ConcepTest PowerPoints

Chapter 2
Physics: Principles with
Applications, 7 th edition
Giancoli

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 ConcepTest 2.1 Walking the Dog
You and your dog go for a walk to the park.
On the way, your dog takes many side trips
to chase squirrels or examine fire hydrants.
a) yes
When you arrive at the park, do you and your
b) no
dog have the same displacement?
 ConcepTest 2.1 Walking the Dog
You and your dog go for a walk to the park.
On the way, your dog takes many side trips
to chase squirrels or examine fire hydrants.
a) yes
When you arrive at the park, do you and your
b) no
dog have the same displacement?

Yes, you have the same displacement. Since you and your dog had the
same initial position and the same final position, then you have (by
definition) the same displacement.

Follow-up: Have you and your dog traveled the same distance?
 ConcepTest 2.2 Displacement

Does the displacement of an object a) yes

depend on the specific location of the b) no

origin of the coordinate system? c) it depends on the

coordinate system
 ConcepTest 2.2 Displacement

Does the displacement of an object a) yes

depend on the specific location of the b) no

origin of the coordinate system? c) it depends on the

coordinate system

Since the displacement is the 10 20 30 40 50

difference between two
 x  40  10  30
coordinates, the origin does not
matter.
30 40 50 60 70
 x  60  30  30
 ConcepTest 2.3 Position and Speed
a) yes
If the position of a car is zero,
b) no
does its speed have to be
c) it depends on
zero?
the position
 ConcepTest 2.3 Position and Speed
a) yes
If the position of a car is zero,
b) no
does its speed have to be
c) it depends on
zero?
the position

No, the speed does not depend on position, it depends on the change of
position. Since we know that the displacement does not depend on the
origin of the coordinate system, an object can easily start atx = –3 and be
moving by the time it gets xto = 0.
 ConcepTest 2.4 Odometer

Does the odometer in a car a) distance

measure distance or
b) displacement
displacement?
c) both
 ConcepTest 2.4 Odometer

Does the odometer in a car a) distance

measure distance or
b) displacement
displacement?
c) both

If you go on a long trip and then return home, your odometer does not
measure zero, but it records the total miles that you traveled. That means
the odometer records distance.

Follow-up: How would you measure displacement in your car?

 ConcepTest 2.5 Speedometer
a) velocity
Does the speedometer in a
b) speed
car measure velocity or
c) both
speed?
d) neither
 ConcepTest 2.5 Speedometer
a) velocity
Does the speedometer in a
b) speed
car measure velocity or
c) both
speed?
d) neither

The speedometer clearly measures speed, not velocity. Velocity is a vector

(depends on direction), but the speedometer does not care what direction
you are traveling. It only measures the magnitude of the velocity, which is
the speed.

Follow-up: How would you measure velocity in your car?

 ConcepTest 2.6a Cruising Along I

You drive for 30 minutes at 30 mi/hr a) more than 40 mi/hr

and then for another 30 minutes at b) equal to 40 mi/hr
50 mi/hr. What is your average
c) less than 40 mi/hr
speed for the whole trip?
 ConcepTest 2.6a Cruising Along I

You drive for 30 minutes at 30 mi/hr a) more than 40 mi/hr

and then for another 30 minutes at b) equal to 40 mi/hr
50 mi/hr. What is your average
c) less than 40 mi/hr
speed for the whole trip?

It is 40 mi/hr in this case. Since the average speed is distance/time and you
spend the same amount of time at each speed, then your average speed
would indeed be 40 mi/hr.
 ConcepTest 2.6b Cruising Along II
You drive 4 miles at 30 mi/hr and a) more than 40 mi/hr

then another 4 miles at 50 mi/hr. b) equal to 40 mi/hr

What is your average speed for the c) less than 40 mi/hr
whole 8-mile trip?
 ConcepTest 2.6b Cruising Along II
You drive 4 miles at 30 mi/hr and a) more than 40 mi/hr

then another 4 miles at 50 mi/hr. b) equal to 40 mi/hr

What is your average speed for the c) less than 40 mi/hr
whole 8-mile trip?

It is not 40 mi/hr! Remember that the average speed is distance/time.

Since it takes longer to cover 4 miles at the slower speed, you are actually
moving at 30 mi/hr for a longer period of time! Therefore, your average
speed is closer to 30 mi/hr than it is to 50 mi/hr.

Follow-up: How much further would you have to drive at 50 mi/hr in

order to get back your average speed of 40 mi/hr?
ConcepTest 2.7 Velocity in One Dimension
If the average velocity is non-zero over a) yes
some time interval, does this mean that
b) no
the instantaneous velocity is never zero
c) it depends
during the same interval?
ConcepTest 2.7 Velocity in One Dimension
If the average velocity is non-zero over a) yes
some time interval, does this mean that
b) no
the instantaneous velocity is never zero
c) it depends
during the same interval?

No!!! For example, your average velocity for a trip home might
be 60 mph, but if you stopped for lunch on the way home, there
was an interval when your instantaneous velocity was zero, in
fact!
 ConcepTest 2.8a Acceleration I
a) yes
If the velocity of a car is non-zero (v 
b) no
0 ), can the acceleration of the car
c) depends on the
be zero?
velocity
 ConcepTest 2.8a Acceleration I
a) yes
If the velocity of a car is non-zero (v 
b) no
0 ), can the acceleration of the car
c) depends on the
be zero?
velocity

Sure it can! An object moving withconstant velocity has a

non-zero velocity, but it has zero acceleration since the

velocity is not changing.

 ConcepTest 2.8b Acceleration II
When throwing a ball straight up,
a) bothv = 0 anda = 0
which of the following is true about
b) v 0 , buta = 0
its velocityv and its accelerationa at c) v = 0 , buta 0
the highest point in its path? d) bothv 0 anda 0
e) not really sure
 ConcepTest 2.8b Acceleration II
When throwing a ball straight up,
a) bothv = 0 anda = 0
which of the following is true about
b) v 0 , buta = 0
its velocityv and its accelerationa at c) v = 0 , buta 0
the highest point in its path? d) bothv 0 anda 0
e) not really sure

At the top, clearlyv =0 because the ball has

momentarily stopped. But the velocity of the ball is y
changing, so its acceleration is definitely not zero!
Otherwise it would remain at rest!!

Follow-up: …and the value ofa is…?

 ConcepTest 2.9a Free Fall I
You throw a ball straight up a) its acceleration is constant
into the air. After it leaves everywhere
your hand, at what point in b) at the top of its trajectory
its flight does it have the c) halfway to the top of its trajectory
maximum value of d) just after it leaves your hand
acceleration?
e) just before it returns to your hand on
the way down
 ConcepTest 2.9a Free Fall I
You throw a ball straight up a) its acceleration is constant
into the air. After it leaves everywhere
your hand, at what point in b) at the top of its trajectory
its flight does it have the c) halfway to the top of its trajectory
maximum value of d) just after it leaves your hand
acceleration?
e) just before it returns to your hand on
the way down

The ball is in free fall once it is released. Therefore, it is entirely under the
influence of gravity, and the only acceleration it experiences isg , which is
constant at all points.
 ConcepTest 2.9b Free Fall II
Alice and Bill are at the top of a a) Alice’s ball
building. Alice throws her ball b) it depends on how hard the
downward. Bill simply drops his ball was thrown
ball. Which ball has the greater c) neither—they both have the
acceleration just after release? same acceleration
d) Bill’s ball

Alice Bill
v0

vA vB
 ConcepTest 2.9b Free Fall II
Alice and Bill are at the top of a a) Alice’s ball
building. Alice throws her ball b) it depends on how hard the
downward. Bill simply drops his ball was thrown
ball. Which ball has the greater c) neither—they both have the
acceleration just after release? same acceleration
d) Bill’s ball

Both balls are in free fall once they are Alice Bill
released, therefore they both feel the
v0
acceleration due to gravityg( ). This
acceleration is independent of the initial vA vB
velocity of the ball.

Follow-up: Which one has the greater velocity when they hit the
ground?
 ConcepTest 2.10a Up in the Air I

You throw a ball upward with an a) more than 10 m/s

initial speed of 10 m/s. b) 10 m/s

c) less than 10 m/s
Assuming that there is no air
d) zero
resistance, what is its speed
e) need more information
when it returns to you?
 ConcepTest 2.10a Up in the Air I

You throw a ball upward with an a) more than 10 m/s

initial speed of 10 m/s. b) 10 m/s

c) less than 10 m/s
Assuming that there is no air
d) zero
resistance, what is its speed
e) need more information
when it returns to you?

The ball is slowing down on the way up due to gravity.

Eventually it stops. Then it accelerates downward due
a = g on the way up and on
to gravity (again). Since
the way down, the ball reaches the same speed when
it gets back to you as it had when it left.
 ConcepTest 2.10b Up in the Air II
Alice and Bill are at the top of a cliff of height a)vA <vB
H . Both throw a ball with initial speedv0 , b)vA =vB
Alice straight down and Bill straight up. The
c)vA >vB
speeds of the balls when they hit the ground
are vA andvB . If there is no air resistance, d) impossible to tell
which is true?

Alice v0 Bill
v0
H
vA vB
 ConcepTest 2.10b Up in the Air II
Alice and Bill are at the top of a cliff of height a) vA <vB
H . Both throw a ball with initial speedv0 , b)vA =vB
Alice straight down and Bill straight up. The
c)vA >vB
speeds of the balls when they hit the ground
are vA andvB . If there is no air resistance, d) impossible to tell
which is true?

Bill’s ball goes up and comes back down

to Bill’s level. At that point, it is moving Alice v0 Bill
downward withv0 , the same as Alice’s v0
ball. Thus, it will hit the ground with the H
same speed as Alice’s ball. vA vB

Follow-up: What happens if there is air resistance?

 ConcepTest 2.11 Two Balls in the Air

A ball is thrown straight upward with some a) at height h

initial speed. When it reaches the top of itsb) above height h/2
h ), a second ball is
flight (at a height
c) at height h/2
thrown straight upward with the same
initial speed. Where will the balls cross d) below height h/2 but above 0
paths? e) at height 0
 ConcepTest 2.11 Two Balls in the Air

A ball is thrown straight upward with some a) at height h

initial speed. When it reaches the top of itsb) above height h/2
h ), a second ball is
flight (at a height
c) at height h/2
thrown straight upward with the same
initial speed. Where will the balls cross d) below height h/2 but above 0
paths? e) at height 0

The first ball starts at the top with no initial speed. The second ball starts at
the bottom with a large initial speed. Since the balls travel the same time
until they meet, the second ball will cover more distance in that time, which
will carry it over the halfway point before the first ball can reach it.

Follow-up: How could you calculate where they meet?

 ConcepTest 2.12a Throwing Rocks I
You drop a rock off a bridge.
a) the separation increases as they fall
When the rock has fallen 4
m, you drop a second rock. b) the separation stays constant at 4 m
As the two rocks continue c) the separation decreases as they fall
to fall, what happens to d) it is impossible to answer without more
their separation? information
 ConcepTest 2.12a Throwing Rocks I
You drop a rock off a bridge.
a) the separation increases as they fall
When the rock has fallen 4
m, you drop a second rock. b) the separation stays constant at 4 m
As the two rocks continue c) the separation decreases as they fall
to fall, what happens to d) it is impossible to answer without more
their separation? information

At any given time, the first rock always has a greater velocity than the
second rock, therefore it will always be increasing its lead as it falls. Thus,
the separation will increase.
 ConcepTest 2.12b Throwing Rocks II
You drop a rock off a bridge.
a) both increase at the same rate
When the rock has fallen 4
m, you drop a second rock.b) the velocity of the first rock increases faster
As the two rocks continue than the velocity of the second
to fall, what happens to c) the velocity of the second rock increases
their velocities? faster than the velocity of the first
d) both velocities stay constant
 ConcepTest 2.12b Throwing Rocks II
You drop a rock off a bridge.
a) both increase at the same rate
When the rock has fallen 4
m, you drop a second rock.b) the velocity of the first rock increases faster
As the two rocks continue than the velocity of the second
to fall, what happens to c) the velocity of the second rock increases
their velocities? faster than the velocity of the first
d) both velocities stay constant

Both rocks are in free fall, thus under the influence of gravity only.
That means they both experience the constant acceleration of gravity.
Since acceleration is defined as the change of velocity, both of their
velocities increase at the same rate.

Follow-up: What happens when air resistance is present?

 ConcepTest 2.13a Graphing Velocity I
a) it speeds up all the time
The graph of position versus
b) it slows down all the time
time for a car is given below.
c) it moves at constant velocity
What can you say about the d) sometimes it speeds up and
velocity of the car over time? sometimes it slows down
e) not really sure

t
 ConcepTest 2.13a Graphing Velocity I
a) it speeds up all the time
The graph of position versus
b) it slows down all the time
time for a car is given below.
c) it moves at constant velocity
What can you say about the d) sometimes it speeds up and
velocity of the car over time? sometimes it slows down
e) not really sure

x The car moves at a constant velocity

because thex vs.t plot shows a straight line.
The slope of a straight line is constant.
Remember that the slopexof t
versus is
the velocity!
t
 ConcepTest 2.13b Graphing Velocity II
a) it speeds up all the time
The graph of position versus
b) it slows down all the time
time for a car is given below. c) it moves at constant velocity
What can you say about the d) sometimes it speeds up and
sometimes it slows down
velocity of the car over time?
e) not really sure

t
 ConcepTest 2.13b Graphing Velocity II
a) it speeds up all the time
The graph of position versus
b) it slows down all the time
time for a car is given below. c) it moves at constant velocity
What can you say about the d) sometimes it speeds up and
sometimes it slows down
velocity of the car over time?
e) not really sure

The car slows down all the time because x

the slope of thex vs.t graph is diminishing
as time goes on. Remember that the
slope xof vs.
t t,
is the velocity! At large
x
the value of the position does not
change, indicating that the car must be at t
rest.
 ConcepTest 2.14a v versust graphs I
a) decreases
Consider the line labeled A in the b) increases
v versust plot. How does the c) stays constant
speed change with time for line d) increases, then decreases
A? e) decreases, then increases

A
v
t
B
 ConcepTest 2.14a v versust graphs I
a) decreases
Consider the line labeled A in the b) increases
v versust plot. How does the c) stays constant
speed change with time for line d) increases, then decreases
A? e) decreases, then increases

A
v In case A, the initial velocity is
positive and the magnitude of the
t
velocity continues to increase with
B time.
 ConcepTest 2.14b v versust graphs II
a) decreases
Consider the line labeled B in the b) increases
v versust plot. How does the c) stays constant
speed change with time for line d) increases, then decreases
B? e) decreases, then increases

A
v
t
B
 ConcepTest 2.14b v versust graphs II
a) decreases
Consider the line labeled B in the b) increases
v versust plot. How does the c) stays constant
speed change with time for line d) increases, then decreases
B? e) decreases, then increases

A In case B, the initial velocity is positive but

v
the magnitude of the velocity decreases
t toward zero. After this, the magnitude
increases again, but becomes negative,
B indicating that the object has changed
direction.
 v ConcepTest 2.15av Rubber Balls I
a)
c)
t t
v v

b) d)
t t

You drop a rubber ball. Right

after it leaves your hand and
before it hits the floor, which of
the above plots represents the
t vs. graph for this motion?
(Assume your y-axis is pointing
up.)
 v ConcepTest 2.15av Rubber Balls I
a)
c)
t t
v v

b) d)
t t

You drop a rubber ball. Right

The ball is dropped from rest, so its initial
after it leaves your hand and
velocity is zero. Since the y-axis is
before it hits the floor, which of
pointing upwards and the ball is falling
the above plots represents the
downwards, its velocity is negative and
t vs. graph for this motion?
becomes more and more negative as it
(Assume your y-axis is pointing
accelerates downward.
up.)
 v ConcepTest 2.15b Rubber Balls II
v

a) c)
t t
v v

b) d)
t t

You toss a ball straight up in the

air and catch it again. Right
after it leaves your hand and
before you catch it, which of
the above plots represents the
t vs. graph for this motion?
(Assume your y-axis is pointing
up.)
 v ConcepTest 2.15b Rubber Balls II
v

a) c)
t t
v v

b) d)
t t

You toss a ball straight up in the

The ball has an initial velocity that is
air and catch it again. Right
after it leaves your hand and positive but diminishing as it slows. It
before you catch it, which of v ( = 0), and then its
stops at the top
the above plots represents the velocity becomes negative and becomes
t vs. graph for this motion?
more and more negative as it
(Assume your y-axis is pointing
up.) accelerates downward.
 v ConcepTest 2.15cv Rubber Balls III
a)
c)
t t
v v

b) d)
t t

You drop a very bouncy rubber

ball. It falls, and then it hits the
floor and bounces right back up
to you. Which of the following
representsvthe t vs. graph for
this motion?
 v ConcepTest 2.15cv Rubber Balls III
a)
c)
t t
v v

b) d)
t t

You drop a very bouncy rubber Initially, the ball is falling down, so its
ball. It falls, and then it hits the velocity must benegative (if UP is
floor and bounces right back up positive). Its velocity is alsoincreasing in
magnitude as it falls. Once it bounces, it
to you. Which of the following
changes direction and then has a
representsvthe t vs. graph for
positive velocity, which is also
this motion? decreasing as the ball moves upward.