TYPES OF OPERATING

SYSTEM
SIMPLE BATCH SYSTEMS

• In this type of system, there is no direct interaction between user and the
computer.
• The user has to submit a job (written on cards or tape) to a computer operator.
• Then computer operator places a batch of several jobs on an input device.
• Jobs are batched together by type of languages and requirement.
• Then a special program, the monitor, manages the execution of each program in the
batch.
• The monitor is always in the main memory and available for execution.
 DISADVANTAGES OF SIMPLE BATCH SYSTEMS

• No interaction between user and computer.

• No mechanism to prioritise the processes.
MULTIPROGRAMMING BATCH SYSTEMS

• In this the operating system picks up and begins to execute one of the jobs from memory.
• Once this job needs an I/O operation operating system switches to another job (CPU and OS
always busy).
• Jobs in the memory are always less than the number of jobs on disk(Job Pool).
• If several jobs are ready to run at the same time, then the system chooses which one to run
through the process of CPU Scheduling.
• In Non-multiprogrammed system, there are moments when CPU sits idle and does not do
any work.
• In Multiprogramming system, CPU will never be idle and keeps on processing.
• Time Sharing Systems are very similar to Multiprogramming batch systems. In fact time
sharing systems are an extension of multiprogramming systems.
• In Time sharing systems the prime focus is on minimizing the response time, while in
multiprogramming the prime focus is to maximize the CPU usage.
MULTIPROCESSOR SYSTEMS

• A Multiprocessor system consists of several processors that share a common physical memory.
Multiprocessor system provides higher computing power and speed. In multiprocessor system all
processors operate under single operating system. Multiplicity of the processors and how they do act
together are transparent to the others.
Advantages of Multiprocessor Systems:
• Enhanced performance
• Execution of several tasks by different processors concurrently, increases the system's throughput
without speeding up the execution of a single task.
• If possible, system divides task into many subtasks and then these subtasks can be executed in parallel in
different processors. Thereby speeding up the execution of single tasks.
DESKTOP SYSTEMS

• CPUs and PCs lacked the features needed to protect an operating system from user
programs.
• PC operating systems therefore were neither Multiuser nor Multitasking.
• the goals of these operating systems have changed with time; instead of maximizing CPU
and peripheral utilization, the systems opt for maximizing user convenience and
responsiveness.
• These systems are called Desktop Systems and include PCs running Microsoft
Windows and the Apple Mac.
DISTRIBUTED OPERATING SYSTEM

• The motivation behind developing distributed operating systems is the availability of

powerful and inexpensive microprocessors and advances in communication technology.
• These advancements in technology have made it possible to design and develop
distributed systems comprising of many computers that are inter connected by
communication networks. The main benefit of distributed systems is its low
price/performance ratio.
ADVANTAGES DISTRIBUTED OPERATING SYSTEM

• As there are multiple systems involved, user at one site can utilize the resources of
systems at other sites for resource-intensive tasks.
• Fast processing.
• Less load on the Host Machine.
TYPES OF DISTRIBUTED OPERATING SYSTEMS

Following are the two types of distributed operating systems used:

• Client-Server Systems
• Peer-to-Peer Systems
CLUSTERED SYSTEMS

• Like parallel systems, clustered systems gather together multiple CPUs to accomplish
computational work.
• Clustered systems differ from parallel systems, however, in that they are composed of two or
more individual systems coupled together.
• The definition of the term clustered is not concrete; the general accepted definition is that
clustered computers share storage and are closely linked via LAN networking.
• Clustering is usually performed to provide high availability.
• A layer of cluster software runs on the cluster nodes. Each node can monitor one or more of
the others. If the monitored machine fails, the monitoring machine can take ownership of its
storage, and restart the application(s) that were running on the failed machine. The failed
machine can remain down, but the users and clients of the application would only see a brief
interruption of service.
• Asymmetric Clustering - In this, one machine is in hot standby mode while the other is
running the applications. The hot standby host (machine) does nothing but monitor the active
server. If that server fails, the hot standby host becomes the active server.
• Symmetric Clustering - In this, two or more hosts are running applications, and they are
monitoring each other. This mode is obviously more efficient, as it uses all of the available
hardware.
• Parallel Clustering - Parallel clusters allow multiple hosts to access the same data on the
shared storage. Because most operating systems lack support for this simultaneous data access by
multiple hosts, parallel clusters are usually accomplished by special versions of software and
special releases of applications.
REAL TIME OPERATING SYSTEM

• It is defined as an operating system known to give maximum time for each of the critical
operations that it performs, like OS calls and interrupt handling.
• The Real-Time Operating system which guarantees the maximum time for critical
operations and complete them on time are referred to as Hard Real-Time Operating
Systems.
• While the real-time operating systems that can only guarantee a maximum of the time,
i.e. the critical task will get priority over other tasks, but no assurity of completeing it in a
defined time. These systems are referred to as Soft Real-Time Operating Systems.
HANDHELD SYSTEMS

• Handheld systems include Personal Digital Assistants(PDAs), such as Palm-Pilots or

Cellular Telephones with connectivity to a network such as the Internet. They are usually
of limited size due to which most handheld devices have a small amount of memory,
include slow processors, and feature small display screens.

• Many handheld devices have between 512 KB and 8 MB of memory. As a result, the
operating system and applications must manage memory efficiently. This includes
returning all allocated memory back to the memory manager once the memory is no
longer being used.
• Currently, many handheld devices do not use virtual memory techniques, thus forcing program
developers to work within the confines of limited physical memory.
• Processors for most handheld devices often run at a fraction of the speed of a processor in a PC.
Faster processors require more power. To include a faster processor in a handheld device would
require a larger battery that would have to be replaced more frequently.

• The last issue confronting program designers for handheld devices is the small display screens
typically available. One approach for displaying the content in web pages is web clipping, where
only a small subset of a web page is delivered and displayed on the handheld device.
• Some handheld devices may use wireless technology such as BlueTooth, allowing remote access to
e-mail and web browsing. Cellular telephones with connectivity to the Internet fall into this
category. Their use continues to expand as network connections become more available and
other options such as cameras and MP3 players, expand their utility.
SERVICES PROVIDED BY OPERATING SYSTEM

• User interface
• Program execution
• I/O operations
• File system manipulation
• Communication
• Error detection
• Resource allocation
• Protection
PROGRAM EXECUTION

• An operating system must be able to load many kinds of activities into the memory and
to run it. The program must be able to end its execution, either normally or abnormally.
• A process includes the complete execution of the written program or code. There are
some of the activities which are performed by the operating system:
• The operating system Loads program into memory
• It also Executes the program
• It Handles the program’s execution
• It Provides a mechanism for process synchronization
• It Provides a mechanism for process communication
 I/O OPERATIONS

• The communication between the user and devices drivers are managed by the operating
system.
• I/O devices are required for any running process. In I/O a file or an I/O devices can be
involved.
• I/O operations are the read or write operations which are done with the help of input-
output devices.
• Operating system give the access to the I/O devices when it required.
FILE SYSTEM MANIPULATION

• The collection of related information which represent some content is known as a file. The
computer can store files on the secondary storage devices. For long-term storage purpose.
examples of storage media include magnetic tape, magnetic disk and optical disk drives like
CD, DVD.
• A file system is a collection of directories for easy understand and usage. These directories
contain some files. There are some major activities which are performed by an operating
system with respect to file management.
• The operating system gives an access to the program for performing an operation on the file.
• Programs need to read and write a file.
• The user can create/delete a file by using an interface provided by the operating system.
• The operating system provides an interface to the user creates/ delete directories.
• The backup of the file system can be created by using an interface provided by the operating
system.
COMMUNICATION

In the computer system, there is a collection of processors which do not share memory
peripherals devices or a clock, the operating system manages communication between all
the processes. Multiple processes can communicate with every process through
communication lines in the network. There are some major activities that are carried by an
operating system with respect to communication.
• Two processes may require data to be transferred between the process.
• Both the processes can be on one computer or a different computer, but are connected
through a computer network.
ERROR HANDLING

• An error is one part of the system that may cause malfunctioning of the complete system.
The operating system constantly monitors the system for detecting errors to avoid some
situations. This give relives to the user of the worry of getting an error in the various parts
of the system causing malfunctioning.
The error can occur anytime and anywhere. The error may occur anywhere in the
computer system like in CPU, in I/O devices or in the memory hardware. There are some
activities that are performed by an operating system:
• The OS continuously checks for the possible errors.
• The OS takes an appropriate action to correct errors and consistent computing.
RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

When there are multiple users or multiple jobs running at the same time resources must
be allocated to each of them. There are some major activities that are performed by an
operating system:
• The OS manages all kinds of resources using schedulers.
• CPU scheduling algorithm is used for better utilization of CPU.
PROTECTION

• The owners of information stored in a multi-user computer system want to control its
use. When several disjoints processes execute concurrently it should not be possible for
any process to interfere with another process. Every process in the computer system
must be secured and controlled.