UNIT-1

UNIT-3

GENERATION OF HIGH VOLTAGES AND CURRENTS

1. What is the necessity for generating high voltages?

 Applications like electric microscope, X rays, particle accelerators, Electro static precipitators etc.
 Testing power apparatuses.
 Insulation testing.

2. What are the various methods available for generating High DC voltage?
1. Half & full wave rectifiers.
2. Voltage multiplayer circuits.
 Cockcraft Walten Circuit
 Delta-tran/Engi-tran
3. Van de graaff generators.
4. Electro static generators.

3. What is the expression for average ripple in a Cock- craft Walten voltage multipler?
δ v = I[ 2n(2n+1)]/ƒC 2
Where
δ v = total ripple
I = the current
n = number stages
f = frequency of input voltage.

4. What is the expression for regulation (drop in voltage) ∆v in a cock croft Walten method?

∆v = 2/ ƒc [(2n3 /3) + (n2 /2) – (n/6)]

Where
∆v = voltage drop f = frequency
c = capacitance
n = number of stages

5. Give the expression for optimum number of stages in a cock croft Walter voltage multiplier?

Where
V max = Maximum of voltage f = frequency
c = capacitance
I = current
6. State the principle of Van de Graaff generator ? (Nov2012)
Mechanical energy is directly converted into electrostatic, electrical energy (without any
 electromagnetic conversion, as in the case of an electromagnetic machine like synchronous generator).

7. Express lighting over voltage in exponential form?

-α t - βτ
V = V0 [ e - e ]
α β
(where , are constants of µs value)

8. How Impulse voltages are produced in the lab?

Capacitors previously charged to DC voltage is discharged into a wave shaping network (LR, R1 R2,
R3 or other combination) by closing a switch. This gives the desired output (double exponential wave).

9. What is the principle of Marx circuit?

A bank of capacitors are charged in parallel and then discharged in series into a wave shaping network
to produce a lighting impulse voltage, double exponential fast rising & slow decaying voltage.

10. How switching Impulse voltage can be produced in the lab?

1. Impulse generator circuits can be used by suitably modifying the R1 & R2.
2. Power Tr or Testing Tr, excited by dc voltages giving oscillatory wave (Tesla)

11.What is Tesla Coil?(Nov 2016)

 It is used to produce high-voltage, low-current, high frequency alternating-current electricity.

12.What is Deltatron circuit? (Nov2016 , Nov2012)

  In this circuit, every transformer per stage consists of a low voltage primary, a high voltage secondary
and a low voltage tertiary coil. Disadvantage can be reduced of Walton circuit if single- or full-wave rectifier
systems, each having its own AC power source, are connected in series at the DC output only.

13.What is trigatron gap? (Nov2014)(May 2017)

A trigatron is a type of triggerable spark gap switch designed for high current and high voltage, (usually
10-100 kV and 20-100 kA, though devices in the mega-ampere range exist as well). ... A trigatron has three
electrodes.

14. Mention the necessity of generating high dc voltage. (May 2014)

These high voltages (ac, dc, impulse) are used for many applications. electron microscopes and x ray
units require high DC voltages of the order of 100 kv or more. ... for testing power apparatus rated for
extra high transmission voltages400kV and above, high voltages of one million volts or even more are required.

15. What is cascaded Transformer? (May2011)

A high-voltage source consisting of a limited number of step-up transformers with their secondaries in

series, the primary of each after the first being supplied from a pair of taps on the secondary of the preceding.
 PART B

1. Explain the resonant transformers used for generation of high ac voltages. What are its advantages?
2. Explain simple voltage doubler and cascaded voltage doubler used for generation of high DC voltages.
(May2012)
3. Describe, with a neat sketch, the working of a Van de Graaff generator. What are the factors that limit the
maximum voltage obtained? (Nov2016, May 2013)
4. With a neat sketch explain the Cockcroft – Walton voltage multiplier circuit for generation of high DC
voltages. (Nov2016,Nov2014 ,Nov 2013)
5. Explain with diagrams, different types of rectifier circuits for producing high D.C. voltages.
6. Discuss elaborately the principle and operation of Cascaded transformers for generating high AC voltages.
(May2013)
7. Discuss elaborately the principle and operation of impulse current generator.(May2012, Nov2014)
8. Give different circuits that produce impulse waves explaining clearly their relative merits and demerits.
9. Give the Marx circuit arrangement for multistage impulse generators. How is the basic arrangement
modified to accommodate the wave time control resistances? (May2011, Nov2015)
10. Explain the different methods of producing switching impulses in test laboratories.
11. Trigatron gap-Explain its functions and operation. (Nov2012,May2012)
12. Give the expression for ripple and regulation in voltage multiplier circuits. How are the ripple and
regulation minimized?
13. i)Explain the working of Cockroft-Walton voltage multiplier circuit under unloaded and Loaded conditions
ii) Derive an expression for total voltage drop and total ripple voltage of n-stage voltage Multiplier circuit
and hence deduce the condition for optimum number of stages.
14. Give complete analysis of given impulse circuit and derive the condition for physical Realization of wave
front and wave tail resistances.
15.What is tesla coil? Derive itsexpression.(Nov2014, Nov2012)
 UNIT-4
MEASUREMENT OF HIGH VOLTAGESAND CURRENTS

1. What is the Specialty of high voltage / current measurement?

1. Safety of men & materials.

2. Accuracy
3. Induction of over voltage, due to stray coupling.
4. Proper location.
5. Linear extrapolation not valid.
6. Electromagnetic interference.

2. Different devices used for High DC voltages?

1. Series resistance micro ammeter.

2. Resistance potential dividers
3. Generating of Voltmeters
4. Sphere gap & Spark gaps.

3. What are the various methods used for measurement of power frequency AC voltages?

1. Series impedance ammeter.

2. Potential dividers, resistance or capacitive Type.
3. Potential Transformers electromagnetic or C. V. T.
4. Electrostatic voltmeters.
5. Sphere gap.

4. What is the method available for measurement & High frequency AC voltages or Impulse
voltages or other rapidly rising voltages?

1. Potential dividers, resistance Type or capacitance Type with CRO.

2. Peak Voltmeter.
3. Sphere gaps.

5. What are the various methods available for measurement of High direct currents?(May2011)

1. Resistive shunt with mille ammeter

2. Hall effect generators,
3. Magnetic links

6. What are the methods available for measurement of High alternating current?

1. Resistive shunts with milli ammeters

2. Electro magnetic current Transformers.
7. What are the various methods available for measurement of High Impulse currents or High
frequency ac or fast rising ac?

1. Resistive shunts
2. Magnetic pot cut meter.
3. Magnetic links
4. Hall Effect generators.
5. Faraday generators.

8. What are the limitations of resistance potential dividers?

1. Power dissipation
2. Source loading
3. Temperature effect & long term stately
4. Sensitivity to Mechanical strain.
5. Direct connection to HV terminals.

9. What is the principle of generating voltmeters?(May2015)

It is a variable capacitance electrostatic voltage generator, generating current proportional to the applied
voltage. It does not absorb power from the voltage measuring source. It is driven by external synchronous /

constant speed motor.

Q = charge
C = capacitance
V = voltage applied
I = current
Q = C.V

i = dq/dt = d/dt (CV) = c (dv/dt) +v (dc/dt) For a dc voltage, V is constant

Then i = V (dc/dt)

Capacitance is changed by rotating the dielectric materials with a suitable shape by a constant speed
motor.
10. What are the advantages of generating voltmeters?(Nov 2016)(May 2019
1. No source loading
2. No direct contact with HV terminals.
3. Scale is linear & extension easy.
 4. Very convenient, to measure voltages for Van de graaff generators.

11. What are the limitations of generating voltmeters?(Nov2016)

1. They require calibrations

2. Careful construction necessary
3. Disturbance in mounting make calibrations invalid.

12. What is the condition for using a generator volt meter to measure power frequency High
voltage?

The speed of the synchronous motor = Speed of the supply voltage.

or = ½ the speed of the supply voltage. Here speed means angular velocity

13. What is the principle of electrostatic voltmeter?(Nov2012)

In an electrostatic field in a parallel plate configuration consisting of two electrodes, when one of
the electrodes is free to move, it will experience a force when voltage is applied and the force is proportional to
the squire of the applied voltage. The force can be measured & from the force, the voltage applied can be
calculated using the calibration chart.
F = - δW/δs
= - δ/δs (1/2 CV2) = - 1/2 V2 (δC/δs)
2
= - 1/2 V2 (δ/δs) (Aε0/s) = -1/2 V2 ε0A (1/s2) F α(V/s)
Since F is proportional to square of voltage applied, it can be used for ac & dc voltage measurement.

14. What is the principle of a ‘Sphere gap’ for measurement of High voltages?(May2012)

A uniform field sphere gap will always have a spark over voltage within known tolerance under
constant atmospheric conditions. Hence it can be used for measurement of peak value of the voltage. It is
independent of the voltage wave form and hence suitable for all types of wave forms, from dc to Impulse
voltages of short rise times (Rise time < 0.5 µs) and ac voltages up to 1MHz frequency.

15. What are the factors influencing the spark over voltage of a sphere gap?

1. Nearby earthed object

2. Atmospheric conditions and humidity
3. irradiation
4. Polarity and rise time of voltage wave forms.

16. What is the principle of Regowski Coil?(Nov2011)

If a coil is placed surrounding a current carrying conductor, the voltage signal induced nin the coil.

V2(t) = M d/dt ( I(t) )

When V2(t) is passed through an Integrating network then Vm(t) = M (1/RC)∫dI(t)/dt = M I (t)/RC When R &
C are those of the Integrating circuits.
i.e. Vm(t) = K I (t)
Thus by measuring Vm(t), we can calculate I(t), the current.
17. What are the qualities of a CRO used for measurement of impulse voltage
measurements?

1. Sealed tube, hot cathode Type

2. Photo graphic arrangements for recording wave forms.
3. Input voltage range from 5mv/cm to 20v/cm.
4. Probes and attenuators to handle signals up to 600v.
5. Band with and rise time of the CRO should be adequate.
6. Rise time 5 n.s. & band width as high as 500 MHz. may be necessary.
7. Oscilloscopes are fitted with good cameras for recoding purposes, with writing speed 9cm/n.s.
8. Normally provided with internal & external triggering facility.
9. It is necessary that oscilloscope time base should be started before the voltage reaches the deflecting
plates. Such facility should be available.

18. What are the qualities of instrument lead and management of Test circuits during Impulse
measurement?

The instrument leads and connections etc should be so made that the induced voltage due to stray Pick
ups, due to electro magnetic influences are avoided.

19. Compare the performance of a potential Divider and a generating Voltmeter for measurement of DC
Voltages?

Potential Dividers

Ø Direct contact with HV

Ø Source loading
Ø Power dissipation.
Ø They require calibration

Generating Voltmeter

Ø No direct contact
Ø No source loading
Ø Does not absorb power from voltage measuring source
Ø Scale is linear & extension range easy.
Ø They require calibration
Ø Careful construction necessary
Ø Disturbance in mounting make calibration invalid.

20. What are the advantages of CVT, (capacitance voltage transformer)?(May 2013)

1. Simple & easy to install

2. Can be used for relaying also.
3. Can be used as a coupling capacitor for PLCC & relaying.
4. Frequency independency (unlike a conventional electromagnetic potential
Transformer).
5. Provides isolation for HV & LV.
21. What are the demerits of a CVT?(May2012)

1. Introduces Ferro resonance in Power system.

2. Voltage ratio is susceptible to Temperature variations.

22. What are the different types of shunts used for impulse voltage measurement?(May2014)(May2017)

1. Bifilar flat strip

2. Coaxial shunt
3. Squirrel cage shunt

23. What is the principle of a Faraday generator in measurement of high current?(Nov2015)

Where a linearly polarized light beam passes through a transparent crystal in the presence of a magnets
field, the plane of polarization of the light beam undergoes rotation. The angle of rotation is proportional to the
magnetic field
α = V B. l
Where
α = Rotation of the plane
V = Constant
B = Magnetic Field
l = Length of the crystal
Where
B is made to be produced by the current to be measured I (t). α = K I (t)

24. Explain the function of a delay cable in the HV measurements using a CRO?

With rapidly changing signals, the CRO time base should be started before the original signal reaches
the CRO y plates otherwise, the signed may be missed by the CRO. Therefore while measurement, using a
CRO, the Triggering of the CRO time base is done directly (X plate) immediately and the signal proportional
to voltage /current to be measured is sent through a delay cable to the vertical (Y) plates so that the required
delay is obtained. Delay cable may be a long inter connecting cable 20 to 50m long.

25. What are the criteria required to assess the potential dividers used for High Impulse voltages?

1. The shape of the voltage in the test arrangement should be transferred with out any distortion to
the LV side.
2. Simple determination of the transfer function is to be ensured.
3. They should be suitable for Multi purposes, namely: power frequency, switching Impulse,
lighting Impulse voltages etc. That is the dividers should have broad band widths.
 PART B

1. With a neat circuit and phasor diagram, explain the capacitance voltage transformer.
2. List the various techniques used for measurement of Dc voltages? Explain (i) Generating Voltmeter.

(ii) Resistance potential divider iii) Series resistance micrometer (May2015)

3. Explain series impedance, series capacitance and capacitance potential dividers used for measurement of
high ac voltages.

4. Explain briefly the Electrostatic Voltmeter. Also list the advantages and disadvantages. (Nov2014)
5. Explain the peak reading AC voltmeter? (Nov2016)

6. (i)Explain the Hall generator for measuring high dc current.

(ii)Explain the measurement of high power frequency alternating current using CVT with electro optical
signal converter. (Nov2016)
7. Explain spark gaps for measurement of high dc, ac and impulse voltages & the factors affecting the
measurement. (Nov2016, Nov2014)

8. (i) Explain hall generators for measurement of High currents.

(ii) Explain high- power frequency ac current using current transformer with electro optical signal converter.
9. Explain Electrostatic voltmeter used for measurement of high voltage. (May2012)
10. With neat circuit diagram explain the capacitance potential transformer. Draw the necessary phasor
diagram.
11. Briefly explain arrangements of Rogowski coil and magneto optic methods for high current measurements
12.Discuss elaborately about various digital techniques in HV measurement .
13. Describe the construction, principle of operation of a generating voltmeter and give its application and
limitations. (Nov2014, May2013)
14. Discuss and compare the performance of resistance capacitance and mixed R-C potential dividers for
measurement of impulse voltages