ORAL COMMUNICATION Q2 L1

Types of Speeches and Speech Styles - the languages used among and
between friends or peers who share
Speech context – described as a situation or common interests are general, jargon,
slang, and colloquial.
environment, circumstances where communication occurs.

3 Types of Speech according to purpose: 4. Formal – uses complete sentences and technical or
academic vocabulary, does not allow omissions and
1. Informative speech – expository contractions.
speech, aims to provide the audience - a one-way speaking to
with information about a topic to medium or large groups. There is little
expand their knowledge. or no feedback from the listeners or
2. Persuasive speech – aims to audience, the speaker needs to plan his
influence the audience to accept the or her utterances. (conferences,
speaker’s position or stand on an issue. inaugurations).
3. Entertainment speech – aims to
amuse the audience and put them in a 5. Consultative – used in semi-formal
pleasant or interesting diversion. communication in a two-way participation. The
sentences tend to be shorter and spontaneous.
When you interact with others, you use a - the most operational
particular speech style. The type of speech style you intend style, the speaker needs to provide
to use depends on the kind on the kind of a social context background information because the
that is, the social situation and the social relationship listener may not able to understand
involved between or among the participants. without it.
- the listener gives
You speak differently and choose words carefully feedback ( I see, uhuh, ah, okay) to
according to whom you are talking to because it is said that, signal that he or she is paying attention.
language choice reveals information about the social
relationship between or among people.
Speech Acts
According to a Dutch linguist, Martin Joos
(1976) as mentioned by Balgos & Sipacio (2016). Speech
Style means the form of language that the speaker uses Speech acts – are speakers’ utterances which convey
which is characterized by the degree of formality. meaning and make listeners do specific things.
5 Types of Speech Style: 3 types of Speech Acts:
1. Intimate – is private and is used by people with a 1. LOCUTIONARY ACT – refers to the actual
very close relationship (husband & wife, parents &
utterance of the speaker.
children, siblings, bf & gf).
Example: when you ask someone, “Can you
- participants share a pass the salt?” – the literal meaning
completely private vocabulary. (know concerns the hearer’s ability to pass the salt.
each other intention, no need for clear
articulation of words).
2 types of Locutionary act:
- uses endearment like,  Utterance Act – where something is said for
“darling, “honey”, “babe”, etc. and a
a sound is made which may not have meaning.
high incidence of nonverbal
communication.
 Propositional Act – here a particular
2. Frozen – the speaker uses language in fixed and reference is made.
static expressions that are rarely or never changed.
2. ILLOCUTIONARY ACT – refers to the
- the most formal style and is intended utterances by the speaker (performance).
reserved for very formal situations
(ceremonies, religious services, state affairs Example: “Can you pass the salt?” – in
and court proceedings). illocution, it is being interpreted by the receiver
that the speaker requested him to pass the salt.
- Preamble to the Constitution,
Lord’s Prayer, Allegiance to country or
flag.
5 categories of Illocutionary:
3. Casual – is conversational in tone and has a free and
easy participation
- interruptions are common and
 Assertive - It is an act in which the speaker
nickname are used. (ain’t, dunno, expresses belief about the truth of a proposition.
gonna, dude, nope) Some examples are suggesting, swearing,
boasting, concluding, and putting forward.
 Example: “No one makes better sandwich than I is used, the topic is introduced in a clear and truthful
do” manner, stating only what is relevant to keep the interaction
focused.
 Directive - It is an act in which the speaker Examples:
tries to make addressee perform an action. "Do you have anything to say?”
Some examples are asking, ordering, requesting, "Now, it's your turn to ask questions."
inviting, advising, and begging. "Does that make sense to you?"

Example: “Would you make me a cup of tea?” 2. RESTRICTION

 Commissive - It is an act which commits the -- Restriction in communication refers to any

limitation you may have as a speaker. Also, this strategy
speaker to doing something in the future. Some
constrains or restricts the Response of the other person.
examples are promising, planning, vowing, and
involved in the Communication Situation. The Listener is
betting.
forced to respond only within a set of categories that is
Example: “I promise to come at eight and cook
made by the Speaker.
a rice for dinner for you”
 Expressive - It is an act in which the speaker Examples:
expresses his/her feelings or emotional reactions. -In your class, you might be asked by your teacher to
Some examples are thanking, apologizing, brainstorm on peer pressure.
welcoming, deploring. -When you were asked to deliver a speech in a specific
Example: “Thank you for your kind offer.” language.
 Declaration - It is an act which brings a
change in the external situation. Some examples 3. TURN-TAKING
of declaration are blessing, firing, baptizing,
bidding, passing a sentence and -- Turn-taking pertains to the process by which people
excommunicating. decide who takes the conversational floor. There is a code
Example: “I bequeath all my property to my of behavior behind establishing and sustaining a productive
beloved fiancée.” conversation, but the primary idea is to give all
communicators a chance to speak.
-- Recognizing when and how to speak because it is
one's turn requires that each speaker speaks only when it is
3. PERLOCUTIONARY ACT - refers to the his/her turn during interaction. Knowing when to talk
actions that result from the locution or what we bring depends on watching out for the verbal and nonverbal cues
about or achieve by saying something such as that signal the next Speaker that the previous Speaker has
convincing, persuading, determining or surprising. finished or the topic under discussion has been exhausted
Example: when you ask someone, “Can you pass and a new topic may be introduced. At the same time, it
the salt?” – if illocutions cause listeners to do also means that others should be given the opportunity to
something, they are perlocutions. take turn.
-- Turn-taking Communicative Strategy uses either an
 NOTE! informal approach (just jump in and start talking) or a
 Acts are also called utterances – thus formal approach (permission to speak is requested).
locutionary act is the same as Example:
locutionary utterances. - Can we all listen to the one who talk in front of us?
 Locutionary Act - What we say…
- "Excuse me? I think we should speak one at a time, so we
 Illocutionary Act - What we mean we
can clearly understand what we want to say about the
say it…
topic.”
 Perlocutionary Act - What we
- "Go on with your ideas. I'll let you finish first before I say
accomplish by saying …
something.’
COMMUNICATIVE STRATEGIES 4. TOPIC CONTROL

Communicative strategies – are techniques on how -- Topic control covers how procedural formality and
to deal with difficulties encountered when informality affects the development of topics in
communicating. conversation. This only means that when a topic is
initiated, it should be collectively developed by avoiding
7 COMMUNICATIVE STRATEGIES unnecessary interruptions and topic shifts.
-- keeping the interaction going by asking questions
and eliciting a response. This is simply a question-answer
1. NOMINATION formula that moves the discussion forward. This also
allows the Listener or other participants to take turns,
– a speaker carries out nomination to collaboratively contribute, ideas, and continue the discussion.
and productively establish a topic. Basically, when you Example:
employ this strategy, you try to open a topic with the - "One of the essential lessons I gained from the discussion
people you are talking to.
is the importance of sports and wellness to a healthy
-- It is presenting a particular topic clearly, truthfully,
lifestyle."
and saying only what is relevant is a strategy that can also
be applied any time during the course of an interaction as a
way of continuing the communication. When this strategy 5. TOPIC SHIFTING
 -- Topic shifting, as the name suggests, involves
moving from one topic to another. In other words, it is
where one part of a conversation ends and where another
begins.
-- It is introducing a new topic followed by the
continuation of that topic.
-- It is also a strategy that is useful in introducing
another topic. This strategy works best when there in
follow-through so that new topic continues to be discussed.
Example:
- "By the way, there's a new shop opening at the mall"
- "In addition to what you said about the beautiful girl is
that she is also smart."

6. REPAIR

-- Repair refers to how speaker address the problems

in speaking, listening, and comprehending that they may
encounter in a conversation.
-- It is overcoming communication breakdown to send
more comprehensible messages.
Example:
- "Excuse me, but there are 5 Functions of Communication
not 4.”
- "I’m sorry, the word should be pronounced as pretty not
priti."

7. TERMINATION

-- Termination refers to the conversation of

participant’s close-initiating expressions that end a
topic in a conversation.
-- It uses verbal and nonverbal signals to end the
interaction.
-- It ends the interaction through verbal and nonverbal
Messages that both Speaker and Listener send to each
other. Sometimes the Termination is quick and short.
Sometimes it is prolonged by clarification, further
questions, or the continuation of the topic already
discussed, but the point of the language and body
movement is to end the communication.
Example:
- "Best regards to your parents! See you around!”
- "It was nice meeting you. Bye!"
- “That is all for today class, goodbye!”