Chapter 21 part2 Electric Fields

The electric field (電場)

F  q0 E

F
E
q0
單位電荷受到的靜電力
F  q0 E 電場E 與 重力場g
  的定義不太相同
Fg  m0 g
Electric Field Lines (電場線)

由正電荷出發,終止於負電荷(非真實存在;假想的)
電場線的特性:
1.電場線指出了場的方向 (電場線的切線方向)
2.電場的大小正比於電場線的密度
3.電場線由正電荷出發,終止於負電荷;電場線的
數目正比於電荷大小.

N
Density of Field Lines   E
4 r 2

q 
(點電荷的電場 E  k r )
2
r
Electric dipole: two equal charges, opposite in
sign:
The electric field between two
closely spaced, oppositely
charged parallel plates is
constant.
Example:

Rank the magnitudes of the electric field at

points A, B, and C (greatest magnitude first).

(a) B C A
(b) B A C
(c) A B C
(d) A C B
(e) C A B
Example:
C
Rank the magnitudes of the electric field at
points A, B, and C (greatest magnitude first).

(a) B C A
(b) B A C
(c) A B C
(d) A C B
(e) C A B
 Example:
Figure shows the electric field lines for two point
charges separated by a small distance.
(a)Determine the ratio q1 / q2 .
(b) What are the signs of q1 and q2 ?
 Example:
Figure shows the electric field lines for two point
charges separated by a small distance.
(a)Determine the ratio q1 / q2 .
(b) What are the signs of q1 and q2 ?
18

q1 6 1
(a)   
q2 18 3
6

q1 is negative
(b)
q2 is positive
The Electric Field Due to a Point Charge
(點電荷產生的電場)

qq0
1 qq0
F ˆ
r  k ˆ
r
4 0 r 2
r 2

( r̂: the unit vector)

F 1 q q
E  ˆ
r  k ˆ
r
q0 4 0 r 2
r 2
Ex:
Ex:

1 q q
E rˆ  k 2 rˆ
4 0 r 2
r
Superposition principle (疊加原理)

F  F01  F02  F03

F F01 F02 F03

E   
q0 q0 q0 q0
2
N
qi  3

E  k  2 ri r2 r3
i 1 ri 1
 P r1
ri : unit vector directed from qi to P
Example: Consider three point
charges located at the corners of a
right triangle, where q1 = q3 = 5.0μC,
q2= -2.0μC, and a =0.10 m. Find the
resultant force exerted on q3.

q1 q3
F13  k  11N
 
2
2a
q2 q3
F23  k 2
 9N
a
F3 x  F13 x  F23 x  7.9 N  (9.0 N )  1.1N
F3 y  F13 y  F23 y  7.9 N  0 N  7.9 N
F3  1.1i  7.9 j
Example: Find the electric field at ( x, 0 ).
1. Draw a diagram y q1  q2  q3  q
q1 (0, 2a)
2. Calculate forces : E3
Coulomb’s law q2  x E2
q3 (0, a)
E1

Unit vectors

E1  k
q
rˆ rˆ1 
 x, 2a  (
x
,
2a
)
4a  x
2 2 1
4a  x
2 2
4a  x
2
4a  x
2 2 2

q ( x, 0)
E2  k 2 rˆ2 ˆr2   (1, 0)
x x
E3  k 2
q
rˆ rˆ3 
 x, a   ( x , a )
a x 2 3
a2  x2 a2  x2 a2  x2
3. Sum of vector components

x分量: Ex  E1x  E2 x  E3 x
q x
Ex  k 2  r1  x
4a  x 2 4a 2  x 2 單位向
q 量在x
k 2  1  r2  x
x 方向的
q x 分量:
k 2  r3  x
a  x2 a x
2 2

y分量:

Ey  k 2
q  2a  k 2
q a
4a  x 2 4a  x
2 2 a  x 2
a2  x2
 Example: Find the electric field at ( x, 0 ).
q q
y q1  q2  q3  q E1  k 2 ; E2  k 2
q1 (0, 2a)
4 a  x 2
x
q
q2  x E3  k 2 ; E  E1  E2  E3
q3 (0, a) a x 2

Ex  E1x  E2 x  E3 x
E y  E1 y  E2 y  E3 y
q x q q x
Ex  k 2 k 2 k 2
4a  x 2 4a  x
2 2 x a  x 2
a2  x2

Ey  k 2
q  2a  k 2
q a
4a  x 2
4a  x
2 2 a x 2
a2  x2
 The Electric Field Due to an Electric Dipole
(電偶極產生的電場)
y Electric field at point P
Q Q P Q Q
 Ez  k k
z  z  d / 2  z  d / 2
2 2
d / 2 d / 2

Q  d 
2
 d  
2
for x << 1
E z  k 2  1     1   
z  2 z   2 z   (1  x)n  1  nx

Q  d   d 
k 2 1  (2)( 2 z )   1  (2)( 2 z )  
z    
2Qd 2p 1 p
k 3 E  k  p=Qd
z
z
z 3
2 0 z 3 (偶極矩)
The Electric Field Due to a Line of Charge
(線電荷產生的電場)

The Electric Field Due to a Charged Disk

(帶電圓盤產生的電場)

Electric field of a continuous charge distribution

q 
E  k 2 r
r
qi  N
dq 
E  lim k  2 r i  k  2 r
N 
i 1 ri r
charge density (線電荷密度) uniform charge
distribution
q
 q  
   q/L
Surface charge density (面電荷密度)

q q  A
    q/ A
A
Volume Charge density (體電荷密度)
q
 q  V   q /V
V
Example: The electric field due to a charge rod

q x
E  k 2  k 2
x x

dq  dx
dE  k 2  k 2
x x
d
d
dx  1
E k  2 k    
d x  x d
1 1  k   kQ
 k (  ) d(  d) d(  d)
d d
Q 
d  Ek 2  Ek
d d
Example: The electric field of a uniform ring of charge
dQ
dQ   ds dE  k 2
x  a2
dEx  dE cos 
dQ x
k 2
x  a2 x2  a2
x
k 3
ds
( x2  a2 ) 2

2 a
x x
EX   dE X  k 3  ds  k 3
(2 a)
( x2  a2 ) 2
0 ( x2  a2 ) 2

Qx
E  E X iˆ  k 3
iˆ x Ek
Q ˆ
i
( x2  a2 ) 2
x 2
Example: A uniformly charged rod with charge per unit
length λ is bent into the shape of a circular arc of radius R.

dq dq
dE  k 2 
R
2
By symmetry Ex   dEx  0
dq
dE y  k 2 cos 
y
dE
R
dq   ds   Rd
 R 2sin  k 
E y   dE y   k 2 cos d 
 R R
Example: The electric field of a uniformly charge disk

kz
dE  3
( 2 rdr )
dq   dA dA  2 rdr (z2  r2 ) 2

R 2rdr
E  kz  3
(z  r ) 2
o 2 2

2 r let u  z  r ; du  2rdr
2 2

r
2 (r  r ) r R
r R du  u 2 
1

E  kz   kz  
  
3
r 0
u 2 1
 2  r 0
 z ˆ Q ˆ
E  2 k 1  k z  Ek 2 k
 z 2
 R 2
 z
A Point Charge in an Electric Field (電場中的點電荷)

一帶電粒子進入電場時, 帶電粒子會受到靜電力作用

F  qE
帶電粒子若為正電, 靜電力方向與電場相同,
若為負電, 靜電力方向與電場相反.

Example:
A Dipole in an Electric Field (電場中的電偶極)

Electric dipole : Two equal charges of opposite sign

(+Q, -Q ) separated by a distance d
p Q
p  Qd Dipole moment (偶極矩) Q

p
Polar molecules : CO
O(  q ) C (  q )

Symmetric diatomic molecules O2 N2 H 2  p  0

p1
O  H
H

 p H2O
1p p p
2
p2
Torque (力矩) in a uniform external field

      r F
d
 sin  Q E
2
        d Q sin  E  p E sin 
  p E (力矩方向向紙內)
Potential energy

(外力做功增加位能)

U  Wext    ext d     sys d (外力抵抗

系統的力)
   ( pE sin  )d
(回復力)
=0
 pE  sin  d   pE cos   C (此段純粹數學)

U  pE
一中性水分子在氣態時之電偶極矩大小為6.2×10-30 C．m。(a)分子的正電荷
與負電荷中心相距多遠？(b)如果分子放在1.5×104 N/C的電場中，此電場作
用於分子的最大力矩為何？(c)欲使分子在電場中倒轉180o，則外界須作功
多少？

(a ) p  qd  (10e)(d)
p 6.2 10 30 12
d  19
 3.9  10 m
10e (10)(1.6 10 )
(b)   pE sin   (6.2 10 30 )(1.5 10 4 ) sin 90o
 9.3 10  26 N  m
(c) Wa  U180o  U 0
 (pE cos 180o )  (pE cos 0)  2pE  1.9 10  25 J