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    3 - Embryology and Development Part 1

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    3 - Embryology and Development Part 1

    Uploaded by

    asalkai.business
    1 views14 pages

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    1 views14 pages

    3 - Embryology and Development Part 1

    Uploaded by

    asalkai.business

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 14

    Chapter 29

    Embryology, Growth and Development


    Where it all Began
    Prenatal Development
    • From conception to birth:

    1. Germinal period: first 2 weeks of development; formation


    of primitive germ layers.

    2. Embryonic period: week 3 to end of 8th week; organ


    systems develop.

    1. Fetal period: 9th week until birth; organ systems grow


    and mature
    Timing of Developmental Events

    Terminology
    • Clinical/medical events: date since last
    menstrual period (clinical age of unborn
    child)

    • Embryologists: post-ovulatory age


    (approximately 14 days less than
    clinical age)
    Fertilization – Initial Steps
    Sperm
    Corona cell
    1. Many sperm cells penetrate the corona radiata

    radiata of secondary oocyte. Zona


    pellucida has ZP3 glycoprotein “sperm Oocyte
    First polar
    nucleus
    receptors” (species specific). body

    Zona
    pellucida

    Sperm cell
    2. Acrosome of sperm binds to receptor contacting
    zona pellucida
    causing Acrosomal Reaction. Leads to
    digestion of zona pellucida.
    Fertilization – Initial Steps

    Head of
    sperm cell

    3. One sperm binds to integrin α6β1 (on oocyte


    plasma membrane) and causes
    depolarization (fast block to polyspermy). Zona
    pellucida
    This sperm enters to oocyte.

    space
    What stops multiple sperm from fertilizing the oocyte?

    Fast Block to Polyspermy


    • depolarization

    Slow Block to Polyspermy


    • intracellular release of Ca2+ – exocytosis of H2O
    • oocyte shrinks – zona pellucida denatures
    • ZP3 becomes inactivated
    Second

    Fertilization - Final steps polar body

    4. Female nucleus undergoes second meiotic


    division (forms ovum and second polar body). Contents
    of the sperm
    Female
    pronucleus
    head

    Female
    Male
    pronucleus
    pronucleus

    5. Female pronucleus & male pronucleus form

    6. Fusion of haploid pronuclei produces single


    nucleus - zygote (diploid) 6

    Single
    nucleus
    Morula and Blastocyst

    4 cells
    (day 2)
    Morula
    2 cells (day 5)
    (day 1) Blastocele

    Trophoblast
    (forms the
    placenta and
    extraembryonic
    membranes)
    Cells that
    become the Inner
    Blastocyst
    embryo proper cell mass
    (day 6)
    Ovulation
    Fertilization
    Implantation
    Implantation & Formation of Placenta

    Uterine
    endometrium 2

    Maternal
    arteriole

    Syncytiotrophoblast
    invading uterine wall

    8-12 days Cytotrophoblast


    Implanted
    blastocyst

    Cells that will


    become the
    embryo proper
    Implantation & Formation of Placenta
    14-20 days

    Maternal
    arteriole

    Syncytiotrophoblast

    Connecting stalk
    Cytotrophoblast to developing embryo

    Maternal
    arteriole wall

    Arteriole wall
    digested by
    syncytiotrophoblast

    Lacuna filled with


    maternal blood
    Implantation & Formation of Placenta

    Implantation - burrowing of the blastocyst into the uterine wall

    Placenta - exchange of nutrients and waste between mother and


    embryo

    Syncytiotrophoblast - multinucleated cell invades endometrium

    Cytotrophoblast - remains close to the embryonic tissue

    Lacunae - syncytiotrophoblast surround maternal blood vessels


    and digests their walls forming pools of blood
    Implantation & Formation of Placenta
    ~1 Month Maternal
    arteriole
    Cytotrophoblast
    cord

    Syncytiotrophoblast
    Connecting stalk to
    developing embryo
    Cytotrophoblast

    Mesoderm
    Lacuna filled with
    maternal blood
    Embryonic
    vessels forming
    (contain embryonic
    blood)

    Cytotrophoblast provides a protective barrier between maternal and


    embryonic blood
    Mature Placenta and Fetus
    Maternal
    venule
    Maternal
    arteriole
    Endometrium
    Maternal blood
    Maternal blood in lacuna
    in lacuna
    Syncytiotrophoblast
    Chorion
    Fetal arteriole Chorionic Basement membrane
    villi
    Fetal venule Fetal blood in
    Umbilical
    capillary
    vein

    Umbilical
    arteries Maternal blood is
    separated from fetal
    Placenta Umbilical blood by the chorion.
    cord

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