FACULTY OF PRE-MEDICAL SCIENCES

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY

INTRODUCTORY CHEMISTRY II (CH 1002)

TUTORIAL SHEETS MANUAL

Prepared by: Mr. K. Chisanga

Page 1 of 18
 Tutorial Sheet 1

COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES OF SOLUTIONS

1. What is the concentration of dissolved CO2 in a 2.0 L of a cola drink at 25 °C if the partial
pressure of CO2 used in the bottling process is 3.20 atm. Assuming that the solubility of CO2
in the soda is same as that in pure water. The Henry’’s Law is constant of CO2 in water at 25
°C is 3.1x10-2 M/atm
2. Give the theoretical van't Hoff factor i for each of the following:
a) KF b) C12H22O11 c) Mg(ClO3)2 d) Al2(SO4)3
3. Choose the solution with the highest theoretical freezing point depression:
a. 0.25 m sucrose 0.50 m sucrose 0.75 m sucrose 1.00 m sucrose
b. 2.75 m sucrose 1.50 m NaCl 1.00 m Li3PO4 1.25 m MgCl2
c. 2.00 m LiF 1.75 m CaCl2 1.50 m Al(NO3)3 1.00 m Mg3(PO4)2
d. 2.50 m KBr 1.25 m Na3PO4 1.00 m Ca3(PO4)2 All are the same
4. State the colligative properties of solutions, briefly describe them in less than 5 hand written
lines, give mathematical relationship for each and describe the parameters therein.
5. What is the freezing point of a solution made by dissolving 7.52 g naphthalene (C10H8) in
450 mL carbon tetrafluoride (CCl4). Density of CCl4 is 1.59 g/ mL. CCl4 freezes at -22.99
°C and has a Molal freezing point depression constant of, Kf = 30.0 °C Kg/ mol.
6. The normal freezing point of ethanol is -117.30 oC. How many grams of electrolyte K2SO4
(molar mass=58.1 g/mole) must be added to 35.0 g of ethanol (Kf (ethanol)=1.99 oC/m) to
change its freezing point to -120.25 oC?
7. The vapour pressure of pure water (molar mass=18.0 g/mole) at 50 oC is 92.5 mm Hg. A
solution containing the non-electrolyte sucrose (molar mass=342 g/mole) has a vapour
pressure of 90.8 mm Hg at 50 oC.
a. What is the boiling point elevation (Tb) of this solution (Kb(water) = 0.520 oC/m)?
b. If it has a density of 1.08 g/mL, what is the osmotic pressure of this solution at 50 oC?

8. The vapour pressure of water at 25oC is 23.8 mm Hg. What is the vapour pressure of a
solution containing 5.50 grams of non-electrolyte sucrose (molar mass = 342 g/mole) in 12.8
g of water (molar mass=18.0 g/mole) at 25 oC?

9. What is the osmotic pressure at 25 °C when 72.5 mL of a solution containing 4.25 grams of
electrolyte CaCl2 (molar mass=111 g/mole) is prepared?
10. How many grams of the electrolyte Al2(SO4)3 (molar mass=142 g/mole) are required to
make 325 mL of solution having an osmotic pressure of 675 mm Hg at 25 oC?

LAMU CHEMISTRY/CH1002 @ 2020 Page 2 of 18

 Tutorial Sheet 2

Chemical Equilibria

Question 1
For the reaction:
N2 (g) + 3H2 (g) 2NH3 (g)
a. State the parameters that defines the state of equilibrium of a chemical reaction.
b. Write an equilibrium expression for the above reaction
c. State the relationship between K and Q if the reaction above strongly favours the
formation of the product
Question 2
The equilibrium constant for the acid ionization of mercaptoethanol (HSCH2CH2OH) is
1.91x10–10
HSCH2CH2OH(aq) H+ (aq) + SCH2CH2OH–(aq) K = 1.91 x 10–10
Which of the following statements is true regarding this equilibrium?
I. The reaction is product favoured.
II. The reaction is reactant favoured.
III. III. Equilibrium lies far to the right.
IV. IV. Equilibrium lies far to the left.
a. I and III
b. I and IV
c. II and III
d. II and IV
e. None are true, as the concentrations of reactants and products are comparable.

Question 3

LAMU CHEMISTRY/CH1002 @ 2020 Page 3 of 18

 Tutorial Sheet 3

Chemical Equilibria

Question 1

Question 2
The equilibrium constant for the formation of calcium carbonate from the ions in solution is 2.2
× 108 according to the reaction:

Ca2+(aq) + CO32– (aq) CaCO3(s) K = 2.2 × 108.

What is the value of the equilibrium constant for the reverse of this reaction?

Question 3

LAMU CHEMISTRY/CH1002 @ 2020 Page 4 of 18

LAMU CHEMISTRY/CH1002 @ 2020 Page 5 of 18
 Tutorial Sheet 4

Thermochemistry-Chemical Energetics

LAMU CHEMISTRY/CH1002 @ 2020 Page 6 of 18

CHAPTER 3.0 CHEMICAL KINETICS

Tutorial Sheet 5

Chemical Kinetics

Rates of Change in Chemical Reactions 1.

1. For the reaction A + 3B 2C, how does the rate of disappearance of B compare to the rate
of production of C?
a. The rate of disappearance of B is 1/2 the rate of appearance of C
b. The rate of disappearance of B is 3/2 the rate of appearance of C
c. The rate of disappearance of B is 2/3 the rate of appearance of C
d. The rate of disappearance of B is 1/3 the rate of appearance of C
2. For the reaction 2A + 3B → 4C + 5D, how would you write the rate of the reaction in terms
of:
a. Δ[A]?
b. Δ[B]?
c. Δ[C]?
d. Δ[D]?

3. For the reaction 2A + 3B → 4C + 5D, if the rate of the reaction in terms of ΔB is 6.69 x 10-
2
Mol/L/s, what would be the rate of ΔD?

4. In the combustion of methane, CH4(g) + 2O2(g) → CO2(g) + 2H2O (g), which reactant has the
greatest rate of disappearance?

5. Given the following reaction:

O2(g) + 2H2(g) → 2H2O(g).

On the same graph, draw and label the possible concentration versus time graphs for:

6. A scientist conducts an experiment to determine the rate of NO formation in the reaction:

N2(g) + O2(g) → 2NO(g). If the initial concentration of N2 was 0.500 M and the concentration of
N2 was 0.450 M after 0.100 s, what is the rate of NO formation?
7. If the rate of formation of ammonia is 0.345 M/s, what is the rate of disappearance of N2?

Reaction: N2 (g) + 3H2 (g) 2NH3(g)

Page 7 of 18
 Tutorial Sheet 6

Chemical Kinetics-Method of initial Rates.

1. Given the following data, determine the rate law for the reaction
NH4+ (aq) + NO2– (aq) → N2(g) + 2H2O(g)

Experiment: [NH4 + ] (M) [NO2 – ] (M) Rate (M/s)

1. 0.2500 0.2500 1.25 × 10–3
2. 0.5000 0.2500 2.50 × 10–3
3. 0.2500 0.1250 6.25 × 10–4

2. What is the rate law for the reaction 2A + 2B + 2C products

Initial [A] Initial [B] Initial [C] rate
0.273 0.763 0.400 3.0
0.819 0.763 0.400 9.0
0.273 1.526 0.400 12.0
0.273 0.763 0.800 6.0

3. The first-order reaction A → B, has k = 5.67 s–1. If [A]0 = 0.500 M, how long will it take [A]
reduce to 0.124 M?

4. A reaction is first order in A. If the rate constant of the reaction is 6.00 × 10–3 s–1, what is the
half-life (t1/2) of the reaction?

5. Given the following data, determine the rate constant of the reaction
2NO(g) + Cl2(g) → 2NOCl(g)
Experiment: [NO] (M) [Cl2] (M) Rate (M/s)
1 0.0300 0.0100 3.4 × 10–4
2 0.0150 0.0100 8.5 × 10–5
3 0.0150 0.0400 3.4 × 10–4

6. The half-life (t1/2) of a first-order reaction is 0.100 s. What is the rate constant?
7. What percentage of a material will persist after 60 minutes if it’s half-life is 30 minutes?
8. Sodium-24 ( 1 = 15 h) is used to study blood circulation. If a patient is injected with an
2
aqueous solution of 24NaCl that has an activity is 2.5x109 d/s (disintegrations per second). Given
that the disintegration of 24Na follows first order kinetics, how much of the activity is present in
the patient’s blood after 4.0 days?
3.3: Method of initial Rates.
LAMU CHEMISTRY/CH1002 @ 2020 Page 8 of 18
 Tutorial Sheet 7

Chemical Kinetics-Mechanisms

1. A proposed mechanism for the decomposition of ozone in the atmosphere is

Step 1: Cl(g) + O3(g) → ClO(g) + O2(g)
Step 2: ClO(g) + O3(g) → Cl(g) + 2O2(g)
a. What is the molecularity of Step 1?
b. What is an intermediate?

2. A proposed mechanism for the reduction of nitrogen as NO by H2 is:

Step 1: H2(g) + 2NO(g) → N2O(g) + H2O(g) (slow)
Step 2: N2O(g) + H2(g) → N2(g) + H2O(g) (fast)

What is the rate law?

8. The following energy profiles for four different reactions are shown.
Which reaction is the most endothermic?

3. For the reaction diagram shown, which of the following statements is true?

LAMU CHEMISTRY/CH1002 @ 2020 Page 9 of 18

 a. Line W represents the ΔH for the forward reaction; point B represents the transition state
b. Line W represents the activation energy for the forward reaction; point B represents the
transition state
c. Line Y represents the activation energy for the forward reaction; point C represents the
transition state
d. Line X represents the ΔH for the forward reaction; point B represents the transition state

4. The decomposition of N2O5 at 308K has a rate constant of 1.35x10-4 s-1. The Arrhenius constant
for this reaction is 4.79x1013 s-1. Calculate the activation energy of this reaction. (R=8.31 JK-
1mol-1)

5. The same reaction is set up at a different temperature, and the rate constant is found to have a
value of 2.4x10-3 s-1. Given that the Arrhenius constant for this reaction is 6.22x1013 s-1, but all
other conditions remain the same, calculate the temperature at which this reaction occurs.

6. A proposed mechanism for the following reaction is shown below. Identify the catalyst in the
reaction.
2H2O2 (aq) → 2H2O(aq) + O2 in the presence of I– (aq)
Step 1: H2O2 (aq) + I– (aq) → H2O (ag) + OI– (aq) (slow)
Step 2: H2O2 (aq) + OI– (aq) → H2O (ag) + O2(g) + I– (aq) (fast)

LAMU CHEMISTRY/CH1002 @ 2020 Page 10 of 18

 Tutorial Sheet 8

Atomic structure and Periodicity

1. Arrange the following groups of atoms in order of increasing size.
a. Rb, Na, Be
b. Sr, Se, Ne
c. Fe, P, O
2. In each of the following sets, which atom or ion has the smallest radius?

a. H, He
b. Cl, In, Se
c. element 120, element 119, element 116
d. Nb, Zn, Si
e. Na+, Na, Na-
3. Rank the elements Be, B, C, N, and O in order of increasing first ionization energy.
Explain your reasoning.

4. Consider the following ionization energies for aluminum:

a. Account for the trend in the values of the ionization energies.

b. Explain the large increase between I3 and I4.

5. Which has the more negative electron affinity, the oxygen atom or the O- ion? Explain
your answer.
6. Write equations corresponding to the following.
a. the fourth ionization energy of Se3+
b. the electron affinity of S-
c. the electron affinity of Fe3+
d. the ionization energy of Mg
LAMU CHEMISTRY/CH1002 @ 2020 Page 11 of 18
 Tutorial Sheet 9

Electronic Configuration of Elements

1. What are quantum numbers?

2. State:
i. The Aufbau principle
ii. The Hund’s rule
iii. Pauli’s exclusion principle

3. State the quantum numbers that are associated with the 6th electron of nitrogen atom

4. Write the electronic configuration of

a. Copper

b. Chromium

5. Answer the following questions based on the given electron configurations, and identify the
elements.

a. Arrange these atoms in order of increasing size:

[Kr]5s2 4d105p6; [Kr]5s24d105p1; [Kr]5s24d105p3.

b. Arrange these atoms in order of decreasing first ionization energy:

[Ne] 3s2 3p5; [Ar] 4s2 3d10 4p3; [Ar] 4s2 3d 104p5.

6. Identify the following three elements.

a. The ground-state electron configuration is [Kr]5s24d105p4.
b. The ground-state electron configuration is [Ar]4s23d104p2.
c. An excited state of this element has the electron configuration 1s22s22p43s1.

LAMU CHEMISTRY/CH1002 @ 2020 Page 12 of 18

 Tutorial Sheet 10

Electromagnetic radiation

Question 1
How much energy (J) is liberated when an electron changes from n = 4 to n = 2?
a. What is the wavelength (nm) of this radiation?
b. What type of radiation is emitted (α or β or γ)?
c. Which series does this light belong?

Question 2
By performing necessary calculations, show that energy of the radiation in question 1 can be
converted to mass.

Question 3
One of the emission spectral lines for Be3+ has a wavelength of 253.4 nm for an electronic
transition that begins in the state with n = 5. What is the principal quantum number of the lower-
energy state corresponding to this emission? (Hint: The Bohr model can be applied to one-
electron ions. Don’t forget the Z factor: Z = nuclear charge = atomic number.)

Question 5
An atom of a particular element is traveling at 1.00% of the speed of light. The de Broglie
wavelength is found to be 3.31 × 10-3 pm. Which element is this? Prove it.

Solution

LAMU CHEMISTRY/CH1002 @ 2020 Page 13 of 18

 Tutorial 11

Organic Chemistry Nomenclature

1. The structures below all have the same molecular formula, C8H18. Write line structures and
provide a systematic name for each molecule. State which structures represent the same
molecule.

2. Explain why the following names are objectionable. Write the structure of the molecule
corresponding to each name and correct the name in each case.

(a) 2-ethylpropane
(b) 3-ethyl-4,4-dimethylhexane

3. Draw the line formula and provide the systematic name for the molecule which has the
following condensed formula:
CH3(CH2)3CH(CH2CH3)CH(CH2CH2CH3)CH2CH2CH(CH3)2

4. Provide the systematic name for the molecule in part (a) and the common name for the
molecule in part (b) below:

5. How many primary, secondary and tertiary carbon atoms are there in the molecule in q 4(a)?

LAMU CHEMISTRY/CH1002 @ 2020 Page 14 of 18

 Tutorial 12

Organic Chemistry Conformations

1. Define the term conformation.

2. Using a Newman projection, draw the most stable conformation for 2-methylpentane,
considering rotation about the C2-C3 bond.

3. Consider the Newman projections of a molecule viewed along the C3-C4 axis.

(a) Which one is the most stable conformation?

(b) Which one is the least stable conformation?
(c) Provide the name of the molecule.

4. Which of the following represents the structure of the most stable conformation of 3-ethyl-2-
methylpentane viewed along the C3-C4 axis? Explain briefly.

Cycloalkanes
5. Draw the following di-substituted cyclohexanes and complete the table below.

Note there are a number of different ways of drawing these molecules – it all depends on
which carbon atom in the ring is given position number 1 and which way around the ring you
decide to progress with the numbering. My preference is to start numbering with C1 at the
top right-hand side of the ring and to go clockwise around the ring.
LAMU CHEMISTRY/CH1002 @ 2020 Page 15 of 18
 There are also different ways in which to draw the structure of each conformer after the ‘ring
flip’. This depends on whether you rotate and/or tumble the molecule after the ‘ring flip’.
BUT for this question you are required to draw the structure of each conformer after
‘ring flip’only. Do not tumble nor rotate the molecule.

LAMU CHEMISTRY/CH1002 @ 2020 Page 16 of 18

 Tutorial 13

Organic Chemistry: Unsaturated hydrocarbons

Unsaturated hydrocarbons, alkenes

6. Draw the compounds below and complete the table. An example is given for you to follow.

7. Draw the line structure for each of the following:

(a) trans-1,4-hexadiene

(b) (Z)-1,2-dibromo-3-isopropyl-2-hexene

8. Provide the systematic name for the molecule in part (a) and the common name for the
molecule in part (b) below:

LAMU CHEMISTRY/CH1002 @ 2020 Page 17 of 18

9. State whether the following have E or Z configuration: Show your working.

10. Consider the following alkenes:

11. Which 2 alkenes are

(a) E/Z isomers?
(b) constitutional isomers?
(c) the same molecule?
(Note - there may be more than one correct answer).

LAMU CHEMISTRY/CH1002 @ 2020 Page 18 of 18