 3 kNm about the X-X axis of the cross-section and producing maximum compression on face be; (ii) a moment of value 10 x 400 KNmm = 4 KNm about the ¥-Y axis of the n and producing maximum compression on face ed.co. stress at a atb ate atd Solution 6.3 ‘The stresses at the corners are given by oe PRG PHO Zy zy where P = 10 KN A = (150 x 150) — (130 x 130) = 5600 mm? -186 — 12.237 — 16.316 = ~26.77 N/mm? (tensile) 0 x 300 = 3000 kNmm = 3 KNm S0/2 = 75 mm 0. 400 = 4000 kNmum = 4 kNm 150 x 1507/12) — (130 x 130/12) = 18.387 x 10° mm* Tyy = Ixy = 18.387 X 10° mm* Zy = Zy = Iyxf¥max = 18.387 x 10°/ 5.16 x 10° mm* tress ¢ = OXI, 3x 10° 4x Hse =" 5600 245.16 x 108 ~ 245.16 x 10° 786 + 12.237 — 16.316 = —2.29 N/mm? (tensile) 1,786 + 12.237 + 16.316 = +30.34 N/mm? (compressive) = 1.786 £ 12.237 £ 16.316 786 ~ 12.237 + 16.316 = +5.87 N/mm? (compressive) Example 6.4 A cantilever of length 1 m has the cross-section shown in Figure 6.6 and carries vertical and horizontal forces of 1 KN and 200 kN, respectively, at its free end. Locate the position of the nentral axis of the section at the support under this loading and determine the maximum tensile stress on the section. (Polytechnic of Central London) | s/] | 1 ~ Figure 6.6 Figure 6.7 has been added to show the original loading on the cantilever and Figure 6.8 to show the equivalent loading at the fixed end.200kN 1m Figure 6.8 Equivalent loading Solution 6.4 (1) The maximum bending moment in the cantilever will be at the fixed end and of value M=1x1=1kNm ‘The elastic section modulus for a solid rectangular section is given by Zy = bdo = 50 x 1007/6 = 0.0833 x 10° mm? My Lx 10° je =+$t-4+-— Bending stress 9 = £ 7° = + Dogs sca PIA 7 =200 x 10°(50 x 100) = ~40.00 N/mm = £12.00 N/mm? Dircet stress ‘The total stress will be given by ie. of = ~40.00 = 12.00 —52.00 N/mm? (tensile at the top face) and 40.00 + 12.00 = ~28.00 N/mm? (tensile at the bottom face) ‘Thus, maximum tensile stress = 52.00 N/mm” 146(2) To locate the neutral axis By reference to Figure 6.9, the neutral axis is seen to be external to the section and at a distance x below the botom face, where x is given by x 28.00 (100+ x) ~ 52.00 ~. (52.00 — 28.00) = 2800 x = 2800/24 = 116.67 mm i.e. the neutr axis is 116.67 mm below the bottom face of the cantilever Note that since this location is external to the section, the term ‘neutral axis? does not have its usual physical meaning. 52 jure 6.9 Stress distribution diagram Example 6.5 Figure 6.10 shows the plan view of a concrete foundation which is | m thick and weighs 25 kN/m’. The two column foads are 300 KN and 800 KN in the positions shown, Assuming the base pressure to be uniform across the width and to vary linearly from end to end, determine the maximum and minimum pressures on the base (Polytechnic of Central London) Figure 6.10Figure 6.11 has been added to show the loads acting on the foundation and the distributed reactive earth pressure acting at the foundation ground interface. Y 500 kv Figure 6.11 Solution 6.5 (1) The self-weight of the foundation acts through the centroid of the plan section and is of value P = (6 x 2 x 1) X 25 = 300 KN. (2) The 300 kN load is equivalent to a direct load at the centroid of value P = 300 KN, together with a moment about the X-X axis which will produce compressive stresses at the left-hand end of the foundation and is of value My = 300 2 = 600 kNm. (3) The 800 KN load is equivalent to a direct load at the centroid of value P = 800 KN, together with a moment about the X-¥ axis which will produce tensile stresses at the left-hand end of the foundation and is of value My = 800 x 1 = 800 kNm (4) The total equivalent loading is thus (i)_A direct compressive load at the centroid: P = 300 + 300 + 800 = 1400 KN (i) A moment about the X axis through the centroid and of value My = 800 — 600 = 200 KNm, producing tensile stresses at the left- hand end of the foundation. ‘This equivalent loading is shown in Figure 6.12. Ls 200KKm w_| 7 V 100 kN Figure 6.12 ‘The pressure (stress) on the base of the foundation is given by 148where and 1400 12 = 116.67 + 16.67 kN/m? . Minimum compressive pressure (stress) = 100.00 kN/m* 12 and maximum compressive pressure = 133.34 kN Example 6.6 A prismatic beam column AB is subjected to a compressive point load W which acts parallel to its longitudinal axis as shown in Figure 6.13(a). The cross-section ‘of the beam column is shown in Figure 6.13(b). If the load W can be placed anywhere along the line of symmetry PQ on this section, determine its limiting positions such that there is no tensile stress present in the beam column. (Manchester University) ed al" of X40 x ® Figure 6.13 ‘The section will bend about an X-X axis through its centroid, This axis has been added to Figure 6.13(b). If the load acts at an eccentricity of e, measured from the centroid, then the equivalent loading is: (i) a direct compressive force at the centroid of value W; |) a moment about the X axis of value W X e.150 Solution 6.6 (1) To locate the centroid and calculate Jy and Zy Part Area (A) 2 (from Q) Az A Al? Toe(ba'/12) (mm) (mm) (mm x 10°) mm)_ (mm! x 10°) (mm! x 10°) Flange 9180 385 3534 89.28 73.17 0.69 Web 7400 185, 1369 110.72 90.72 84.42 16 580 4903 163.89 ar TAZ _ 4903 x 10> FSA 16580 295-72 ~ Ixy = (85.11 + 163.89) x 10° = 249.00 x 10° mmé For the outside edge of the flange (i.e. at P) Tex _ 249.00 x 10° Yoox (400 — 295.72)“ For the outside edge of the web (ie. at Q) Tex _ 249.00 x 10° Your 295.72 (2) To determine stresses zx Zy = 0.842 x 10° mm? ‘The maximum stresses are given by: Therefore, the stress at P is given by Ww wxe 16 580 ~ 2.388 x 10° Tension will occur at P when the load acts at an eccentricity (e) in the direction of Q and if the resulting tensile bending stress at P is greater than the direct stress. For there to be no tensile stress at P, the limiting position of the load is given by equating the above expression to zero, with the second term negative—i.e. 1 e ee “ie s80 seca} : e = 144.03 mm measured from the centroid towards Q Similarly, for there to be no tensile stress at Q, the limiting value of e is given by w—t____e _ [16 580 x 10°78 mm towards P Example 6.7 Figure 6.14(a) shows the cross-section of a compound stanchion fabricated by attaching flange plates to two back-to-back channels. The characteristics of one channel are as indicated in Figure 6.14(b) 50 \ 1 280 F aT ARS Te zB & $ oc e8 ; ql y to) (o) Figure 6.14 (a) Calculate the stresses developed at the corners A. B, Cand D of the section when it is subjected to a compressive load of 600 KN at point P. (b) Determine the maximum allowable eccentricities of this load from the centroid of the stanchion cross-section if no tensile stress is to be developed in the section, Make a sketch showing the boundary of the region within which the compressive force must be contained Data: For one channel: A = 38 em cc = 2490 ems Jy, = 264 emt (Nottingham Polytechnic) Solution 6.7 (a) (1) Calculate Zyy and Ly Tex = 1TLAB x 10° mnt Iyy = 7.13 108 mm ‘The calculation of [yy and [yy follows exactly the same procedure as illustrated in previous examples. The values for Iyy and [yy given above should be checked by the reader before proceeding.= 152 Q) (b) Iny _ 171.13 x 10° , = Mt 2 SE = 1.406 x 2 Ze at 120 6 x 10° mm’ and vy _ 77.13 x 10° = 0.617 x 10° mm? BS 10° mm To determine the stresses The stresses at the corners are given by a where A = 2(38 x 102) + 2(250 x 20) = 17 600 mm? _ 600 x 105 , 600 x 10° x 40, 600 x 108 x 25 “17600 1.426 X 1" ~ 0.617 10° = $34.09 + 16.83 + 24.31 Thus stress at A = +3409 + 16.83 — 24.31 = +26.61 N/mm? (compressive) stress at B = +34.09 + 16.83 + 24.31 = +75.23 N/mm? (compressive) stress at C = +34.09 — 16.83 + 24.31 = + 41.57 N/mm? (compressive) stress at D = +34.09 — 16.83 ~ 24.31 = —7.05 N/mm? (tensile) Equation (1) may be written _ 600. x 10° 600 x 10° x ey , 600 x 10° x ey oT 600 1.426 x 10° ~ 0.617 x 10° = 34.091 4 0.421 X ey + 0.972 x ey If the load is in the top right-hand quadrant of the section (i.e. in the quadrant containing corner B), then tension is most likely to occur at corner D, the stress at D being given by op = +34.001 — 0.421 x ey — 0.972 x ex If no tension is allowed to occur at D, then in the limit, op = +34.091 — 0.421 x ey — 0.972 X ex Putting ey = 0 gives ey = 34,091/0.421 = 80.98 mm Putting ey = 0 gives ey = 34.091/0.972 = 35.07 mm The two points representing ey = 0, ey = 80.98 mm and ex = 35.07 mm, ey = O are marked as a and b on Figure 6.15. The line joining a to b definesFigure 6.15 the boundary beyond which the load must not be placed if tension is not to develop at D. Similar consideration of corners A, B and C will result in the core region of the section, as shown in Figure 6.15, within which the point of application of the load must lie to ensure that tension does not occur anywhere in the section Example 6.8 Figure 6.16 shows a column loaded with three point loads. The positions of the loads are shown in both clevation and plan, The cross-section of the column is shown in the plan. Determine the stresses at the four corners of the column due to the loading. (Hatfield Polytechnic) Figure 6.16 For reference purposes, the letters A, B, C and D have been added to the plan and the X-X and Y-¥ axes have been identified.Solution 6.8 (1) Calculate Zy and Zy 327.94 x 10" mm* 20.70 x 10° mm* Zy = 1,640 x 10° mm? Zy = 0.267 x 10 mm Check these values before proceeding. (2) Loads eccentric to the Y-¥-axis The 200 KN load is the only load eccentric to the ¥-Y axis and gives rise to a moment about the Y-Y axis of value My = 200 x (25 x 10-5) = SkNm ‘The equivalent loading is thus (i) a direct compressive load at the centroid, of value 200 KN; (i)_a moment of value 5 kNm. (3) Loads eccentric to the XX axis The two loads eccentric to the X-X axis give rise to moments of different sense, one clockwise and one anticlockwise about the X-X axis. The total effect is the algebraic sum of the two moments. ‘The net moment about the X-¥ axis is given by Mx = 100 x (400 x 107%) - 50 x (400 x 1074) = 20 kNm The equivalent loading is thus (i) a direct compressive load at the centroid, of value 150 KN; (ii) 2 moment of value 20 kNm (4) The total equivalent loading is (i) a direct compressive load at the centroid, of value P = 200 + 150 350 KN; (ii) a moment about the X-X axis, of value M. compression at face BD and tension at face AC; (i) a moment about the Y-Y axis, of value My = 5 kNm, causing compression at face CD and tension at face AB. 20 kNm, causing (5) The stresses at the corners of the section are given bywhere A= 2(200 X 20) + (B60 x 10) = 11.6 x 10° mm? _ 350x107 20 x 10 5 x 10° ©" 11.6 X10" 1.640 x 10% ~ 0.267 x 10° = 30.17 + 12.20 + 18.73 ‘Thus, stress at A = +30.17 — 12.20 ~ 18.73 = -0.76 (tensile) at B = +30.17 + 12.20 — 18.73 +23.64 (compressive) at C = +30.17 = 12.20 + 18,73 = +36.70 (compressive) at D = 430.17 + 12.20 + 18.73 = +61.10 (compressive) Example 6.9 A gravity dam, retaining water to a depth of 5 m, is shown in Figure 6.17. If the density of the water is 10 kN/m* and that of the dam material 20 kN/m’, show on a drawing the stress distribution across the base. (Hatfield Polytechnic) Figure 6.17 For reference purposes the parts of the dam haye been lettered. It is necessary to locate the centre of gravity of the dam. This will coincide with the centroid of the cross-section, the position of which can be determined as before by taking moments of area. It is normal practice to consider a unit length of this type of structure when calculating self-weight and water thrusts.Solution 6.9 (1) To locate the centre of gravity of the dam Part Area (A) (m) __ distance z, measured from O Gn) Az A 1S 20 150 B 12.0 4.0 48.0 D 9.0 6.0 28.5 Thus, the weight of the dam acts at a distance 4,105 m to the right of O—that is, at an eccentricity e = 4.105 — $= 0.105 m from the centroid of the base (see Figure 6.18) The self-weight of a 1 m length of the dam will be 28.5 x 1 x 20 = 570 kN Figure 6.18 This is equivalent to (i) a direct compressive load through the centroid of the plan section, of value $70 kN: (i) a moment, of value 570 x 0.105 = 59.85 kNm, causing compression at face P, (2) Loading on the dam due to water pressure The total hydrostatic thrust on the sloping face of the dam will act perpendicular to the face and at two-thirds of the depth (i.e. at § m above the base). A convenient solution is to determine the vertical and horizontal components of the total thrust. ‘The value of the vertical component is given by the weight of the wedge-shaped body of water OQR. The horizontal component is given by multiplying the area of the face of the dam projected onto the vertical plane, by the average water pressure. Vertical component of thrust = Area OOR X 1 x 10 = 5x 1x 10 = 75.0 kN 156This component acts through the centroid of the triangle OOR and at a distance of I m to the tight of O, i.e. at an eccentricity of 3 m from the centroid of the base section. The vertical component of thrust is thus equivalent to (a direct compressive load, of value the base; (ii) @ moment of value 75.0 x 3.0 = 225.0 KNm causing compression at face O. 5.0 KN, through the centroid of Horizontal component of thrust = wh? = 1x 10 x 25.0 KN This load acts at}m above the base, providing a moment of value 125.0 x 3 = 208.33 kNm causing compression at face P. The horizontal component makes no contribution to the equivalent direct axial loading through the centroid of the base. (3) Total equivatent loading ‘The equivalent loading on the plan section is thus (i) a direct compressive load of value $70.0 + 75.0 (ii) a moment of value 59.85 — 225.00 + 208.33 = compression at face P 45.0 KN; 3.18 kNm, causing From now on the solution is straightforward and as in the previous examples. | ; q (4) To determine the stress distribution ! The stresses at P and O are given by ‘ gra espe A” Zy where A=8x1=8m" and Zy = bd'{6 = 1 x 8'/6 = 10.667 m* 645.0 | 43.18 8 10.667 = 80.63 + 4.05 Thus, { stress on base at P = 80.63 + 4.05 = 84.68 kN/m? (compressive!at O = 80.63 ~ 4.05 = 76.58 kN/m? (compressive) ‘The stress will vary linearly from © to P, as shown in Figure 6.19. 84.68, 7658) ee o F Fe 6.19 Stress distribution diagram Example 6.10 A solid 7 m high vertical telegraph pole PQ, 250 mm in diameter at the ground, carries at its top two groups of horizontal wires A and B. In plan view these wires make an angle of 120° (Figures 6.20a and b). The total tension in group A is 1400 N and in group B 2300 N. The pole is restrained by a cable PR that makes an angle of 30° to the pole and, in plan view, makes an angle of 90° to the group A wires. The tension in this cable is 1800 N. Determine the maximum tensile stress in the pole at the base Q. (Note Lyx for a solid circular section about a diameter is na'/64, where d is the diameter.) (Manchester University) Figure 6.20 Solution 6.10 (1) The tension in cable PR can be resolved vertically and horizontally: vertical component = 1800 cos30? = 1558.85 N This vertical component acts down the longitudinal axis of the pole and results in a vertical compressive force of 1558.85 N through the centroid of the cross-section of the pole. Horizontal component = 1800 sin30° = 900 N 158@) (4) ler the plan view at the top of the pole (Figure 6.21). The tensile forces in A and B are partially balanced by the horizontal component of the force in the cable PR, The out-of-balance force must be resisted by the development of bending stresses in the pole. The out-of-balance force can be determined by resolving the three known forces in the x and y di and summing the components. A, 1 y 400 N ¥ 900. ? ee R 30 2300 Figure 6.21 Resolving the horizontal forces at P: Force y component component Wires A 1400. N + 1400.00 0.00 Wires B 2300N = 1150.00 +1991.86 Cable 900. N 0.00 =900.00 250,00 +1091.86 c. Resultant horizontal foree bending pole = (250? + 1091.86)! = 1120.12 N The equivalent loading on the base of the pole is thus (i) a direct compressive force, of value 1558.86 N, through the centroid; (ii) a moment about a diameter, of value 1120.12 x 7 = 7840.84 Nm. The maximum tensile stress in the cross-section at Q will be yee eM A g where A= 2x eff = 1 x 250/84 = 49.09 108 mm? and za a BRA EE KID oy 554 x 108 mm! Yomax df2 320° ~~ 1558.85 __ 7840.84 x 10° 49.09 x 10° 1,534 x 10% = 0,032 ~ $.111 = —$.08 N/imi maximum tensile stress = 5.08 N/mm?160 Example 6.11 Figure 6.22 shows the section of a symmetrical prestressed conerete beam in which the eccentricity ‘e’ of the tendons is 105 mm. The cross-section area is 77.6 x 10° mm? and Lyy is 1.6 10° mm*. Figure 6.22 (a) Calculate the maximum allowable prestressing force if, at the prestressing stage, the allowable stresses are 1 N/mm’ tension and 20 N/mm? compres- sion. (b) What applied moment can then be resisted if the allowable stresses under load are zero tension and 20 N/mm’ compression? (Hatfield Polytechnic) ‘The prestressing force in the tendon develops compressive bending stresses in the lower part of the cross-section of the beam and tensile bending stresses in the top part. ‘The applied bending moment to be carried by the beam will be such as to develop bending stresses of opposite sense to those developed by the prestressing tendon. Solution 6.11 (a) 7.27 X 10° mm?* If the allowable prestressing force is P KN, then the moment duc to the prestressing force is given by My =P x e = (Px 10°) x 105 Nmm‘The maximum compressive stress occurs at the bottom face and is given by _ (P10) | (Px 10°) x 105 “77.6 x 10° 7.27 x 10 = P (12.887 + 14,443) x 10-3 = 27.330P x 10-3 N/mm? But the maximum compressive stress is limited to 20 N/mm?. Hence, 27.330P x 10-3 N/mm? < 20 P< 731.30 KN ‘The maximum tensile stress occurs at the top face and is given by o=F_ My "A zy _ (Px 10°) (Px 10°) x 105 716 XP 27 x 10° P (12.887 - 14.443) x 10-3 —1.556P x 1075 N/mm? wn But the maximum tensile stress is limited to 1 N/mm’. Hence, 1.536P x 1073 N ie. P< 642.67 KN The maximum allowable value for P is therefore the lower of these two figures—that is, 642.67 KN. With this value for P, the compressive stress at the lower face will be 642.67 20 = 2 pai gp * 20 = 17.56 N/mm (b) The allowable stresses are 20 N/mm? compressive and zero tensile. The top face has an initial tensile prestressing stress of 1 Nimm?, which, when the beam is subject to an applied moment, may be changed to a compressive stress of 20 N/mm. Thus, an applied bending stress of 21 N/mm? could be accommodated in the top face. The lower face has an initial compressive prestressing stress of 17.56 N/mm’, which may be changed to zere N/mm?. Thus, an applied bending stress of 17,56 Nimm* only may be accommodated in the lower face. Thus. the maximum external applied bending moment which can safely be carried is limited by the corresponding bending stress of 17.56 N/mm’.If the allowable applied bending moment is My. the corresponding bending stress is given by ee Mor Mix Zy 7.27 « 108 But g is limited to 17.56 N/mm’. Therefore, My = 17.56 x 7.27 * 10? x 10" 127.66 kNm 6.5 Problems 6.1 The bracket shown in Figure P6.1(a) carries an inclined point load of 5 KN at A. ‘The cross-section of the bracket at the line BC is shown in Figure P6.1(b) Determine the maximum tensile stress at the section BC and the distance of the neutral axis of the same section from its centre of area. (Manchester University) 10 80 8 ° --c | 8 ) Figure P6.1 6.2. Figure P6.2 shows the cross-section through a brickwork chimney stack. The stack is rigidly built into the ground and is 18 m high. The density of the brickwork is 2300 kg/m? and the most adverse wind loading causes simultaneous pressures of 0.5 kN/m? and 0.3 KN/m? on the longer and shorter sides, respectively. The design criteria arc that the compressive stress developed in the brickwork is not to exceed 2.0 N/m? and no tension is to be developed. Ascertain whether these conditions are satisfied by the design. (Nottingham Polytechnic) ues 500} mm 1500 750 760 1626.3 Calculate the maximum eccentricity at which a concentrated point load can be 64 placed along the X and ¥ axes before tension develops in the section shown in Figure P6.3 (Liverpool University) y x - - x}o 5 10 y Figure P6.3 A hollow cast-iron column with the cross-section shown in Figure P6.4 is subjected to a vertical load of 80 KN which acts through corner A. Calculate the maximum compressive and tensile stresses in the column. Determine also the minimum vertical load which must be applied at corner B in order that there is no resultant tensile stress caused by the two loads. (Liverpool University) A 8 8 2) 700, 200, 100 Figure P64 A check is to be made on a structure supporting an oil supply tank. The tank is mounted on a saddle which transfers the load uniformly to a hollow masonry pillar 9.0 m high and of overall cross-sectional dimensions 6.0 m by 1.5 m, the wall thickness being 0.4 m, The overall height to the top of the tank is 12.0 m, which extends the full length of the structure as indicated in Figure P6.5(a). The cross-section of the masonry is shown in Figure P6.5(b). ‘The capacity of the tank is 40 000 litres and, when empty, the tank plus the saddle weigh 8150 kg. The density of the oil is 800 kg/m’ and of the masonry is 1800 kg/m’ 163‘The maximum pressure exerted by the wind when blowing perpendicular to one face may be taken as 0.8 kN/m? over the total exposed area. Determine whether or not the structure satisfies the criteria that the maximum permitted compressive stress is 850 kN/m? and tension is not allowed. (Sheffield University) e Tank po 0m ed am Zi LL E|— |maonry pier] 7 - yy = 24 - Ll =|} oan om em ay » Figure P6.5 6.6 Answers to Problems 164 61 6.2 6.3 64 65 7.65 N/mm? 37.28 mm. Conditions satisfied. Extreme stresses are 0.67 N/mm? and 0.14 N/mm? com- pressive. Maximum eccentricity, ey = + 2.61 mm, ey = £1.39 mm Maximum compressive stress, at A = 3.87 N/mm? Maximum tensile stress, at B = 2.53 N/mm? Load required at B = 52.34 kN Conditions satisfied. The stresses at the outer long faces of the pillar are: (i) when the tank is full, 400.83 KN/m? and 63.97 kN/m? (compressive); (ii) when the tank is empty, 342.27 kN/m? and 5.41 kN/m* (compressive).7 Shear Stress 7.1 Contents Shear stress © Complementary shear stress @ Shear in rectangular beam sec- tions @ Shear in non-rectangular beam sections @ Shear stress distribution in beams ® Compound beams @ Shear in bolted and welded connections, ‘This chapter is mainly concerned with the distribution of shear stress in simple and compound beam scetions, together with the calculation of the shearing forces in the bolted or welded connections of compound beams. 7.2. The Fact Sheet (a) Average Shear Stress ‘The average shear stress acting over a surface on which a shearing force is acting is given by shearing force average shear stress (7) = Seating fore _ 8 area over which shearing force acts (b) Shear Strain ‘The action of shear stress on a material gives rise to shear strain. Shear strain (7) is measured as the angular distortion of a small rectangular clement of the material. Shear strain is measured in radians and is dimensionless (c) Shear Modulus For a linearly elastic material shear stress and shear strain are related by the shear modulus (G), sometimes referred to as the modulus of rigidity. The shear modulus is given by the formula shear modulus (0) = ear)166 (a) Complementary Shear Stress A shear stress acting on either of two planes which intersect at right angles is always accompanied by a complementary shear stress of equal magnitude but of opposite sign acting on the other plane (e) Shear Stresses in Beam Sections ‘The general formula for calculating the shear stress in a beam section which is subjected to a shearing force is given by 7-243 ib where + = the shear stress; Q = the transverse shear force acting at the section; A= the area to the outside of the level where shear stress is being calculated; the distance to the centroid of the area A measured from the neutral axis; 1 = the second moment of area of the whole cross-section about the neutral axis; and b = the width of the cross-section at the level where shear stress is being calculated. The terms used in this equation are illustrated in Figure 7.1 Nea ‘ress calculates a this ievel—> Figure 7.1 In commonly occurring structural sections the maximum shear stress caleu- lated by use of this formula usually occurs at the level of the neutral axis. In rectangular, T-shaped and L-shaped beams and other commonly occurring sections the shear stress varies parabolically throughout the depth of the section with abrupt changes of stress where the geometry of the section changes suddenly, such as where the web and flanges of an I section meet.