Mathematics

10
Quarter 1 – Module 11: Proving the Remainder
and Factor Theorems

Department of Education * Republic of the Philippines

Mathematics – Grade 10
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 1 – Module 11 : Proves the remainder and factor theorems
First Edition, 2019

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 10
Mathematics
Quarter 1 – Module 11:
Proves the remainder and factor
theorems

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or/universities. We encourage teachers and other education stakeholders to
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1
 0Department of Education Republic of the Philippines

Introductory Message
For the facilitator:

Hello! As the facilitator of this module, kindly orient the learner on how to
answer this learning material. Please be patient and encourage the learner to
complete this module. By the way, remind the learner to use separate sheets in
answering all the activities found in this module.

For the learner:

Hello learner. I hope you are ready and willing to proceed in your Grade 10
Mathematics by accomplishing this learning module. This is designed to provide
you with interactive tasks to further develop the desired learning competencies
prescribed in the K-12 Curriculum of the Department of Education. In this
module, you are expected to work on Remainder and Factor Theorems.

Here is a guide on the parts of the activities which you need to undergo as you progress in
reading, analyzing and answering its content.

ICON LABEL DETAIL

What I need to know This contains the learning objectives
which you need to accomplish

What I know This assesses what you know about the

lesson you are to tackle

What’s In This connects the current lessons with

the previous lessons

What’s New This introduces the lesson through an

activity

What Is It This contains a brief discussion of the

lessons

What’s More These are activities to check your

understanding of the lesson

What I have Learned This summarizes the important ideas

presented in the lesson

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 What I Can Do This is a real life application of what you
have learned

Assessment This is a post assessment of what you

have learned

Additional Activities This is an activity that will strengthen

your knowledge about the lesson

What I need to know

This module was designed and written with you in your mind. It is here to help you
understand better on how to prove the remainder and factor theorems. The scope of this
module permits it to be used in many different learning situations. The lessons are done to
follow the standard sequence of the course.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

You should be able to:

1. Prove the remainder and factor theorems.
2. Find the remainder using synthetic division or the remainder theorem.
3. Solve word problems using the remainder and factor theorem.

What I know

DIRECTION: Let us determine how much you already know about the remainder theorem
and factor theorem. Read and understand each item, then choose the letter of your answer
and write it on your answer sheet.

1) Which of the following binomials is a factor of the P(x) = x 3 – 7x + 5?

a) x – 1 b) x + 1 c) x + 2 d) none of these
2) Is the first polynomial a factor of the second polynomial, x – 1; x2 + 2x + 5?
a) yes b) no c) uncertain d) invalid
3) Which is the missing factor in the equation x2 – 4 = (x – 2) (_____)?
a) x -2 b) x+ 2 c) x + 4 d) x – 4
4) Which of the following is NOT a factor of x 3+ 5x2 – x – 5?
a) x + 1 b) x – 1 c) x – 5 d) x + 5
5) What are the factors of x2 – 2x – 24?
a) (x + 4) (x – 6) c) (x -12) (x+ 1)

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 b) (x -8) (x + 3) d) (x + 12) (x – 12)
6) What is the remainder when x3 – 4x2 + x + 8 is divided by x – 2?
a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 4
7) When P(x) is divided by x – r and the remainder is equal to zero, it means _____.
a) x – r is a factor of P(x) c) P(x) is a factor of x – r
b) P(x) is a factor of x – r d) x – r is the only factor of P(x)
8) Evaluate the polynomial x3 + x2 + x + 3 if the value of x = -2.
a) 3 b) -3 c) 17 d) -17
9) Which polynomial gives a remainder of 0 when divided by 3x – 2?
a) 12x2 + 15x – 18 c) 12x2 + 19x – 18
b) 12x2 + 18x + 7 d) 12x2 + 8x + 7
10) Which of the following is a factor of 2x 2 – 5x + 3?
a) x – 3 b) 2x + 3 c) x – 1 d) 3x + 2
11) What is the remainder if x2 – 7x – 4 is divided by x – 2?
a) -14 b) 5 c) 6 d) 7
12) Which statement is true?
a) The quotient multiplied by the dividend plus the remainder equals the divisor.
b) If x2 + 5x + 7 is divided by x + 2, the remainder is 1.
c) If the remainder is 0, then the dividend is a factor of the divisor.
d) The remainder is a factor of the dividend if the quotient is 0.
13) Which is the remainder if 2x3 – 7x2 – 19x + 20 is divided by x – 5?
a) -1 b) 0 c) 1 d) 2
14) x – 3 is a factor of x4 – 3x3 – x +3.
a) false b) true c) uncertain d) invalid

15) Find another factor of x3 – 7x2 + 4x – 28 if x – 7 is a factor.

a) x2 + x + 4 b) x2 – 2x – 4 c) x2 – x – 4 d) x2 + 4

Lesson 1:
The Remainder Theorem
and the Factor Theorem

What’s In

In the earlier lesson, you have learned how to divide polynomials using long division
or by synthetic division. Read and understand the discussion below, then investigate.

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1. Divide the polynomial function f(x) = x3 – 2x2 + x – 3 by x – 2 using synthetic division.

Solution: 2 1 -2 1 -3
2 0 2
1 0 1 -1

2. Since the divisor is x – 2, evaluate the above function at x = 2.

Solution: f(x) = x3 – 2x2 + x – 3
f(2) = 23 – 2(22) + 2 – 3 Substitute x by 2
f(2) = 8 – 8 + 2 – 3 Simplify
f(2) = -1 Perform the operations

Guide Question: What can you say about the results of the two separate solutions?

Notice:
 When the function was divided by x – 2, the remainder is -1.
 When the function was evaluated at x = 2, the result is -1.
 This leads us to the Remainder Theorem.

What’s New

Definition
REMAINDER THEOREM
If a polynomial P(x) is divided by x – a, then the remainder is r = P(a).

Example: If f(x) = x3 – 2x2 + x – 3 divided by x – 2, then the remainder is r = P(a).

Based from the solutions above, the remainder r = -1, and f(2) = -1.
Thus, r = f(2).

When a polynomial is divided by x – a, if the remainder is zero, we say that x – a is a

factor of the polynomial. Through the remainder theorem, we now know that the
remainder is related to evaluation of the polynomial at the point x = a. We are then led to
the factor theorem.

Definition
FACTOR THEOREM
If P(a) = 0, then x – a is a factor of P(x).
Conversely, if x – a is a factor of P(x), then P(a) = 0.

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 What Is It

You have already learned the difference between the Remainder Theorem and the
Factor Theorem. Now, you will learn how to use these theorems to solve problems.

Example 1. Find the remainder when x3 + 2x2 – 5x + 2 is divided by x + 3.

Solution: We can find the remainder in two methods: by synthetic division or by remainder
theorem.
Using the Remainder Theorem:
P(x) = x3 + 2x2 – 5x + 2 At x = - 3
P(-3) = (-3)3 + 2(-3)2 – 5(-3) + 2 Substitute x by -3
P(-3) = -27 + 2(9) + 15 + 2 Simplify
P(-3) = -27 + 18 + 15 + 2
P(-3) = 8 Perform the operations
Therefore, the remainder is 8.

-3 1 2 -5 2 We can check the answer

-3 3 6 using the Synthetic Division:
1 -1 -2 8

Example 2. Determine whether or not x + 2 is a factor of x3 – 2x2 – 5x + 6.

Solution: By definition of Factor Theorem, x + 2 is a factor of x 3 – 2x2 – 5x + 6 if and only if

the remainder is zero. Again, we can use two methods in finding the remainder.
Using the Remainder Theorem:
P(x) = x3 – 2x2 – 5x + 6 At x = - 2
P(-2) = (-2)3 – 2(-2)2 – 5(-2) + 6 Substitute x by -2
P(-2) = -8 – 2(4) + 10 + 6 Simplify
P(-2) = -8 – 8 + 10 + 6
P(-2) = 0 Perform the operations
Since the remainder is zero, x + 2 is a factor of x3 – 2x2 – 5x + 6.

Using the Synthetic Division:

Note: It is not required to present the solution in
-2 1 -2 -5 6 two methods. Use the method that you are
most comfortable with. However, if you feel
-2 8 -6 uncertain with your answer, you may use the
1 -4 3 0 two methods.

Example 3. Show that x – 4 is a factor of P(x) = x3 – 6x2 + 5x + 12.

Solution: Since x – 4 is a factor of P(x) = x3 – 6x2 + 5x + 12, the remainder must be zero.

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 Using the Remainder Theorem:
P(x) = x3 – 6x2 + 5x + 12 At x = 4
P(4) = (4)3 – 6(42) + 5(4) + 12 Substitute x by 4
P(4) = 64 – 6(16) + 20 + 12 Simplify
P(4) = 64 – 96 + 20 + 12
P(4) = 0 Perform the indicated operations
The remainder is 0.
Example 4. Find k so that x + 5 is a factor of P(x) = x3 + 5x2 – kx – 20.

Solution: Since x + 5 is a factor of P(x) = x3 + 5x2 – kx – 20, the remainder is zero.

Using the Remainder Theorem:

P(x) = x3 + 5x2 – kx – 20 At x = -5
P(-5) = (-5)3 + 5(-5)2 – k(-5) – 20 Substitute x by -5
0 = (-5)3 + 5(-5)2 – k(-5) – 20 Change P(-5) by 0 (remainder is 0)
0 = -125 + 125 + 5k – 20 Simplify
0 = 5k – 20
5k = 20 Solve for k
k=4 Divide both sides by 5
So that x + 5 is a factor of P(x) = x3 + 5x2 – kx – 20, k = 4.

What’s More

Exercise 1. Answer what is asked.

A. Use the Remainder Theorem or synthetic division to find each function value.

1. f(x) = x3 – 5x2 – 7x + 4 a) f(1) b) f(-2) c) f( )

2. g(x) = 2x6 + 3x4 – x2 + 3 a) g(2) b) g(3) c) g(-1)

3. h(x) = 2x3 – 7x + 3 a) h(-3) b) h(5) c) h(-10)

B. Solve.

4. Determine if x – 3 is a factor of where P(x) = x4 – 3x3 – x + 3.

5. Determine if x – 1 is a factor of where P(x) = x25 – 4.
6. Find k so that x – 2 is a factor of P(x) = x3 – kx2 – 4x + 20.

Exercise 2. Answer is asked.

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1. Use the remainder theorem to find P(2) in P(x) = x4 + 4x3 – x2 – 16x – 4.
2. Prove that y – 3 is a factor of 3y3 – 7y2 – 20 using the remainder theorem.
3. Evaluate P(4) in P(y) = 3y3 – 7y2 – 20.
4. Use the factor theorem to determine whether x – 1 is a factor of P(x) = x2 + 2x + 5.
5. Use the remainder theorem to find the remainder R in (3x 2 + 5x3 – 8) ÷ (x – 4).

What I have learned

1. How will you determine that x –r is a factor of P(x)?

2. In the remainder theorem, what will you substitute in the polynomial expression?
3. What are the two ways on how to find the remainder when P(x) is divided by x – r?

What I can do

A. Fill the blanks to complete the statement. Write your answer in the separate sheet of
pad paper.
1. x – r is a factor of P(x) if and only if the remainder R when P(x) ÷ (x – r) is _____.
2. By the Remainder Theorem, R = 0 if and only if _____.
3. Thus, x – r is a factor of P(x) if and only if _____.

B. Solve this problem correctly: The volume of a rectangular solid is (x3 + 3x2 + 2x) cubic cm,
and its height is (x+1) cm. What is the area of the base?

Assessment

DIRECTION: Let us determine how much you have learned from this module. Read and
understand each item, then choose the letter of your answer and write it on your answer
sheet.
1. What is the remainder if x2 – 7x – 4 is divided by x – 2?
a) 4 b) -14 c) 2 d) -2
2. Which of the following statements is true?

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 a) The quotient multiplied by the dividend plus the remainder equals the divisor.
b) If x2 + 5x + 7 is divided by x + 2, the remainder is not 1.
c) If the remainder is 0, then the dividend is a factor of the divisor.
d) The quotient is a factor of the dividend if the remainder is 0.
3. Which is the remainder if 2x3 + 4x2 – x + 7 is divided by x – 2?
a) 35 b) 36 c) 37 d) 38
4. Is x – 3 a factor of x4 – 3x3 – x +3?
a) false b) true c) uncertain d) invalid
5. Find another factor of x3 – 7x2 + 4x – 28 if x – 7 is a factor.
a) x2 + x +4 b) x2 – 2x – 4 c) x2 – x – 4 d) x2 + 4
6. Determine which of the following binomials is a factor of P(x) = x 3 -7x + 5.
a) x – 1 b) x + 1 c) x + 2 d) none of these
7. Is the first polynomial a factor of the second polynomial, x – 1; x2 + 2x + 5?
a) yes b) no c) uncertain d) invalid
8. Which is the missing factor in the equation x2 – 4 = (x – 2) (_____)?
a) x – 2 b) x+ 2 c) x + 4 d) x – 4
9. Which of the following is a factor of x 3+ 5x2 – x – 5?
a) x + 1 b) x +5 c) x – 5 d) none of these
10. What are the factors of x2 – 2x – 24?
a) (x + 4) (x – 6) b) (x -8) (x + 3) c) (x -12) (x+ 1) d) (x + 12) (x – 12)
11. What is the remainder when x3 – 4x2 + x + 8 is divided by x – 2?
a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 4
12. When P(x) is divided by x – r and is equal to 0, it means _____.
a) x – r is a factor of P(x) c. P(x) is a factor x – r
b) P(x) is a factor of x – r d) x- r is the only factor of P(x)
13. Evaluate the polynomial x3 + x2 + x + 3 at the given value of x = -2
a) 3 b) -3 c) 17 d) -17
14. Which polynomial gives a remainder of zero when divided by 3x – 2?
a) 12x2 + 15x – 18 c) 12x2 + 19x – 18
2
b) 12x + 18x + 7 d) 12x2 + 8x + 7
15. Which of the following is a factor of 2x2 – 5x + 3?
a) x – 3 b) 2x + 3 c) x – 1 d) 3x + 2

Additional Activity

DIRECTION. Perform each given task.

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 10
Phoenix Publishing House, Inc. 1987
Febre, Francisco Jr. . Introduction to Statistics. Quezon City, Philippines.
Centro Escolar University Publishing House. 2005
De Guzman, Santos, R. , De Guzman, T.,Ungriano, A, Yabut, E. Statistic. Manila, Philippines.
REFERENCES
What I Know
1. d 4. c 7. a 10. c 13. b
2. b 5. a 8. b 11. a 14. b
3. b 6. b 9. c 12. b 15. d
What’s More
Exercise 1 Exercise 2
(A) (B)
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1) a = - 3 b = - 10 c=− 4) x – 3 is a factor 1) 8 3) Not
8
2) a = 175 b = 1695 c=7 5) x – 1 is not a factor 2) Not 4) 360
3) a = -30 b = 218 c = -927 6) k = 5 3) 60
What I Can Do
2
(A) 1) Zero 2) Zero 3) Zero (B) x + 2x
Assessment
1. b 4. b 7. b 10. a 13. b
2. d 5. d 8. b 11. b 14. c
3. c 6. d 9. a 12. a 15. c
Additional Activity
Task A Task B Task C
a) 0 a) -128 The remainder and the value of the polynomial at x – r are equal.
b) 0 b) -128
Answer Key
Task C. Compare your answers. What do you observe?
b. Find the remainder when P(x) is divided by (x + 4).
a. Find P(-4).
Task B. Let P(x) = x3 – 64
b. Find the remainder when P(x) is divided by x – 4.
a. Find P(4).
Task A. Let P(x) = x3 – 64
Manansala, T. .Statistics. Manila, Philippines. Jimcy Publishing House. 2007

Mendenhall, W., Beaver, R., Beaver, B. Probability and Statistics. Thomson Learning Asia.
2006

Oronce, O., Mendoza, M. E-Math IV. Quezon City, Philippines. Rex Book Store, Inc. 2010

Young, Cynthia, Precalculus. Florida, USA. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

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