Occ 2ND Quarter Reviewer
Occ 2ND Quarter Reviewer
Occ 2ND Quarter Reviewer
Intrapersonal- This refers to a type of communication that is focused on one person, where the
speaker acts both as the sender and as the receiver of the message. The message is made up of
thoughts and feelings while the brain that processes what you think and feel. (Hybels &
weaver,2012, p 16)
Interpersonal- This refers to the type of communication that takes place between and among
people and creates a personal relationship between and among them. Normally, it includes two
individuals, and it can vary from casual and very personal to formal and impersonal.
Public- This type refers to a communication that enables you to send or deliver a message
before a crowd. The message can be transmitted for informative or persuasive purposes. “In
public communication, unlike interpersonal and small groups, the channels are more
exaggerated. The voice is louder and the gestures are more expansive because the audience is
larger” (Hybels & Weaver, 2012, p 19).
Mass Communication- This refers to communication through television, radio, newspapers,
magazines, books, billboard, the internet, and other types of media.
TYPES OF SPEECHES
THERE TWO MAJOR TYPES OF SPEECHES: ACCORDING TO PURPOSE AND ACCORDING TO DELIVERY
Speech Style
The way we communicate varies depending on a lot of factors such as the speech context, speech
purpose, and speech delivery. The form language that the speaker uses which characterized by the
degree of formality is known as speech style (Martin Joos, 1976:156)
Intimate
Casual
Is an informal communication between groups and peers who have something to share and
have shared background information but do not have close relations.
Jargons, slang, and vernacular language are used.
Consultative
Formal
Frozen
Is the most formal communicative style that is usually used during solemn ceremonies and
events.
It does not require any feedback from audience.
SPEECH ACT
Speech acts are performed when a person offers an apology, greeting, request, complaints, invitation,
compliment, or refusal. Speech act is an act of communication.
Locutionary act- Is the act of uttering or saying something. This act happens with the utterance of a
sound, a word or even a phrase as a natural unit of speech.
Illocutionary act- is the social function of what is said. In an illocutionary speech act, it is not saying
something itself but with act saying something with the intention of:
This speech act uses the illocutionary force of a statement, a confirmation, a denial, a prediction, a
promise, a request, etc.
Perlocutionary act- refers to the consequent effect of what was said. This is based on the particular
context in which the speech act was mentioned. This is seen when a particular effect is sought form
either the speaker or the listener, or both. This response may not necessarily be physical or verbal and is
elicited by:
1. inspiring or insulting
2. Persuading/convincing; or
3. Deterring/scaring
“It is crucial that we give all our collective efforts to fight against this pandemic. We must start working
together.” (Persuading)
“Smoking destroys your health, certain as it brings diseases, it kills- you, your loved ones, and others!”
(deterring)
Assertive - a type of Illocutionary act in which the speaker expresses belief about the truth of a
proposition. Some examples of an assertive act are suggesting, putting forward, swearing, boasting and
concluding.
Directive- a type of Illocutionary act in which the speaker tries to make the addressee perform an
action. Some examples of a directive act are asking, ordering, requesting, inviting, advising, and begging.
Ex. From this moment on, I will love you and honor you for the rest of my life.
Expressive - a type of Illocutionary act in which the speaker expresses his/her feelings or emotional
reactions. Some examples of an expressive act are thanking, apologizing, welcoming and deploring.
Ex. Thank heavens, you came to save me! I owe you my life.
Declaration- a type of Illocutionary act which brings a change in the external situation. Simply put,
declarations bring into existence or cause the state of affairs which they refer to. Some examples of
declarations are blessing, firing, baptizing, bidding, passing a sentence, and excommunicating.
By saying that someone is hired, an employee causes or brings about the person’s acceptance to job;
consequently, this changes his external situation.
Cohen (1990) states that strategies must be used to start and maintain a conversation. Knowing and
applying grammar appropriately is one of the most basic strategies to maintain a conversation. These
are the strategies that people use:
Nomination- employed when you try to open a topic with the people you are talking to. You may start
off with news inquiries and news announcements as they promise extended talk. This could signal the
beginning of a new topic in the conversation.
Restriction-refers to any limitation you may have as a speaker. You are given specific instruction that
you must follow. These instructions confine you as a speaker and limit what you can say.
Turn-taking- pertains to the process by which people decide who takes the conversation floor. There is a
code of behavior behind establishing and sustaining a productive conversation, but the primary idea is
to give all communicators a chance to speak.
Topic control- covers how procedural formality or informality affects the development of topic in
conversations. This is achieved cooperatively. When a topic is initiated, it should be collectively
developed by avoiding unnecessary interruptions and topic shifts. You can say “yes,” “okay”, “go on”, or
asking tag questions to be actively involved without dominating.
Topic shifting- involves moving from one topic to another. You have to be very intuitive. Make sure that
the previous topic was nurtured enough to generate adequate views. You may say “by the way,” “in
addition to what you said,” “which reminds me of,” and like that.
Repair- refers to how speakers address the problem in speaking, listening and comprehending that they
may encounter in a conversation. For example, if everybody in the conversation seems to talk at the
same time, give way and appreciate other’s initiative to set the conversation back to its topic.
Termination- refers to the conversation participants’ close-initiating expressions that end a topic in a
conversation. Most of the time, the one who initiated the conversation takes responsibility to signal the
concluding cues. You can do this by sharing what you learned or complete the discussion of the topic.
1. Audience analysis- means looking into the profile of your target audience. You need to do this
so that your speech will fit or match your audience. Profile includes:
Demography- age range, male-female ration, educational background, nationality, economic
status, and others.
Situation- time, venue, occasion, size
Psychology- values, beliefs, attitudes, preferences, cultural and racial ideologies and needs
2. Determining the purpose- is finding out whether you want to inform, entertain, or persuade.
3. Selecting the topic and narrowing it- are also important. Your topic is your focal point. You need
to make it more specific.
4. Data gathering- is the part where you collect information from sources about your topic. You
can research books or surf the internet. Be sure to site your sources.
5. Selecting a writing pattern- will help you to organize your ideas. You can choose from the
following
Biographical- presents descriptions of life of a person
Categorical/topical- presents related categories to support the topic
Causal- presents cause and effect relationship
Chronological- presents ideas in time order
Comparison-contrast- compares and contrast two or three ideas
Problem-solution- presents problem and solutions
6. Making an outline- or a hierarchical list of ideas can help you arrange your thoughts to make it
easy for you to write your speech in an organized way.
7. Creating the body- involves writing explanations, examples and details about the topic you have
chosen. Be sure to focus on the main idea.
8. Your introduction- must catch the attention of your audience and present the subject or topic of
your speech
9. The conclusion- restates the main point of your speech. You can summarize, emphasize your
point and call for action. Your goal is to leave memorable mark to your audience.
10. Editing and revising- is correcting your speech for mechanics such as grammar, punctuation,
spelling, organization and the like. When you edit, be sure to:
Edit for focus- check if it focuses on the main topic
Edit for clarity- make sure your words are clear and easy to understand
Edit for conclusion- keep it simple and easy
Edit for continuity- ideas should flow smoothly
Edit for variety- shift in tone and style
Edit for impact and beauty- make it memorable
11. Practice makes perfect. When you practice you look at the time and how you deliver your
speech. This helps you see yourself and find out how you can improve.
WRITTEN TO BE SPOKEN
1. Use conversational style more often. Audience do not like the speaker to sound unnatural or
exaggerated.
2. Rapport with audience. Look at your audience in the eye so they will feel that they are part of
your speech. This will also keep their attention and you will know who are paying attention. Use
pauses when you emphasize the most important words, phrases or sentences. Your pauses
should not last for three seconds.
3. Modulation. Remember to adjust your volume to the size of the audience and venue. Modulate
your voice but do not shout or yell. Vary your speed or rate to avoid monotone pattern. This will
avoid boredom.
4. Articulation. Pronounce and enunciate words correctly. You might confuse your audience if you
mispronounce a word.
5. Stage presence. Start your speech by standing straight and balancing your weight. This will give
a positive first impression.
6. Gestures and movements. Use precise movements. Move your arms with purpose. Avoid
distracting mannerisms like swaying back and forth, leaning on the podium, licking or biting your
lips, playing with your wristwatch or jewelry, scratching parts of your body, frowning and others.
7. Facial expressions. Avoid having a poker face or highly animated face. Just smile unless you are
talking about a sad subject. Your expression must match your message conveys.
8. Dress properly and appropriately
9. Breathe in and out to relax before your speech
10. Have fun!