Mathematics in The Modern World Reviewer

Mathematics in Our World any Fibonacci-like sequence), as originally
shown by Johannes Kepler (1571–1630).

REVIEWER
The golden ratio was first called as the Divine
Mathematics is the formal system on Proportion in the early 1500s in Leonardo da
recognizing, classifying, and exploiting patterns. Vinci’s work was explored by Luca Pacioli
(Italian mathematician) entitled “De Devina
Mathematics – organize and systematize ideas Proportione” in 1509.
about patterns in nature.
Today the Golden ratio is usually a concept that
Patterns recurring in different context can is applied in art, design and architecture.
sometimes be modeled mathematically.
Golden Ratio shows beauty, balance and
Patterns possess utility and beauty. harmony in art, architecture & design.
Pizano or Leonardo of Pisa (1170–1250) is from Also known as Golden Section, or Golden
in Pisa, Italy. His father Guglielmo Bonacci was Proportion, or Divine Proportion denoted by Phi
a wealthy Italian merchant, who represented (ϕ) = 1.6180339887…
merchants of the Republic of
Phi is the initial letters of Phidias’.
Pisa who were trading in Bugia (now Béjaïa) in
Algeria, North Africa. Mark Barr (American mathematician), to use Phi
in honor of Phidias.
Around 1200 AD, Pizano published the Liber
Abbaci, or “Book of Calculation.” Phidias (490 BC – 430 BC) widely used the
golden ratio in his works of sculpture.
“Book of Calculation” An arithmetic text on
financial computations and promoted the use of The exterior dimension of the Parthenon in
Hindu-Arabic numerals. Athens, Greece embodies the golden ratio.
The Fibonacci sequence is the sequence f1, f2, “Timaeus” Plato (428 BC – 347 BC) describes
f3, f4, … which has its first two terms f1 and f2 five possible regular solids that relate to the
both equal to 1 and satisfies there after the golden ratio.
recursion formula fn = fn–1 + fn–2.
“Timaeus” Plato also considers the golden ratio
The sequence 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, to be the most binging of all mathematic
144, 233, 377, … is called the Fibonacci relationships.
sequence and its terms the Fibonacci numbers.
Luca Pacioli found the relationship between
Fibonacci spiral –Take a golden rectangle, break Fibonacci sequence and the go
it down into smaller squares based from
Fibonacci sequence and divide each with an arc. Euclid was the first to give definition of the
golden ratio as “a dividing line in the extreme
The Golden Ratio is the relationship between and mean ratio” in his book the “Elements.”
numbers on the Fibonacci sequence where
plotting the relationships on scales results in a Euclid proved the link of the number to the
spiral shape. construction of the pentagram, known as golden
ratio.
Two quantities are in the Golden ratio if their
ratio is the same of their sum to the larger of the Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci (1452–1519) or
two quantities. known as Leonardo da Vinci was into invention,
painting, sculpting, architecture, science, music,
The golden ratio is the limit of the ratios of mathematics, engineering, literature, anatomy,
successive terms of the Fibonacci sequence (or
geology, astronomy, botany, writing, history,
and cartography.
Michelangelo di Lodovico Simon (1475–1564)

or known as Michelangelo was a painter,
architect, poet, and engineer from the
Renaissance.
Michelangelo was considered the greatest living Notre Dame is a Gothic Cathedral in Paris, built
artist of his time. in between 1163 and 1250.
Raffaello Sanzio da Urbino (1483–1520) or Taj Mahal in India used the golden ratio in its
known as Raphael was also a painter and construction and was completed in 1648.
architect from the Renaissance.
Cathedral of Our Lady of Chartes in Paris,
Rembrandt Harmenszoon Van Rijn (1606–1669) France also exhibits the golden ratio.
or simply known as Rembrandt is a Dutch
Da Vinci’s drawings of the five platonic solids
painter.
and it was probably da Vinci who first called it
It is said that the golden triangle is applied in his the “section aurea” Latin for Golden Section.
paintings “Self Portrait”.
The Fibonacci numbers can be applied to the
Alessandro di Mariano di Vanni Filipepi (1445– proportions of a rectangle, called the Golden
1510), known as Sandro Botticelli, is an Italian rectangle.
painter.
A golden rectangle can be broken into squares
The Birth of Venus is one of the world’s famous the size of the next Fibonacci number down and
and appreciated works of art and it was painted below.
between 1482 and 1485.
Golden Rectangle is known as one of the most
George-Pierre Seurat (1859–1891) was a French visually satisfying of all geometric forms –
post-impressionist painter. hence, the appearance of the Golden ratio in art.
George-Pierre Seurat paintings appear to have The Golden rectangle is also related to the
applied golden ratio to define the horizon, to Golden spiral, which is created by making
place point of interest and to create balance. adjacent squares of Fibonacci dimensions.
Salvador Domingo Felipe Jacinto Dali (1904– A Fibonacci spiral which approximates the
1989) or known as Salvador Dali framed his golden spiral, using Fibonacci sequence square
paintings using the golden ratio in his sizes up to 34.
masterpiece, “The Sacrament of the Last
Supper.”
The Great Pyramid of Giza built 4700 BC in

Ahmes Papyrus of Egypt is with proportion
according to a “Golden Ratio.”
The length of each side of the base is 756 feet

with a height of 481 feet. Symmetry is a sense of harmonious and
beautiful proportion of balance or an object is
The ratio of the base to the height is roughly
1.5717, which is close to the Golden ratio.
invariant to any of various transformations Natural regularities of nature:
(reflection, rotation or scaling).
 Symmetry
There are two main types of symmetry, bilateral  Fractals
and radial.  Spirals
 Trees
Bilateral symmetry is a symmetry in which the
 Meanders
left and right sides of the organism can be
divided into approximately mirror image of each  Waves
other along the midline.  Foams
 Tessellations
Radial symmetry (or rotational symmetry) is a  Cracks
type of symmetry around a fixed point known as  Stripes
the center and it can be classified as either cyclic  Spots
or dihedral.
Honeycombs of the bees show specific regular
Radial symmetry is also evident in different repeating hexagons.
kinds of flowers.
It uses the least amount of wax to store the
Fractal is curve or geometric figure, each part of honey giving a strong structure with no gaps.
which has the same statistical character as the
whole. Zebra’s coat, the alternating pattern of blacks
and white are due to mathematical rules that
Fractal is a class of highly irregular shapes that govern the pigmentation chemicals of its skin.
are related to continents, coastlines, and
snowflakes. Spider webs illustrate a beautiful pattern.
It is use to model structures in which similar The spider creates a structure by performing
patterns recur at progressively smaller scales, innate steps.
and in describing partly random or chaotic
phenomena such as crystal growth, fluid The nautilus shell has natural pattern which
turbulence, and galaxy formation contains a spiral shape called logarithmic spiral.
Fractals can be seen in some plants, trees, Age of the trees can be determined by applying
leaves, and others. dendrochronology which is a scientific method
of dating based on the amount of rings found in
A logarithmic spiral (or growth spiral) is a self- the core of a tree.
similar spiral curve which often appears in
nature. Turtles have growth rings called “scutes”
which are hexagonal.
Scutes estimates the age of the turtle.

It was first described by Rene Descartes and
was later investigated by Jacob Bernoulli. Smallest scute is in the center and is the oldest
one, while the largest ones on the outside are the
Spirals are more evident in plants. newer ones.
Spirals can also be seen in typhoon, whirlpool, Lightning during storms creates fractals.
galaxy, tail of chameleon, and shell among
others. Foam bubbles formed by trapping pockets of
gas in a liquid or solid.
Behavior of nature can be observed around
us. Cracks can also be found on the barks of trees
which show some sort of weakness in the bark.
The meander is one of a series of regular
sinuous curves, bends, loops, turns, or windings
in the channel of the body of water.
Hurricanes rotates, the enormous cloud bands

form golden spiral.
Galaxies form the same way as the golden

spiral.
The waves of the sea also move in golden spiral

and even the fluid dynamics create golden spiral.

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Mathematics in Our World any Fibonacci-like sequence), as originally

shown by Johannes Kepler (1571–1630).

Michelangelo di Lodovico Simon (1475–1564)

The Great Pyramid of Giza built 4700 BC in

The length of each side of the base is 756 feet

Scutes estimates the age of the turtle.

Hurricanes rotates, the enormous cloud bands

Galaxies form the same way as the golden

The waves of the sea also move in golden spiral

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