INTERNSHIP REPORT

Pakistan Civil Aviation Authority

Allama Iqbal International Airport, LAHORE

Name: NAMEER AHMED MALIK

Institute: SUPERIOR COLLEGE OF LAHORE
Degree: AVIATION MANAGEMENT
E-Mail: nameerahmed@gmail.com

Contact: +923007972279

Acknowledgement
First of all I must thank to Allah Almighty that gave us strength. My parents for all
those night they spent praying for me & my mission, also to my teachers by the
help I reached to such success and prosperity. I have completed my internship
successfully by the grace of Almighty Allah who enables me to join and attend the
whole section with well manner. I would also like to thanks the Civil Aviation
Authority who gives us the opportunity for internship. Special thanks for those
people who help us during the internship formally and informally

INTERNSHIP SCHEDULE

WEEKS SECTION

1-Week - Commercial Department

1-week - HR Department (Personal)

1-week - HR Department (Medical)

1-week - Pre-Flight

1-Week - SQMS

1-Week - Cargo

Summary
I did internship in CAA for 6 weeks. This experience was very informative for me.
The following report is consisting of my 6 weeks experience.

My report contains information about the CAA history, & then the details of
departments which I visited and what I learned in all those different systems used
in those department. It also contains all work and information which I learned
during my internship as my major was Air Traffic Control Services and so in this
report I am describing the departments that I had the honor of being in. i.e.
Commercial, HR Personal and Medical, SQMS, Preflight and Cargo. My very first
week of internship was in Commercial department. Its function is to maintain all
the personal file of every employee and it is personal department of CAA. It deals
with welfare funds for employees in case of death. The overall function of HR
departments posting, granting leaves, preparing service books, conducting training
& development and give related details to it.
 ABOUT CAA:

Pakistan Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) is a public sector autonomous body working under the
Federal Government of Pakistan through Aviation Division Cabinet Secretariat.

CAA was established on 7th December, 1982 through Pakistan Civil Aviation Authority
ordinance 1982. Prior to creation of CAA, a Civil Aviation Department (CAD) in the Ministry of
Defense used to manage the Civil Aviation related activities. Ministry of Defense continued to
be the controlling Ministry even after creation of CAA on 7th December, 1982. However, in
June, 2013, Government of Pakistan assigned this responsibility to Cabinet Secretariat (Aviation
Division).

The purpose of establishing CAA is to provide for the promotion and regulations of Civil
Aviation activities and to develop an infrastructure for safe, efficient, adequate, economical and
properly coordinated Civil Air Transport Service in Pakistan.

The day of 7th December has significance, as it coincides with the date of creation of
International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) in 1944 as a result of the famous Chicago
Convention. Incidentally, the United Nations have declared 7th December as the International
Civil Aviation day and celebrated as such every year all over the world, CAA not only plays the
role of the aviation regulator of the country but at the same time performs the service provider
functions of Air Navigation Services and Airport Services.

The core functions of CAA are therefore, ‘Regulatory, Air Navigation Services’ and ‘Airport
Services’. These core functions are fully supported by various corporate functions of the
organization. The Headquarters of CAA is located at Karachi,

The restructuring process undertaken in CAA between 2006 and 2010 has enabled the
Organization to meet the requirements of International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO).
During the Universal Safety Oversight Audit Program (USOAP) ICAO audited Pakistan in June,
2011 and rated Pakistan as about 83% compliant against the world average of 65%, The general
direction and administration of CAA and its affairs vest in CAA Board which exercises all
powers, performs all functions and does all acts and things that need to be exercised, performed
or done by the Authority.

The Chairman CAA Board is the Secretary of the Division to which the affairs of the Authority
are allocated. Presently, it is the Secretary Aviation. CAA Executive Committee is the highest
decision making body of the Organization. It exercises such administrative, executive, financial
and technical powers as delegated to it by the Authority.

DGCAA is the Chairman of CAA Executive Committee. The Federal Government appoints the
Director General who is the Executive head of CAA and exercises such powers and performs
such functions as may be specified in CAA ordinance or delegated to him by the CAA Board
from time to time.
The CAA Board is assisted by CAA HR Committee and CAA Audit Committee. CAA Quality
Council headed by DGCAA and comprising of Dy. DGCAA, all Principal Directors and
Directors sets the macro level objectives and tasks/targets of the organization and oversees the
organizational drive in pursuit of its vision and mission, adherence to the core values and CAA’s
Endeavour to achieve the International Management System Standards.

Pakistan Civil Aviation Authority would continue to ensure distinct separation of regulatory
functions from the service provider functions, strengthen all the three core functions and achieve,
comply and exceed the requirements/standards set by ICAO and International Management
System Standards through continued focus on the change process to enable achievement of the
transformation as envisaged.

CAA Vision: Be a world-class specialist organization in the Aviation business"

Core Values:

 Commitment

 Professional Excellence

 Customer Focus

 Safety and Security

 Integrity

PCAA assumes the job of flight controller as well as simultaneously plays out the specialist co-
op elements of Air Navigation Services and Airport Services. The centre elements of PCAA are
along these lines, 'Administrative', 'Air Navigation Services' and 'Air terminal Services'. These
center capacities are completely upheld by different corporate elements of the association.

For the satisfaction of its capacity as an administrative body, the CAA guarantees adjustment to
the guidelines set somewhere around the International Civil Aviation association (ICAO), respect
to flight security, airplane support and clinical wellness of pilots, air traffic controllers and
architects. It is likewise answerable for haggling of air administrations concurrences with
different nations.
 Hierarchy:

COMMERCIAL SECTION:

Introduction:
The commercial air transport flight operation is the flight operation involving the transport of
passengers, cargo or mail for remuneration or hire.

Duties of pilot-in-command: The pilot-in-command shall be responsible for the operation,

safety and security of the aircraft and the safety of all crew members, passengers and cargo on
board.

Flight operation:
The pilot-in-command shall ensure that a flight will not be commenced unless it has been
ascertained by every reasonable means available that the ground (or water), including radio
communication or navigation aids available are adequate for the type of operation under which
the flight is to be conducted.
Operational instruction:

Checklists:
Checklists shall be used by flight crews during all phases of operations, and in emergencies, to
ensure compliance with the operating procedures contained in the aircraft operating manual.

Minimum flight altitudes:

The flight crew shall not operate flights on routes at altitudes lower than the minimum flight
altitude established by the responsible state flown over (found on charts publications).

Aerodrome operating minima:

The flight crew shall not operate to or from an aerodrome using operating minima lower than
those which may be established for that aerodrome by the state in which it is located (except
specific approval). Category II and category III instrument approach and landing operations
shall be not authorized unless RVR information is provided.

Flight preparation:

A flight shall not be commenced until flight preparation forms have been completed certifying
that the pilot-in-command is satisfied that:

The aero plane is airworthy, The instruments and equipment for the particular type of operation
to be under taken, are installed and sufficient for the flight, The mass of the aero plane and the
centre of gravity are such that the flight can be conducted safely, taking into account the flight
conditions expected, A check has been completed indicating that the operating limitation can be
complied with for the flight to be undertaken.

The operational flight planning is in compliance with the standards

Operational flight planning:

An operational flight plan shall be completed for every intended flight.

Alternate aerodrome: Take-off alternate aerodrome, a take-off alternate aerodrome shall be

selected and specified in the operational flight plan if either the meteorological conditions at the
aerodrome are below the operator’s established aerodrome landing minima for that operation.
The take-off alternate aerodrome shall be located within the following flight time from the
aerodrome of departure:
For 2 engines aero planes, 1 hour of flight time at an all engines operating cruising speed
determined from the aircraft operating manual, calculated in ISA and still-air conditions using
the actual take-off mass.

For 3 or more engines aero planes, 2 hours of flight time at an all engines operating cruising
speed determined from the aircraft operating manual, calculated in ISA and still-air conditions
using the actual take-off mass.

For aero planes engaged in extended diversion time operation (EDTO) where both previous
distance criteria are not available, the first available alternate aerodrome located within the
distance of the operator’s approved maximum diversion time considering the actual take-off
mass.

HUMAN RESOURCE: (PERSONAL AND MEDICAL)

Key to successful recruitment and staff management in any organization is a well-organized and
effective human resources (HR) department. This is particularly true within the aviation industry
due to a high level of competition between organizations and the regulated environment staff
must work within.
Selecting the right candidate to become part of the airline, airport or handling agent team is a
skill that must be learned. Not only should the hopeful applicant comply with required academic
entry criteria, they must also satisfy other criteria some specified by the company, others
statutory. Do they have industry experience? Do they have the required license? Are they a team
worker? Are they a leader? It is the responsibility of the HR officer to ensure that staff not only
meet or exceed the basic advertised requirements, but that they will fit well into the existing
workforce.

Functions of Human Resources (HR) Departments within Aviation Organizations:

Human Resource Panel have their concern with practices & strategies that is related to the
workers of the organization.

Objective

The main objective of Human Resource is to renovate HR Board of CAA into the best Human
Resource role models in industry of aviation, moreover performing the part of a strategic partner
in the persistent PCAA’s improvement. Parts of Human Resources Main activities that a Human
Resource board conveys are Selection & Recruitment, Development & Training, Performance
Management & Career Planning, Employees Relations, Recognition & rewards, Benefits &
compensation of employees and Medical Management.

Now IT is also become a portion of Human Resource with the goal to digitalize, Automate and
advance information systems all over Civil Aviation Authority. Effort made towards
Administrative Growth is now given by reinforcing the roles of Strategic Management and
Planning & Change Management, so the revolution method can be successfully executed.

The Human resource board includes 3 main branches like.

 HR medical: Human resource medical is the branch that deals with all the medical terms
that are related to employees. It covers all the medical needs of an employ working plus
his or her family members. The family members contains of Parents, wife and his kids.
The medical is totally free for the employees and their family members as described
above. The CAA provides this facility to give ease to their employees so that they can
work in stress free environment.

 HR admin: it deals with all the administrative problems regarding employees, all the
other communication carried to other departments or to other organizations are made
through this branch of Human Resources. They also handle the mails and other letters for
their employees as well as their senior officers, like airport manager or Human resource
director.

 HR personal: this Human resource Branch deals with the Compensation, Benefits,
Welfare, and pensions.

Benefits
Deals in various kinds of benefits that have been protracted to the Civil Aviation Authority workers, on
linking with the institute

 Compensation: deals with all the allowances that had been provided to employees by Civil
Aviation Authority.

 Welfare: Deals in welfare of workers with purpose to offer extreme services to the workers so
that we can develop their working situation, offer communal protection & raise living standards
of workers.

According to the Human resource department there are currently fifteen hundred employees of
PCAA working from which 200 are executive group employees and 1300 are staff group
employees.

(The functions of HR)

 Maintain Operational Efficiency, e.g. adequate staffing, streamline job roles

  Staff development, e.g. task-specific training, general training, up-skilling, continuing
professional

 Development (CPD)

 Fulfill company objectives, e.g. ethnic mix, gender mix, skilled workforce

 Comply with employment legislation, e.g. discrimination (age, gender, race, and
religion),

 Criminal Record Bureau (CRB) checks, and data protection.

(Role and responsibility of HR)

 Recruitment, E.g. advertising, interview, appoint, induction

 Training, E.g. coordinate, allocate, record, evaluate

 Manage Employment Procedure (appraisal, promotion, grievance, maternity,

sickness and absence,

 Disciplinary, Redundancy, Termination, Retirement)

(Plan recruitment)

 Job description, e.g. job role, prerequisites (skills, experience, license), hours,
location

 Advertise, e.g. budget, design advert, newspaper, trade journal, TV/radio, social
media, in-house

 Shortlist applicants, e.g. criteria for initial rejection/interest

 Prepare interview, e.g. location, documents, interview panel, group interview,

telephone selection,

 Interview activities.

(Selection process)
  Assess candidate, e.g. personal statement, group task, aptitude test, individual
interview, telephone

 Screening.

 Confirm qualifications, e.g. academic, training, licenses, experience, employment

history, references

 Make a decision, e.g. offer employment, notify unsuccessful candidates

 Administration, E.g. notify department head, payroll, security.

Understand employment legislation relating to the aviation industry:

(Employment legislation)

 Pre-employment checks, e.g. employment history, CRB checks, references

 Training, e.g. general security awareness (GSAT), manual handling

 General, e.g. minimum wage, discrimination, data protection, employment contract,

working hours,

 Minimum age, medical checks (vision, hearing)

(Impacts of compliance)

 Negative impacts, e.g. recruitment delays (CRB checks, references, employment history),
expense (to

 Applicant, to employer, training requirements), restricts recruitment pool (security,

health, age)

 Positive impacts, e.g. avoid prosecution, filters out inappropriate candidates.

Know company employment policy and standards: (Company Policy and

Standards Relating to Personnel)

 Behavior, e.g. to staff, to customers, absence, sickness, misconduct

 Health and safety, e.g. legal standards, company standards

  Security, e.g. legal standards, company standards (property, data, revenue)

(Maintain Company Policy and Standards)

 Safety management system (SMS), e.g. risk assessment, intervention, appraisal,

disciplinary procedures

 Training, e.g. new skills, Recurrence, behavior.

 Feedback, e.g. from staff, from supervisors, from managers, from trade unions.

(Sources of Information and Advice)

Regulatory bodies

E.g. Civil Aviation Authority (CAA), Health and Safety Executive (HSE), Department for
Transport, European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA)

 Trade bodies, e.g. Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development (CIPD)

Trade unions, e.g. General and Municipal Workers (GMB), UNISON, British Airline Pilots
Association (BALPA), Guild of Air Traffic Controllers (GATCO).

Safety Quality Management System (SQMS)

The safety quality management system (SQMS) was introduced firstly in Pakistan in year of
2009. It was year 2008, CAA of Pakistan started efforts relating to procurement of International
Management Systems Standards in order to additional enhance & improve systems, functions
and services that PCAA had been delivering.

It has the simple and very important goal to execute the standards and limitations in a better way
that have been dictated by International civil aviation organization. In the beginning, the Pakistan
Civil Aviation Authority planned to get the four major international management standard
system that were Quality management system, Icao safety management system, environmental
management system, Organizational Health and Safety Assessment Series. After this, CAA
aimed to function these 4 systems from one office and this led the beginning of SQMS
department in PCAA. This department is under control of director SQMS who is directly
reporting to direct general of CAA.

SQMS Directorate is Focal Point for:-

The points are given as follows

  Disaster Risk Reduction application Committee on behalf of CAA

 Energy Conservation Organization

 To look over Employee Suggestions System.

 Personal Protective Equipment and HSE Monitoring, etc.

These points explain us that the SQMS department widely looks over safe environment and other
standards to be implemented, as well as it serves the environment awareness and protection
standards.

PRE-FLIGHT DEPARTMENT

The Pre-flight information unit is the part of ATC, ATC provide air navigation services and just
CAA provides Air navigation services in Pakistan, this is why it is the major function of the
PCAA. Preflight information unit checks the flights plan then give permission for the flight and
no one can fly without the submission the flight plan.

All operations done in ATC are UTC. Pakistan is 5 hours ahead from UTC time.

If NOTAMs is generated at AIIAP Preflight information unit then all the NOTAMs details are
send to HQCAA, Karachi and then HQCAA forward it to all other airports.

One officer uses digital flight plans and it is his responsibility to send it to destination and
alternates destinations. Computer operator receive daily NOTAMs and also METAR and TAF.

CARGO:

Cargo are goods or produce being conveyed generally for commercial gain by water, air or
land, Cargo was originally a shipload.

Cargo now covers all types of freight, including that carried by train, van, truck, or intermodal
container.

Cargo is Basically Divide into two Sections;

1- Domestic Cargo
2- International Cargo

Domestic Cargo:

Domestic Cargo is Basically Move Only in one Country (City to City)

is Called “Domestic Cargo” domestic Cargo is a small scale/Range Cargo items.

International Cargo:

International Cargo basically Move From one State to another State(Country) is called
International Cargo, international Cargo move in large scale/Quantity.

On the other side Cargo has also divide into two types according to departure and arrivals,

1:- Departure Cargo:

2:- Arrival Cargo:

Departure Cargo:

Departure Cargo is that used to send outside the city/Country or one country to another country
is called Departure Cargo or Freight.

Arrival Cargo:

Arrived Cargo Basically Cargo that receives the cargo from any other City/State is Called
Arrival Cargo.

Air freight markets & main economic regions

National level:

Mainly in large countries with long domestic

Road /Rail distances (replacing or complementing them) also very important, intraregional
markets and connections (e. g. within SADC, EU etc)
Advantages of Air Cargo Transport

1- Fastest means of transport available on long distances

2- Smallest damage Quote of all means of transport (Relative to distance covered)
3- Modest packaging requirements
4- Short transport times mean short capital lockup periods

Disadvantages of Air Cargo Transport

1- High transport costs (in absolute figures)

2- Load capacity is limited
3- Stowage problems due to egg‐like cross‐section of aircraft
4- Dependency on airports.

IATA – Organs

* General Assembly
* Executive Committee
* IATA‐Secretariat (located in Montreal and Geneva)

IATA – Main targets

* Co‐operation between airlines and exchange of information

* Co‐operation with international organizations (e.g. ICAO)
* Standardization of rates and conditions etc. for pax and cargo transport
* Setting rules for IATA agency
* Simplification of reciprocal accounts
The role of the air cargo forwarder
IATA‐Cargo‐Agent:

* Represents the air cargo carrier(s), mediates transports

* Also represents his client / shipper / consignor
* But: it is not mandatory to be an IATA agent in order to handle air cargo
* Accreditation by IATA

Duties of IATA Cargo Agent:

* Deliver consignments “ready for carriage“

* Obey the IATA rules
* Clearance/settlement of all freight charges claimed on behalf of airlines in time
* Violation of rules can lead to denial of agency

AIR CARGO HANDLING PROCESS ABSTRACT:

Air cargo business is a very important business for the global air transport market. This means
that air cargo handling process is important for any airport or cargo handling agent who provides
cargo handling services. This also means competent cargo staff, procedures, cargo information
system, developed infrastructure and process management. The objective of research presented
in this paper is air cargo handling process and its complex structure. Using scientific methods of
cognition, the author explores the structure of air cargo handling process and causality of its
structure elements. The result of this research is that process approach to air cargo handling
services can improve these services in general and allow providing of complex air cargo
handling services and fulfillment of customer requirements.
KEY WORDS:

Air cargo; handling process; process approach; handling services; air cargo
handling process;

INTRODUCTION:

As per the IATA (International Air Transport Association) data, 52 million tons of air cargo was
transported in 2016 in the world. According to the mass, it is less than 1% of the world trade,
however, it presents more than 35% of the world trade value, accounting for the value of around
6.8 US$ billion daily. Air cargo transport realizes 9% of total aircraft operators’ income, being
twice the income resulting from first class passengers. Directly and indirectly, air cargo business
provides around 32 million of work places around the word. (Contract, specification, order, etc.).
Process output is a product or service with characteristics (quality) activities that use inputs to
deliver an intended result. Further on, process means transforming or Air Cargo Handling
Process at airports may be rendered by airports themselves, as the case was for instance at
Zagreb Airport before it was taken over by the Concessionaire, or by a daughter company
founded solely for provisions of airport ground handling services, the case of Zagreb Airport
after takeover by the Concessionaire. Pursuant to the Ordinance on Provision of Ground
Handling Services (Official Gazette 39/10), when cargo traffic in an airport reaches 50,000 ton
annually and exceeds it, the market of these service should be liberalized so that other service
providers are enabled to provide services of air cargo handling process under the conditions of
the Ordinance and within market competition. In Croatia, but also in the surrounding countries
(Slovenia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Macedonia, and Kosovo, Montenegro) there are no
airports with annual traffic of 50,000 t and more when it comes to air cargo transport,
competition among airports is very strong, especially in relation to intercontinental traffic.
Airports winning in this market competition are the ones having: competent staff, appropriate
cargo infrastructure, developed route network, good traffic links of the airport with the railway,
technology implementing latest developments, quality based on ISO standards, IATA projects
such as Cargo 2000 (C2K) management system [2], e-freight technology IQ and the like. Cargo
IQ is an IATA interest group with the mission of creating and implementing quality standards for
the worldwide air cargo industry. For that reason every handling agent, or air cargo handling
service provider, makes efforts to improve quality of the process in all elements, in order to be
competitive in the market.

THE HANDLING PROCESS:

The word process originates from Latin word process, meaning flow, the way in which and
controls and with application of defined mechanisms, or resources observed when transforming
inputs into outputs can be: international standards, laws and other equipment, financial means,
work environment, hardware, software, partners, etc.
Air Cargo Handling Process Mechanisms or resources needed for process running can be:
competent staff, infrastructure,
Process input is always a requirement of customer/user, regardless in which form it is presented
regulations, contracts, specifications, procedures, work instructions, methodologies and the like.
Reshaping input values to output ones, however, not in any way but within the framework of set
rules something becomes or is, development, procedure. Process is set of interrelated or
interacting that fulfill the customer/user requirements defined at the process input. Rules and
controls that must

Hierarchy of Air Cargo Handling Process:

The Air Cargo Handling Process is a very complex process for several reasons:
Cargo handling activities at arrival (receipt) and departure (dispatch) run simultaneously, so that
this process has two sub-processes: 1) air cargo handling sub-process – arrivals and 2) air cargo
handling sub-process – departures; Airside and landside activities run simultaneously; Physical
and documentary receipt and dispatch activities (handling) run simultaneously.
 Customer
 Requirements
 Fulfillment
 Requirements
 Mechanisms
 Rules and control
Each of the listed sub-processes encompasses several process steps consisting of numerous
activities to be carried out to complete all actions within that process step. In this way
prerequisites for transition from one process step to the next are created, in such a way that at
least one output from the previous process step is also the input to the following process step, It
is not possible to start activities in a process step unless all activities within the previous process
step have been completed. What activities from individual process steps is defined by written
procedures representing documented basis of each process step. Procedures define and describe
each activity, according to the sequence of execution. Control points are also defined at which
something is measured, evaluated, controlled, or at which it is decided if the activity has been
performed in compliance with the requirements or not. If the answer is YES, the process may
continue, if the answer is NO, certain activities are repeated until the requested quality level has
been achieved. Control points serve to manage the process, so that it does not happen that the
final results, in this case the service, does not comply with user requirements. In such case, it
would be too late for any improvement, and only a conclusion could be made that a non-
compliant service has been provided, with all consequences such as non-quality costs, loss of
reputation, fall of competitiveness, etc. A procedure clearly specifies the responsibility for
carrying out and the responsibility for control for each activity by indicating a work position, not
a name, because work positions are relatively constant, and the specific responsible person can
change in line with work allocation. How many written procedures are needed for documenting a
process step depends on complexity of the process, or the process step in question. However, at
least one written procedure should be used to define the flow of activities within a process step.

Air Cargo Handling Process Decomposition:

When talking about the Air Cargo Handling Process, the input is the requirement of the cargo
owner or its agent, to carry out the air cargo transport from point A to point B, in a safe way and
in good time.
The process output should be completion of the air transport service from point A to point B, in
accordance with the requirements set by the cargo owner or its agent. Rules and controls for
running Air Cargo Handling Process are: international documents regulating air traffic and
aircraft cargo transport, customs regulations, security regulations, special regulations for
individual cargo types such as for instance the IATA, Dangerous Goods Regulation (DGR) for
transport of hazardous substances, cargo handling contracts with aircraft operators, contracts
with customers and their agents or forwarders, national laws and regulations, internal quality
procedures, work instructions, methodologies, etc. Mechanisms or resources needed for
conducting this process can be: competent workers possessing all required licenses for handling
certain cargo types or managing special equipment, infrastructure including storage area with all
necessary types of special sections (cold chambers, security vaults, storage rooms under
temperature regime, area for DGR goods, human remains storage (HUM), live animals storage
(Live Animals Regulation LAR), special equipment (forklifts, weighing devices, pallets, dollies,
thermometers, refrigerators, security screening equipment, etc.
The customer requirements are analysed, or the capability of the process to meet these
requirements. If the analysis shows that the process is not capable to meet these requirements for
any reason, the requirement is rejected and the customer officially informed about this. If the
requirement can be fulfilled, the next process step Resources and organization planning (A-0.2)
starts. In this process step resources for carrying out the Air Cargo Handling Process in
compliance with the customer requirements are planned. The work is organized so that the
process can run without setbacks. After all activities in this process step have been completed, it
is possible to proceed to the next process step, Preparation of cargo and documents (A-0.3).
Preparations for physical handling and documents handling is carried out within this process
step. Preparation for physical handling includes preparing necessary equipment units and storage
positions for later physical manipulation of the cargo, forming ULD (Unit Load Devices),
loading onto dollies and the like. Preparation of documentary handling includes planning of
documentation and issuance of documents accompanying the shipment, such as for instance
Cargo Manifest, Air Waybill, UCD (Unified Customs Declaration) and some other documents
accompanying individual types of shipment or cargo (DGR, perishable goods, live animals, etc.).
Upon physical and
Requirement rejected
Customer requirement.

Air Cargo Handling Sub Process (Arrivals) Airside

On the airside, upon aircraft (AC) arrival, the Unloading cargo from aircraft is carried out.
Shipments, either in containers, on pallets, in bags, in cages or loose, are unloaded onto dollies
located beside the AC. Further decomposition –air cargo handling sub-process (arrivals) – airside
After all shipments have been unloaded and loaded on the dollies, and after the AC crew has
taken over the accompanying documents, cargo is transported to the cargo warehouse by special
tractors. The transport is performed on the base of appropriate procedures. The transport enters
the cargo warehouse. Air Cargo Handling Sub-process (Arrivals - Departures) Landside On the
landside in the cargo warehouse and at the forwarder’s, handling activities (arrivals) and
handling activities (departures) run in parallel, as shown in Figure 5. Upon arrival of transport
with shipments from the AC in the cargo warehouse, activities contained in the Breakdown
ULD's process step are carried out. It is determined which shipments are issued to end users or
their forwarders at the concrete airport, and which continue their way further on, to other
destinations. After that, activities within the second process step Incoming checks and
administration begin. Entry control of received shipments is carried out, or alignment with the
accompanying documentation. It is established if there are damaged deliveries, packaging or the
like. If such shipments are found a Record on Defective Cargo (complaint) is made. The next
process step follows, named Sorting and documentation (A-0.4.2.3). In this process step
activities related to arrivals and departures run simultaneously. Shipments having the relevant
airport as the ultimate destination are Placed on storage positions or immediately taken out from
the warehouse and issued to end users or their forwarders. At the same time, in the same
warehouse and at the same forwarders, sorting and Preparation of documents related to departure
are carried out. Preparation and Outgoing checks and administration (A-0.4.2.4) are completed.
Shipments are checked, possible damages determined, and Issuance of all required documents to
accompany the shipments confirmed. Customs formalities are performed if applicable AC arrival
Arrival in warehouse.

Air Cargo Handling Sub Process (Departure) Airside

After the transport is prepared, activities from the process step Transportation to aircraft take
place. As in case of arrival, transport is performed according to a special procedure.
Loading cargo into AC is also carried out in accordance with a special procedure. Loading is
supervised by responsible persons all the time. When loading is completed, the documentation
accompanying the cargo is submitted to the AC crew. Air cargo handling sub-process
(departures) – airside
Upon successful completion of this process step, it is possible to go on to the final process step,
Final activities (A-0.5). Activities such as document distribution, report making, Ready to Go to
AC Arrival in Warehouse Shipmen Issuing Preparation of cargo and documentation for departure
(load aircraft) Ready to go AC departure communication among process participants, records,
preparing invoices for the provided services, etc. are conducted within this process step.
The process output is air cargo handling service, with its characteristics or quality fulfilling
customer requirements received as process inputs.

TYPES OF CARGO AND DOCUMENTATION:

It is considered that air transport is used for higher value goods that withstand the transport price,
generally higher for air transport than for other modes of transport. This is mostly true, as already
explained in the introduction of this paper.

Air Cargo Types:

In exceptional situations, due to various circumstances, such as: delivery time, contract penalties,
urgency or other contract obligations, goods that would in usual circumstances be transported in
Another way (truck, ship, railway) are also transported by AC.
For this reason, various goods are transported by air, as for instance: IT components, other
technical goods, perishable goods (food and Agricultural products); weapons, explosives,
dangerous goods, but also goods such as: construction joinery, metal elements and assemblies,
live animals, animals for zoos, transformers, cars, pesticides, Machines and devices, human
remains, value shipments (gold, money, noble metals), human organs for transplantation, etc. For
individual types of cargo special rooms are provided in warehouses, and the air cargo handling
process for such types of goods runs under special procedures. Equally, workers manipulating
certain cargo types, either at the forwarders or in the organization providing handling services,
should be trained or licensed for manipulation of that cargo type.

Cargo Documentation:
Each cargo shipment in air traffic is accompanied by appropriate documents. Cargo Manifest and
Air Waybill are documents accompanying every type of shipment. These are unified forms
applied in the whole world, containing information on the shipment and other data related to
participants in the process, such as data relating to the point of departure and destination. Beside
the mentioned ones, other documents can be issued if needed, to accompany a shipment: Mail
Manifest (for mail), UCD Unified Customs Declaration, Record on Defective Cargo, NOTOC
Notification to Captain (Special Load), Unit Load Device ULD, Request for sanitary
examination of imported shipment, DGR Dangerous Goods Checklist, Live Animals Acceptance
Checklist, etc.

SWOT Analysis

SWOT Analysis means strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. Strengths &
weaknesses are internal within the organization while opportunities and threats are inserted
by the external environment. Now we will discuss strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and
threats faced by Pakistan Civil Aviation Authority one by one.

STRENGTHS

 Due to strategic importance of geographical location of Pakistan, International Air

Routes use Pakistan’s Air space; hence PCAA role becomes vital in international
flight movement.
 General Engineering Depot (North) is ISO certified.
 Plays a vital role during any calamity situation or war with any country.
 The only organization in Aviation industry which regulates and implements
aviation policies according to ICAO standards and handling Airports / navigational
services in civilian sector of Pakistan. (Monopolistic organization with in the country).
 State of the Art air navigation and Radar system are being used across the country.
 Having 03 modern calibration aircrafts which provide calibration of RADAR,
Navigational Equipment and other Airport Facilities at PCAA airports, Army and
PAF airbases as well as outside the country.
 Having the only aviation services training institute of International standard.
 MIS system has been implemented on almost all the airports.
 Establishment of IT department at HQCAA level and provision of modern computer
equipment at airports.
 Handsome salary for the employees.
 CAA is an organization having Assets of 184 Billion Rupees.

WEAKNESSES

 Being the only organization of Aviation Industry in Pakistan there is no

competition within the country.
 Highly skilled persons are required in every field but deficiency still exists.
 Lack of manpower as compared to approved establishment.
 Airports and other units are still not certified by ISO.
 Unnecessary political interference in internal affairs of PC AA.
 Slow career progression for employees of PCAA.
  Retention of skilled employees is also a problem.
 IT Sections are not still established at most of the airports due to shortage of
infrastructure and relevant manpower.
 Recruitment of employees through internal resources is still not implemented with
true letter and spirit.

OPPORTUNITIES

 A number of people want to get their occupation in aviation such as pilots but due to
heavy expenditures this remains a dream, it can be overcome by decreasing in
expenditure and establishment of more flying clubs / aviation training institutes.
 Pakistan is a thickly populated country therefore a large no of people can be engaged in
aviation industry and unemployment can be reduced by creating jobs in aviation
industry.
 Pakistan Civil Aviation Authority training institute (CATI) having state of the art and
modern training facilities can be utilized to earn more revenue and highly
qualified human resources.
 CATI can also be utilized by developing more courses for private sector and by
having affiliation with any reputed university of Pakistan.
 CATI can attract more foreigners for training purpose by putting a little effort for
advertising CATI as a world class aviation services training institute, this will
bring more revenue to PCAA and foreign exchange to Pakistan.
 PCAA calibration aircrafts can be used in more countries through advertisement to
earn more revenue.

THREATS

 Uncertain political and economic environment of the region & globe.

 Tension on international borders with India & Afghanistan.
 Investment of PCAA in aviation sector only.
 Huge cost of building new international airports
 Devaluation/depreciation of Pakistani currency results increment it debts.
 Lack of collaboration with other developed countries in aviation field due to
distrust in Govt. policies.
 Skilled persons are getting higher salaries & better carrier progression abroad, so a
large number of skilled employees are leaving organization.
 Due to war on terror going on in Pakistan and its neighboring countries, many of the
foreign airlines have stopped their operation in Pakistan.

CONCLUSION
All through my month and a half of temporary position period, I had the chance to learn and
increased significant involvement with PCAA (PAKISTAN Civil Aviation Authority). CAA is
the best specialist organization in the flight business which give sheltered, secure and proficient
top tier Aviation administrations.

CAA is extremely dedicated to proficient greatness and center their customers.

This authority is a worldwide pioneer in gadgets fabricating administration (EMS). Every day of
my instructional course, I have learn numerous new things and picked up information which is
identified with everyday activities happens there.
Other than that, this instructional meeting additionally shows me on the most proficient method
to be dependable in leading assignments and furthermore being autonomous to learn new things.
What's more, the whole undertaking given is a test. Along my experiencing preparing, I as of
now to take care of a few issue or challenge confronted. It has prepared me to be increasingly
free. What's more, all the errands given doubtlessly require collaboration between different
partners.
Thus, I have effectively ready to function as a group and be a cooperative person. Indeed, it has
improved my capability in English. By the usage of security guidelines on every division and on
each assignment, it's impractical for any mishap to happen during directing all my undertaking. I
likewise discovered this authority is following all guidelines set by CAA.

I likewise discovered that CAA authority is the primary spine of avionics industry, it keeps all
the record and information of its representatives in a polite manner. PCAA rules and guidelines
are refreshed everyday as per the ICAO rules.

SQMS division of CAA is the office which actualizes all the wellbeing and quality related
upgrades at the air terminal. Their review group investigate the protected working of the air
terminal. If there should be an occurrence of any grievances they report to the office.

PCAA is likewise an Air Navigation administrations supplier and the Aviation controller in
Pakistan.