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Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence 14294

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Lecture Notes in Computer Science

Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence 14294


Founding Editor
Jörg Siekmann

Series Editors
Randy Goebel, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
Wolfgang Wahlster, DFKI, Berlin, Germany
Zhi-Hua Zhou, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
The series Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence (LNAI) was established in 1988 as a
topical subseries of LNCS devoted to artificial intelligence.
The series publishes state-of-the-art research results at a high level. As with the LNCS
mother series, the mission of the series is to serve the international R & D community
by providing an invaluable service, mainly focused on the publication of conference and
workshop proceedings and postproceedings.
Zied Bouraoui · Srdjan Vesic
Editors

Symbolic and Quantitative


Approaches to Reasoning
with Uncertainty
17th European Conference, ECSQARU 2023
Arras, France, September 19–22, 2023
Proceedings
Editors
Zied Bouraoui Srdjan Vesic
CRIL CNRS University Artois CRIL CNRS University Artois
Lens Cedex, France Lens Cedex, France

ISSN 0302-9743 ISSN 1611-3349 (electronic)


Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence
ISBN 978-3-031-45607-7 ISBN 978-3-031-45608-4 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-45608-4
LNCS Sublibrary: SL7 – Artificial Intelligence

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Preface

The biennial European Conference on Symbolic and Quantitative Approaches to


Reasoning with Uncertainty (ECSQARU) is a major forum for advances in the theory
and practice of reasoning under uncertainty. Contributions are provided by researchers
in advancing the state of the art and by practitioners using uncertainty techniques in
applications. The scope of the ECSQARU conferences encompasses fundamental top-
ics, as well as practical issues, related to representation, inference, learning, and decision
making both in qualitative and numeric uncertainty paradigms. The formalisms studied
in this volume include argumentation frameworks, decision theory, Bayesian networks,
non-monotonic inference, explainability, dialogues, learning and human factors. We also
included papers accepted in the special track on AI and heterogeneous data organised
by Salem Benferhat.
Previous ECSQARU events were held in Prague (2021), Belgrade (2019), Lugano
(2017), Compiegne (2015), Utrecht (2013), Belfast (2011), Verona (2009), Hammamet
(2007), Barcelona (2005), Aalborg (2003), Toulouse (2001), London (1999), Bonn
(1997), Fribourg (1995), Granada (1993), and Marseille (1991).
ECSQARU 2023 was held in Arras (France) during 19–22 September 2023. The 35
papers in this volume were selected from 46 submissions, after a rigorous peer-review
process by the members of the Program Committee and some external reviewers. Each
submission was reviewed by three reviewers. ECSQARU 2023 also included invited
talks by outstanding researchers in the field: Eduardo Fermé, Jesse Davis, and Rafael
Peñaloza.
We would like to thank all those who submitted papers, the members of the Program
Committee and the external reviewers for their valuable reviews, the chairs of the spe-
cial track and the associated workshops, as well as the members of the local Organizing
Committee, for all their support and contributions to the success of the conference. In
addition to the main program of paper presentations, ECSQARU 2023 hosted two work-
shop programs: (i) Explanations Meet Uncertainties organized by Wassila Ouerdane and
Sébastien Destercke, with the support of the working group Explicon of GDR RADIA;
and (ii) Neuro-symbolic AI organized by Pierre Monnin and Fatiha Sais with the support
of the working group MHyIA of GDR RADIA and the AFIA Association.
Finally, we are thankful to CNRS and University of Artois for their financial and
logistic support. We are also thankful to Springer Nature for funding the Best Paper
Award and collaborating smoothly on the proceedings.

August 2023 Zied Bouraoui


Srdjan Vesic
Organization

Program Committee Chairs

Zied Bouraoui CRIL UMR 8188, Université d’Artois & CNRS,


France
Srdjan Vesic CRIL UMR 8188, Université d’Artois & CNRS,
France

Program Committee

Alessandro Antonucci IDSIA, Switzerland


Sadok Ben Yahia Tallinn University of Technology, Estonia
Salem Benferhat CRIL, CNRS UMR8188, Université d’Artois,
France
Isabelle Bloch Sorbonne Université, CNRS, LIP6, France
Andrés Cano University of Granada, Spain
Fabio Cozman University of São Paulo, Brazil
Thierry Denoeux Université de Technologie de Compiègne, France
Sébastien Destercke CNRS, UMR Heudiasyc, France
Nourhan Ehab German University in Cairo, Egypt
Zied Elouedi Institut Supérieur de Gestion de Tunis, Tunisia
Patricia Everaere CRIStAL-Université Lille, France
Eduardo Fermé Universidade da Madeira, Portugal
Laurent Garcia LERIA - Université d’Angers, France
Laura Giordano DISIT, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Italy
Lluis Godo Artificial Intelligence Research Institute, IIIA -
CSIC, Spain
Anthony Hunter University College London, UK
Nebojsa Ikodinovic University of Belgrade, Serbia
Ulrich Junker IBM, France
Souhila Kaci LIRMM, France
Gabriele Kern-Isberner Technische Universitaet Dortmund, Germany
Sébastien Konieczny CRIL - CNRS, France
Vaclav Kratochvil Czech Academy of Sciences, Czech Republic
Marie-Christine Lagasquie-Schiex IRIT - Université Paul Sabatier, France
Sylvain Lagrue Université de Technologie de Compiègne (UTC),
France
Florence Le Ber ICube, Université de Strasbourg/ENGEES, France
Philippe Leray LS2N/DUKe - Nantes University, France
viii Organization

Weiru Liu University of Bristol, UK


Peter Lucas University of Twente, The Netherlands
Thomas Lukasiewicz Vienna University of Technology, Austria
Maria Vanina Martinez Artificial Intelligence Research Institute
(IIIA – CSIC), Spain
Denis Maua University of São Paulo, Brazil
Jérôme Mengin IRIT - Université de Toulouse, France
David Mercier Université d’Artois, France
Enrique Miranda University of Oviedo, Spain
Davide Petturiti University of Perugia, Italy
Frédéric Pichon Université d’Artois, France
Nico Potyka Cardiff University, UK
Henri Prade IRIT - CNRS, France
Steven Schockaert Cardiff University, UK
Choh Man Teng Institute for Human and Machine Cognition, USA
Jirka Vomlel Czech Academy of Sciences, Czech Republic
Emil Weydert CSC, University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg
Marco Wilhelm TU Dortmund, Germany
Nic Wilson University College Cork, Ireland
Stefan Woltran TU Wien, Austria
Bruno Zanuttini GREYC, Normandie Univ.; UNICAEN, CNRS,
ENSICAEN, France
Leon van der Torre University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg

Additional Reviewers

Leila Amgoud CNRS IRIT, France


Ahlame Begdouri USMBA, Fez, Morocco
Fahima Cheikh CRIL CNRS UMR 8188, University of Artois,
France
Jérôme Delobelle Université Paris Cité, France
Ilyes Jenhani Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University,
Saudi Arabia
Truong-Thanh Ma Can Tho University, Vietnam
Iván Pérez Czech Academy of Sciences, Czech Republic
Pradorn Sureephong Chiang Mai University, Thailand
Karim Tabia CRIL, CNRS UMR 8188, University of Artois,
France
Andrea G. B. Tettamanzi 3IS, Nice, France
Guy De Tre Ghent University, Belgium
Mohamed Wiem Mkaouer Rochester Institute of Technology, USA
Abstracts of Keynote Talks
Reasoning about Tree Ensembles

Jesse Davis

KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium


jesse.davis@kuleuven.be

Tree ensembles such as (gradient) boosted trees and random forests are a popular class of
models that are often used in practice. Unfortunately, merely achieving good predictive
performance is insufficient for a deployed model because it is important to assess other
factors such as a model’s robustness and explainability. However, like other expressive
model classes (e.g., neural networks), it is challenging to learn robust models where
decisions can be explained. For example, it is often possible to flip an example’s predicted
label by applying a tiny, specifically constructed perturbation. This type of behavior is
undesirable because it degrades a model’s performance and erodes a user’s trust in the
model. This talk will argue that the solution to this problem is to develop techniques
that are able to reason about a learned model’s behavior. Moreover, I will advocate that
using such approaches is a key part of evaluating learning pipelines because it can help
debug learned models and the data used to train them. I will present two approaches for
gaining insight into how a model will behavior. First, I will discuss a generic approach for
verifying whether a learned tree ensemble exhibits a wide range of behaviors. Second,
I will describe an approach that identifies whether the tree ensemble is at a heightened
risk of making a misprediction in a post-deployment setting. Throughout the talk I will
use several illustrative examples from real-world applications, with an emphasis on
applications in professional soccer.
Mixing Time and Uncertainty. A Tale of Superpositions

Rafael Peñaloza

University of Milano-Bicocca, Italy


rafael.penalozanyssen@unimib.it

Formalisms capable of dealing with time and uncertainty are necessary for modelling
the existing knowledge of (business) processes which must interact with an unreliable
environment. Yet, combining time and uncertainty is far from trivial and can easily lead
to undecidability, making those formalisms useless in practice. A recent proposal for
probabilistic temporal logic uses the idea of quantum superposition, where an object
simultaneously has and does not have a property, until it is observed. We apply this
superposition semantics to Linear Temporal Logic, and show how it can be used for
Business Process Modelling tasks.
On Belief Update According to Katsuno & Mendelzon:
Novel Insights

Eduardo Fermé

University of Madeira, Portugal


eduardo.ferme@staff.uma.pt

The aim of Belief Change Theory is to provide a formal framework for understanding
how an agent’s beliefs evolve in response to new evidence. Over the past 35 years, various
operators have been proposed to handle different types of situations and evidence. The
core of this theory consists of belief revision operators, which are designed to update
an agent’s beliefs based on more reliable evidence. The standard model is the AGM
revision, proposed by Alchourrón, Gärdenfors and Makinson.
Another important class of operators are update operators proposed by Katsuno and
Mendelzon in 1991 (KM-update). The difference between revision and update operators
is that revision operators aim to correct an agent’s beliefs, whereas update operators aim
to incorporate the results of a change in the world, without presuming that the agent’s
previous beliefs were incorrect. This difference is often summarized as belief revision
being concerned with changing beliefs in a static world, while update is concerned with
the evolution of beliefs in a dynamic world.
In this presentation, we will showcase recent research that revolves around the KM-
update model of belief change.
1. The model’s efficacy in accurately capturing changes occurring in the world. We will
introduce some philosophical and technical aspects on this point. KM-update assumes
that any situation can be updated into one satisfying that input, which is unrealistic.
To solve this problem, we must relax either the success or the consistency principle.
We propose and characterize a model where not all the input are “reachable”.
2. The interconnection between KM update and AGM revision. We will examine the
relationship between these two approaches.
3. The iteration of update. We will explore the methodology of incorporating iterative
updates, drawing inspiration from the work of Darwiche and Pearl of iterated AGM
revision.
By delving into these areas, we aim to provide a comprehensive understanding of
KM-Update and its associated research developments.
Contents

Decision Theory

Cautious Decision-Making for Tree Ensembles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3


Haifei Zhang, Benjamin Quost, and Marie-Hélène Masson

Enhancing Control Room Operator Decision Making: An Application


of Dynamic Influence Diagrams in Formaldehyde Manufacturing . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Joseph Mietkiewicz and Anders L. Madsen

Decision with Belief Functions and Generalized Independence: Two


Impossibility Theorems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Hélène Fargier and Romain Guillaume

A Logical Framework for User-Feedback Dialogues on Hypotheses


in Weighted Abduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Shota Motoura, Ayako Hoshino, Itaru Hosomi, and Kunihiko Sadamasa

Modifications of the Miller Definition of Contrastive (Counterfactual)


Explanations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Kevin McAreavey and Weiru Liu

Argumentation Systems

Revisiting Approximate Reasoning Based on Grounded Semantics . . . . . . . . . . . 71


Jérôme Delobelle, Jean-Guy Mailly, and Julien Rossit

Extension-Based Semantics for Incomplete Argumentation Frameworks:


Grounded Semantics and Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
Jean-Guy Mailly

An Equivalence Class of Gradual Semantics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95


Leila Amgoud and Vivien Beuselinck

Determining Preferences over Extensions: A Cautious Approach


to Preference-Based Argumentation Frameworks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Saul Gebhardt and Dragan Doder
xviii Contents

Bayesian Networks

A Ring-Based Distributed Algorithm for Learning High-Dimensional


Bayesian Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
Jorge D. Laborda, Pablo Torrijos, José M. Puerta, and José A. Gámez

On Identifiability of BN2A Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136


Iván Pérez and Jiří Vomlel

Normative Monitoring Using Bayesian Networks: Defining a Threshold


for Conflict Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
Annet Onnes, Mehdi Dastani, and Silja Renooij

An Optimized Quantum Circuit Representation of Bayesian Networks . . . . . . . . 160


Walid Fathallah, Nahla Ben Amor, and Philippe Leray

A Comparison of Different Marginalization Operations in Simple


Propagation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
Anders L. Madsen and Cory J. Butz

Non-monotonic Inference and Inconsistency Handling

Approximations of System W Between c-Inference, System Z,


and Lexicographic Inference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
Jonas Haldimann and Christoph Beierle

First Steps Towards a Logic of Ordered Pairs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198


Henri Prade and Gilles Richard

Representing Nonmonotonic Inference Based on c-Representations


as an SMT Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
Martin von Berg, Arthur Sanin, and Christoph Beierle

On the Cognitive Logic of Human Propositional Reasoning: Merging


Ranking Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
Eda Ismail-Tsaous, Kai Sauerwald, Marco Ragni,
Gabriele Kern-Isberner, and Christoph Beierle

Handling Inconsistency in (Numerical) Preferences Using Possibility


Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
Loïc Adam and Sébastien Destercke
Contents xix

Learning for Uncertainty Formalisms

Evidential Generative Adversarial Networks for Handling Imbalanced


Learning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
Fares Grina, Zied Elouedi, and Eric Lefevre

Learning Sets of Probabilities Through Ensemble Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270


Vu-Linh Nguyen, Haifei Zhang, and Sébastien Destercke

Neural Graphical Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284


Harsh Shrivastava and Urszula Chajewska

An Efficient Non-Bayesian Approach for Interactive Preference Elicitation


Under Noisy Preference Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308
Samira Pourkhajouei, Federico Toffano, Paolo Viappiani, and Nic Wilson

PETS: Predicting Efficiently Using Temporal Symmetries in Temporal


PGMs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322
Florian Andreas Marwitz, Ralf Möller, and Marcel Gehrke

Reasoning Under Uncertainty

Lifting Factor Graphs with Some Unknown Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337


Malte Luttermann, Ralf Möller, and Marcel Gehrke

On the Enumeration of Non-dominated Spanning Trees with Imprecise


Weights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348
Tom Davot, Sébastien Destercke, and David Savourey

A Robust Bayesian Approach for Causal Inference Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359


Tathagata Basu, Matthias C. M. Troffaes, and Jochen Einbeck

Conditional Objects as Possibilistic Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372


Tommaso Flaminio and Lluis Godo

Adding Semantics to Fuzzy Similarity Measures Through the d-Choquet


Integral . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386
Christophe Marsala, Davide Petturiti, and Barbara Vantaggi

Integrating Evolutionary Prejudices in Belief Function Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400


Florence Dupin de Saint-Cyr and Francis Faux
xx Contents

Special Track on AI and Heterogeneous Data

Multi-label Classification of Mobile Application User Reviews Using


Neural Language Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417
Ghaith Khlifi, Ilyes Jenhani, Montassar Ben Messaoud,
and Mohamed Wiem Mkaouer

Provenance Calculus and Possibilistic Logic: A Parallel and a Discussion . . . . . . 427


Salem Benferhat, Didier Dubois, and Henri Prade

Hypergraphs in Logic Programming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 442


Juan Carlos Díaz-Moreno, Jesús Medina, and José R. Portillo

Macsum Aggregation Learning and Missing Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 453


Olivier Strauss and Agnés Rico

GAINS: Comparison of Genetic AlgorIthms and Neural AlgorithmS


for Video Game Playing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 464
Jonathan Bazire, Allan Crista, Mike Germain, Juan Joseph-Angelique,
and Madalina Croitoru

Author Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 475

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