THE DIFFERENT SPEECH STYLES Speech Acts:

1. Frozen Speech act theory broadly explains these utterances:

It is the most formal communicative style that is usually
used during respectful events and ceremonies. It also 1 .Locutionary act :saying something (the locution)
used when one shows hesitation, disinterest or prejudice.
with a certain meaning in traditional sensecomprise
Frozen speech is used generally in a very formal setting,
simply the speech acts that have taken place.Two
does not require any feedback from the audience, most
formal communicative style for respectful situations. types of locutionary act :

EXAMPLE: Pledges, anthems, marriage ceremonies, utterance acts: where something is said (or a sound
laws, etc. is made) and which may not have any meaning ,

2. Intimate example: Oh! -is an utterance (communication is not

For very close relationships like couples, family, and best intended -it is just a sound caused by surprise .)
friends. It is also used for self-addressed questions or
self-talk, etc. Intimate speech is used in conversation
propositional acts: where a particular reference is
between people who are very close and know each other
quite well because they have the maximum of shared made
background information.
Example: ”The black cat ” (something is referenced,
EXAMPLES: Couple talking about their future plans, but no communication may be intended
family sharing ideas, very close friends sharing
secrets, etc. 2.llocutionary acts: are the real actions which are
performed by the utterance, where saying equals
3. Formal doing, as in betting, believe , dare, warning.etc .
Formal speeches are straightforward speeches. In this
speech style, the speaker avoids using slang terminologies,
Example:”I promise to pay you back”-is an
what the speaker says is something that has been
prepared beforehand, its complex sentence and noun illocutionary act (it intends to communicate..)The
phrases are well structured, logically sequenced and illocutionary force is the speaker's intent. A true
strongly coherent. 'speech act .'e.g. informing, ordering, warning,
undertaking.
EXAMPLES: Announcements, SONA, welcome
addresses, etc. 3.Perlocutionary acts: Speech acts that have an
effect on the feelings, thoughts or actions of either
4. Casual
the speaker or the listener. In other words, they
This is an informal communication between groups and
seek to change minds
peers. Casual style is used in conversation between
friends and insiders who have something to share and
have shared background information but don’t have close Example: “Please find the black cat ”-is a directive
relations. perlocutionary act (it seeks to change behaviour).

EXAMPLES: phone calls, everyday conversation with

friends, chats, etc.

5. Consultative
This is used in semi-formal communication, sentences end
to be shorter and spontaneous, the speaker does not
usually plan what he/she wants to say, most operational
among others.

EXAMPLES: regular classroom discussions, doctor-

patient, etc.
 o "Go on with your ideas. I'll let you finish
Types of Communicative Strategy first before I say something."

1. Nomination 
 A speaker carries out nomination to 4. Topic Control
collaboratively and productively establish a  Topic control covers how procedural
topic. Basically, when you employ this formality and informality affects the
strategy, you try to open a topic with the development of topics in conversation. This
people you are talking to. only means that when a topic is initiated, it
 presenting a particular topic clearly, should be collectively developed by
truthfully, and saying only what is relevant avoiding unnecessary interruptions and
topic shifts.
 It is a strategy that can also be applied any
time during the course of an interaction as  keeping the interaction going by asking
a way of continuing the communication. questions and eliciting a response
When this strategy is used, the topic is  This is simply a question-answer formula
introduced in a clear and truthful manner, that moves the discussion forward. This
stating only what is relevant to keep the also allows the Listener or other
interaction focused. participants to take turns, contribute ideas,
Examples: and continue the discussion.
o "Do you have anything to say?" Example:
o "Have you heard the news about the o "One of the essential lessons I gained
prettiest girl in school?" from the discussion is the importance
o "Now, it’s your turn to ask questions." of sports and wellness to a healthy
lifestyle."
o "Does that make sense to you?"
5. Topic Shifting
2. Restriction
 Topic shifting, as the name suggests,
 Restriction in communication refers to any
involves moving from one topic to another.
limitation you may have as a speaker. 
In other words, it is where one part of a
 constraining the response or reaction conversation ends and where begins. 
within a set of categories  introducing a new topic followed by the
 strategy that constrains or restricts the continuation of that topic
Response of the other person involved in  strategy that is useful in introducing
the Communication Situation. The Listener
another topic. This strategy works best
is forced to respond only within a set of
when there is follow-through so that new
categories that is made by the Speaker.
topic continues to be discussed.
Examples:
Examples:
o In your class, you might be asked by
o "By the way, there's a new shop
your teacher to brainstorm on peer
opening at the mall"
pressure.
o “In addition to what you said about the
o When you were asked to deliver a
beautiful girl is that she is also smart."
speech in a specific language. 
6. Repair
3. Turn-Taking
 Repair refers to how speaker address the
 Turn-taking pertains to the process by
problems in speaking, listening, and
which people decide who takes the
comprehending that they may encounter in
conversational floor. There is a code of
a conversation. 
behaviour behind establishing and
 overcoming communication breakdown to
sustaining a productive conversation, but
send more comprehensible messages
the primary idea is to give all
Examples:
communicators a chance to speak.
o "Excuse me, but there are 5 Functions
 recognizing when and how to speak
of Communication not 4."
because it is one’s turn
o "I'm sorry, the word should be
 requires that each Speaker speaks only
pronounced as pretty not priti."
when it is his/ her turn during interaction.
7. Termination
Knowing when to talk depends on watching
out for the verbal and nonverbal cues that  Termination refers to the conversation
signal the next Speaker that the previous participants’ close-initiating expressions
Speaker has finished or the topic under that end a topic in a conversation. 
discussion has been exhausted and a new  using verbal and nonverbal signals to end
topic may be introduced. At the same time, the interaction
it also means that others should be given  ends the interaction through verbal and
the opportunity to take turn. Turn-taking nonverbal Messages that both Speaker
Communicative Strategy uses either an and Listener send to each other.
informal approach (just jump in and start Sometimes the Termination is quick and
talking) or a formal approach (permission short. Sometimes it is prolonged by
to speak is requested). clarification, further questions, or the
Example: continuation of the topic already discussed,
o Can we all listen to the one who talk in but the point of the language and body
front of us?  movement is to end the communication.
o "Excuse me? I think we should speak Examples:
one at a time, so we can clearly o "Best regards to your parents! See you
understand what we want to say about around!
the topic." o “It was nice meeting you. Bye!"
o "That is all for today class, goodbye!"