On vacation / We're off / Living under extreme conditions

VOCABULARY
Baggage An uncountable noun to describe the bags and suitcases we take
when traveling.
Cloudy An accumulation of water in the sky, causing little or no
sunshine.
Cold Adjective to describe very low temperatures.
E.g.: It is very cold in the Arctic.
Cool Adjective to describe a temperature that is between cold and
room temperature.
County Separate parts of a country with a local government.
There are 102 counties in the state of Illinois.
Favorite The preferable objective out of all possible options.
Fog Weather condition. Low clouds which cause bad visibility.
E.g.: It is hard to drive in fog because you can't see very well.
Foggy When it is difficult to see because there are 'low clouds'.
Gas station A place where one must pay to fill the car with gasoline.
Gasoline Chemical carburant which serves as a a fuel source for myriad
machines throughout the world.
Great Lakes An area in the east of North America, near Canada.
There are a lot of big freshwater lakes.
Heating The system that heats a house.
Hot Adjective for high temperatures.
E.g.: Fire is hot.
Lazy Adjective to describe someone who doesn't like physical activity.
On foot To get from one place to another by walking.
Singer A person who sings.
Snow White, frozen water.
E.g.: In the winter, when it's very cold snow falls from the sky.
Suitcases A container where we take our clothes in when we go on
vacation.
Sunglasses Protective eyewear. We wear them when the sun is very strong.
Sunny Adjective to describe a day with a lot of sun.
To be cold The state of feeling cold.
To be hot The state of feeling hot.
To do the dishes To clean utensils and dishware, either by hand or placing them
in the dishwasher.
To feed To give food to animals.
E.g.: You can't feed the animals in the zoo.
To freeze To make something so cold that it becomes hard.
To last The duration of something.
E.g.: The movie lasts two hours.

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 On vacation / We're off / Living under extreme conditions

To lock To close something with a key.

To pack To prepare a bag with clothes and personal items to take on a
trip or on vacation.
To rain When water falls from clouds in the sky.
To reach To arrive at or obtain.
E.g.: We reached the station on time.
To snow When frozen water crystals fall from the sky and make the land
white.
To turn off To cut the power of an electrical appliance.
To turn on To make an electrical appliance work.
To water To give water to plants.
Warm Adjective to describe a temperature that is pleasant.
Between hot and cold.
Weather The climatological conditions.
E.g.: I want to see what the weather will be like for our picnic
tomorrow.
What a pity! Expression to show sympathy for another person.
E.g.: What a pity your flight was canceled!
Wind The air that moves trees, etc. outside.
Windy Adjective to describe weather when there is a lot of air or wind.

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 On vacation / We're off / Living under extreme conditions

VOCABULARY SENTENCES

She is packing the suitcases.

There are five suitcases.
It rains a lot in New England.
The Great Lakes are in North America.
Bedford is a county in the southeast of Rhode Island.
It's cool here in the mornings.
I can't see anything because of the fog.
There's a lot of snow in these mountains.
It is nice and warm under this blanket.
She was cold, so she put on her coat.
Can I open the window? It is very hot.
When it snows, it is always colder.
It is foggy on the beach.
This windy weather is good for sailing a boat.
Their relationship lasted because she was always patient with him.
After she left the house, she locked the door with a key.
Did he reach the top without any help?
I always water the plants in the morning before it's hot.
She is feeding the dog.
We can stop at the gas station for fuel.
He's a professional singer and he can play the guitar.
Wear your sunglasses when you drive in summer.

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 On vacation / We're off / Living under extreme conditions

VOCABULARY SENTENCES

There's no gasoline in the car.

Can you turn on the light, please?
Turn off the television; I'm going to bed.
It is very cold. Is the heating on?
He is a lazy man.
I'm going to freeze the food.
Chocolate ice cream is my favorite.
There is a lot of wind today.
I like doing the dishes after I eat my dinner.

USEFUL PHRASES

I like pizza.
I like pizza as well.
I must leave now.
What a pity!
What's the weather like?
It's sunny and warm.
Do you go to school by bus?
No, I usually go on foot.
Does your daughter come to town very often?
From time to time.

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SHOWROOM: PRESENT PERFECT

The door is open.

She is closing the door.
She has closed the door.
The plates are dirty.
I am washing the dishes.
I have washed the dishes.
He is hungry.
He is fixing dinner.
He has cooked dinner.

SHOWROOM: PRESENT PERFECT - TENSE

They're tired.
They are sleeping.
They have slept.
She wants to listen to music.
She is listening to music.
She has listened to music.
I have to meet Shelley at the library at 3 o'clock.
I am meeting Shelley here at 3 o'clock.
I have met Shelley.
You have a guitar.
You are playing the guitar.
You have played the guitar.
They want to visit Germany.
They are traveling around Germany.
They have traveled around Germany.
I have a test.
I am studying for a test.
I have studied for a test.

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GRAMMAR

Present perfect
Forma: El presente perfecto se forma con el presente simple del verbo “to have”, utilizado
como auxiliar, seguido del participio pasado del verbo principal.
La estructura para la forma afirmativa del presente perfecto sería:
SUJ + TO HAVE + PARTICIPIO PASADO
El participio pasado en los verbos regulares tiene exactamente la misma forma que el pasado
simple, y en los verbos irregulares varía.
El verbo “to have” significa, en este caso, “haber” y se conjuga como siempre (la tercera
persona del singular “has” y el resto de personas “have”).
El participio del verbo principal no varía en ninguna persona.
I have called yo he llamado
you have called tú has llamado, Ud. ha llamado, Uds. han llamado,
vosotros habéis llamado
he has called él ha llamado
she has called ella ha llamado
it has called ello (cosa / animal) ha llamado
we have called nosotros hemos llamado
they have called ellos / ellas han llamado
En la forma negativa utilizamos la partícula “not”; como siempre, ésta va colocada después
del verbo “to have”, ya que es el verbo que se conjuga. Puede aparecer en la forma larga o
contraída.
La estructura para la forma negativa del presente perfecto sería:
SUJ + TO HAVE +
NOT + PARTICIPIO
I have not called yo no he llamado
you have not called tú no has llamado, Ud. no ha llamado, Uds. no
han llamado, vosotros no habéis llamado
he has not called él no ha llamado
she has not called ella no ha llamado
it has not called ello (cosa / animal) no ha llamado

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we have not called nosotros no hemos llamado

they have not called ellos / ellas no han llamado
En la forma contraída:
I haven’t called yo no he llamado
you haven’t called tú no has llamado, Ud. no ha llamado, Uds. no han
llamado, vosotros no habéis llamado
he hasn’t called él no ha llamado
she hasn’t called ella no ha llamado
it hasn’t called ello (cosa / animal) no ha llamado
we haven’t called nosotros no hemos llamado
they haven’t called ellos / ellas no han llamado
Para la forma interrogativa basta con invertir el orden de “suj. + to have” a “to have + suj”.
La estructura para la forma interrogativa del presente perfecto sería:
TO HAVE + SUJ. + PARTICIPIO?
Have I called? ¿he llamado yo?
Have you called? ¿has llamado tú, ha llamado Ud., han llamado Uds.,
habéis llamado vosotros?
Has he called? ¿ha llamado él?
Has she called? ¿ha llamado ella?
Has it called? ¿ha llamado ello?
(cosa / animal)
Have we called? ¿hemos llamado nosotros?
Have they called? ¿han llamado ellos / ellas?
Para hacer las respuestas cortas sólo utilizamos el sujeto en cuestión seguido del verbo “to
have” en afirmativa o negativa, según convenga.
P. ej.: Have you written the letter?
Yes, I have.
No, I haven’t.
Uso: Este tiempo verbal es una mezcla de presente y pasado. Siempre implica una conexión
con el presente; de hecho, si formamos una frase en presente perfecto podríamos normalmente
hacer una misma frase en presente simple para una misma situación.
P.ej.: Someone has put the cat in.

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The cat is in.

Este tiempo se usa mucho en conversaciones, periódicos, televisión y radio, etc.
El presente perfecto se usa en dos casos:
a) Acciones y situaciones pasadas sin indicación temporal.
P.ej.: I’ve lived in Spain.
He vivido en España.
b) Con el adverbio “just”, indicando que la acción está recién terminada. Con hechos y
acciones no acabadas o con consecuencias aún en el presente.
P.ej.: I’ve just had breakfast.
Acabo de desayunar.

Pronombres posesivos
Los pronombres posesivos (possessive pronouns) sustituyen a sustantivos y se utilizan
para expresar posesión o pertenencia.
En la oración pueden realizar la función de sujeto y complemento directo:
Sujeto: Mine are blue.
Complemento directo: The blue is mine.

This is my book. It is mine.

(possessive determiner) (possessive pronoun)

(Este es mi libro. Es mío.)

These are my books. They are mine.
(possessive determiner) (possessive pronoun)

(Estos son mis libros. Son míos.)

This is your book. It is yours.

(possessive determiner) (possessive pronoun)

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(Este es tu/su (de usted) libro. Es tuyo/suyo (de usted).)

These are your books. They are yours.
(possessive determiner) (possessive pronoun)

(Estos son tus/sus (de usted) libros. Son tuyos/suyos (de usted).)

This is his book. It is his.

(possessive determiner) (possessive pronoun)

(Este es su (de él) libro. Es suyo (de él).)

These are his books. They are his.
(possessive determiner) (possessive pronoun)

(Estos son sus libros. Son suyos (de él).)

This is her book. It is hers.

(possessive determiner) (possessive pronoun)

(Este es su (de ella) libro. Es suyo (de ella).)

These are her books. They are hers.
(possessive determiner) (possessive pronoun)

(Estos son sus (de ella) libros. Son suyos (de ella).)

This is its leash. It is its.

(possessive determiner) (possessive pronoun)

(Esta es su (de ello referido a cosa/animal) correa. Es suya (de ello referido a
cosa/animal).)
These are its leashes. They are its.
(possessive determiner) (possessive pronoun)

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(Estas son sus (de ello referido a cosa/animal) correas. Son suyas (de ello referido a
cosa/animal).)

This is our book. It is ours.

(possessive determiner) (possessive pronoun)

(Este es nuestro libro. Es nuestro.)

These are our books. They are ours.
(possessive determiner) (possessive pronoun)

(Estos son nuestros libros. Son nuestros.)

This is your book. It is yours.

(possessive determiner) (possessive pronoun)

(Este es vuestro/su (de ustedes) libro. Es vuestro/suyo (de ustedes).)

These are your books. They are yours.
(possessive determiner) (possessive pronoun)

(Estos son vuestros/sus (de ustedes) libros. Son vuestros/suyos (de ustedes).)

This is their book. It is theirs.

(possessive determiner) (possessive pronoun)

(Este es su (de ellos/as) libro. Es suyo (de ellos/as).)

These are their books. They are theirs.
(possessive determiner) (possessive pronoun)

(Estos son sus (de ellos/as) libros. Son suyos (de ellos/as).)

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Adjetivos posesivos
my book / my books
mi libro / mis libros
your book / your books
tu, su (de usted, ustedes),
vuestro libro / tus libros
his book / his books
su libro (de él) / sus libros
her book / her books
su libro (de ella) / sus libros
its book / its books
su libro / sus libros
(de ello referido a cosa / animal)
our book / our books
nuestro libro / nuestros libros
their book / their books
su libro (de ellos / as) / sus libros

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The weather (El tiempo)

En inglés se puede preguntar por el tiempo en varias maneras. Las más comunes son:
What is the weather like?
O How is the weather?
La forma más común es la contraída:
What’s the weather like?
O How’s the weather?
Para responder utilizamos el pronombre impersonal “ it” siempre con el verbo en tercera
persona del singular, seguido del adjetivo que describe el tiempo o bien de la forma continua
de un verbo que describa el tiempo.
It is sunny. Está soleado.
It is windy. Hace viento.
It is raining. Está lloviendo.
It is snowing. Está nevando.
It is foggy. Hay niebla.
It is cloudy. Está nublado.
It is hot. Hace calor.
It is cold. Hace frío.

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