MODULE 5: CONCEPTION - Developing embryo & placental

structures throughout pregnancy

Definition of Terms: 6. Age of Viability
1. Amniotic Membranes / Amnion - Earliest stage at which fetus survive
- A membrane that closely covers the if they are born ( 24 weeks/ weighing
embryo when first formed. 500 - 600 kg)
2. Amniotic Fluid
- Liquid produced by the fetal TIME PERIODS OF FETAL DEVELOPMENT
membranes and the fetus 1. Pre-Embryonic/Germinal - First 2 weeks for
3. Placenta fertilization
- A highly vascular fetal organ that 2. Embryonic - 3 to 8 weeks
exchange with maternal circulation, 3. Fetal - 8 weeks through birth
mainly by diffusion
4. Cord / Umbilical Cord OVA (23 chromosomes)
- A flexible structure connecting the ● Extruded for the Graafian follicle
umbilicus with the placenta in the ● Surrounded by mucopolysaccharide fluid
gravid uterus and give passage fluid (Zona pellucida) and circle of cells
5. Yolk Sac (Corona Radiata)
- Structure that develops in the inner ○ Zona pellucida & corona radiata
cells mass of the embryo and ■ Protects ova by serving as
expands into a vesicle buffers against injury
6. Cephalocaudal ● Propelled from the ovary to the fallopian
- Head to tail progression tube by currents initiated by the fimbriae,
7. Conception (Fertilization / Impregnation) peristaltic action of the tube & movements
- Beginning or start of pregnancy of the tube cilia help propel the ovum along
- Spermatozoa enters an ovum and the lengths of the tube.
forms a viable zygote ● Capable of fertilization for only 24 to 48 hour
8. Embryogenesis (after atrophies)
- Process in sexual reproduction by
which an embryo forms from the SPERM
fertilization of an ovum. ● Per ejaculation, 2.5 mL semen containing
9. Expected Date of Confinement / Birth (EDC/ 50-200 million spermatozoa is released
EDB) (average amount of sperm per ejaculation)
- Calculated date of when birth can ● Functional life of 45-72 hours
occur ● Moves through the cervix, body of uterus,
10. Fertilization and fallopian tube because of their flagella
- Union of sperm and ova on the outer & uterine contractions
third of the fallopian tube ● Undergoes​ CAPACITATION
11. Implantation ○ (changes in the plasma membrane
- Contact between the growing of the sperm head to reveal sperm
structure and the uterine binding receptor sites)
endometrium (8 to 10 days after ○ before penetrating into the corona
ovum is fertilized) radiata
12. Organogenesis 1. Spermatozoa reach ovum and cluster
- Formation of organs around its protective layer of corona cells
2. Hyaluronidase (a proteolytic enzyme) is
Fertilization (In order): released by the spermatozoa & dissolves
1. Ovum the layer of the the cells protecting to ovum
- ovulation to fertilization 3. Spermatozoa penetrate the cell membrane
2. Zygote of Ovum.
- fertilization to implantation 4. Once it penetrates the cell membrane
3. Embryo changes composition to become imperricus
- Implantation to 5-8 weeks from other sperm (?)
4. Fetus
- 5-8 weeks until term
5. Conceptus Factors That Affect Fertilization
 ● Equal maturation of both the sperm and 1. Decidua
ovum a. Uterus that has grown thick and
● Ability of the sperm to reach the ovum vascular
● Ability of the sperm to penetrate the zona b. 3 AREAS:
pellucida & cell membrane & achieve ● Decidua basalis
fertilization. - Lies directly under the
embryo
- Portion where the
Multiple Pregnancy trophoblast establish
1. DIZYGOTE (Fraternal) communication with
○ 2 or more ova fertilized by separate maternal blood vessel
sperms ● Decidua capsularis
○ Fetuses have separate placentas, - Portion that stretches
amnions, and chorions, and may be or encapsulates the
the same/ different sexes surface of the
2. MONOZYGOTIC (Identical) trophoblast
○ Single fertilized ova ● Decidua vera
○ Fetuses share a common placenta - Remaining portion of
and chorion but separate amnions the uterine lining.
○ Same sex and same genotype 2. Chorionic Villi
a. Miniature villi similar to probing
Implantation fingers that appear in the 11th / 12th
● Zygote migrates from fallopian tubes to the day after fertilization
body of the uterus in 3 to 4 days, aided by b. Begins the formation of the placenta
currents initiated by the muscular c. Central care of connective tissue
contractions of the fallopian tube. and rectal capillaries
● Undergo a series of mitotic divisions d. 2 LAYERS:
resulting in cleavage formation, 1 in every i. Syncytial trophoblast
22 hours with the cleavage division. (syncytial layer)
● Once it reaches the uterus, zygote is now ● Produces HCG
composed of 32-50 balls of cell (?) termed (human chorionic
as MORULA (16 blastomeres contained in a gonadotropin), HPL
solid ball within the zona pellucida) (human placental
● Another 3-4 days, Morula becomes a lactogen), Estrogen,
BLASTOCYST consisting of: Progesterone
○ Inner cell mass = embryo ii. Cytotrophoblast (middle/
○ TROPHOBLAST = becomes longest layer)
placenta ● To protect the
○ At 8-10 days, blastocyst attaches to growing embryo
the endometrium
○ Sheds off residues of zona pellucida 3. Placenta
and corona radiata. a. 15 to 20 cm in diameter
○ Brush against endometrium b. 2 to 8 cm deep
(upposition) and settles down into its c. 400-600g at full term
soft folds (invasion) d. 25-30 cotyledons
○ IMPLANTATION = High posterior e. 2 SIDES​:
surface of endometrium i. Maternal/ Mother (dirty/
● A slight vaginal bleeding is experienced rough)
during implantations stage because ii. Fetal/ Baby (shiny / smooth)
capillaries are ruptured by the implantation f. Functions:
trophoblast cells i. Nutritional
● Once implanted, zygote becomes an ● Transports nutrients
embryo such as glucose
amino acids and fatty
acids
Embryonic and Fetal Structures
 ● Stores nutrients such Body Systems:
as CHO, COOH 1. Cardiovascular System
ii. Excretory Roles - Forms as early as 10th day of life
● Transports - Beast as early as 25th day
nitrogenous waste - Use doppler instrument: 20-12th
such as ammonia, week
urea, uric acid - After 28th week, heartbeat is
iii. Respiratory consistent at 110-160bpm
● Transports O2 from - Faster heartbeat for baby
the mother and Coc 2. Respiratory System
from fetus to mother - Third week of intrauterine life, the
iv. Endocrine respiratory and digestive tracts as a
● Secretes estrogen single tube
and progesterone - 4th week: septum begins to divide
v. Immunity the esophagus from trachea
- 7th week: diaphragm complete
HORMONES - 12th week: spontaneous resp.
A. HCG practice
● Can be detected as early as the 1st - 24th week: surfactant is formed
week delay 3. Nervous System
● In maternal blood - 3rd week of gestation: a neural plate
○ Through the 100% days of is apparent with the top
pregnancy differentiating into neural tube
● Ensures corpus luteum to - 24th week: baby ears and eyes
continuously produce progesterone exhibit pupillary reaction
and estrogen so the endometrial of 4. Digestive System
the uterus is maintained - Digestive tract separates from
● Suppress maternal immunologic respiratory tract at 4 weeks
reaction - At 6 weeks, rapid intestinal growth
● If fetus is male, exerts an effort on pushes a portion of intestine to the
the testes back of the VC(?) until 10th week or
● At 8 weeks - corpus luteum is not until abdominal cavity has grown
necessary anymore; begins to - At 16th week: meconium
decrease ➢ Fetal feces
B. Estrogen ➢ Bile, protein
● “Horme of women” ➢ black/green
● Mammary gland of women - 32nd week: swallowing
● Stimulates uterine growth to - 36th week: ability of GI to secretes
accomcate enzymes
● Growing fetus 5. Musculoskeletal System
C. Progesterone - 1st to 2nd week: cartilage prototypes
● “Hormone of mothers” provide position and support to the
● Decrease uterine contractility of fetus
uterus - 11th week: ultrasound movements
- 12th week: ossification of cartilage
- 20th week: mother feel movement
Ectoderm ➢ Quickening - 1st feeling of
- general NS pregnant woman of
- Skin, hair, nails, tooth enamel movement of bay in the
Mesoderm uterus
- Supportive structure in the body (connective 6. Reproductive System
tissues, bones, tendons) - 6th week: gonad form
- Urinary system - 8th week: chromosomal analyses for
Endoderm child’s sex
- Lining of pericardial, pleura, peritoneal 7. Urinary System
cavities
- 12th week: urine is formed and is
e​xcreted in fluid