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Module II - Lecture Notes 1 - Isentropic Flow - Area Variation With Mach Number

1) The proper shape of a nozzle depends on the desired flow velocity relative to the sonic velocity. To accelerate flow to supersonic velocities, a converging-diverging nozzle must be used. 2) For sonic flow where the Mach number is 1, the rate of change of area is 0 and the area is at a minimum, called the throat. 3) For compressible isentropic flow in a streamtube of varying area, the continuity, isentropic, energy, and ideal gas equations must be used to relate variables like pressure, temperature, density and velocity at different points.

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Sakthivel Munirajan
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174 views

Module II - Lecture Notes 1 - Isentropic Flow - Area Variation With Mach Number

1) The proper shape of a nozzle depends on the desired flow velocity relative to the sonic velocity. To accelerate flow to supersonic velocities, a converging-diverging nozzle must be used. 2) For sonic flow where the Mach number is 1, the rate of change of area is 0 and the area is at a minimum, called the throat. 3) For compressible isentropic flow in a streamtube of varying area, the continuity, isentropic, energy, and ideal gas equations must be used to relate variables like pressure, temperature, density and velocity at different points.

Uploaded by

Sakthivel Munirajan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Isentropic Flow through Variable area of Cross section

Area Variation with Mach Number

Consider compressible fluid flow through a variable area of cross section:


Continuity equation
ρAC=constant
lnρ+lnA+lnC=ln  constant 
dρ dA dC
+ + =0 ----------- 1
ρ A C
Bernoulli's equation
P 1 2 1
+ C =constant; P = -ρ C2
ρ 2 2
Differentiate
dp
dp=-ρCdC; ρ= - ------ 2 put in Eqn. 1
CdC
dρCdC dA dC dP
- + + =0 as a =
dp A C dρ
CdC dA dC dA CdC dC
- 2 + + =0 ; = 2 -
a A C A a C
2
dA C dC dC
= 2 -
A aC C
dA dC
=  M 2 -1
A C
dA dC
Area- Velocity relation =  M 2 -1
A C
•IF Flow is Subsonic  M < 1
dA dC
A rea- Velocity relation
–For C to increase (dC positive =  M 2
-1
A ) area must
 C decrease (dA negative)
This equation
IF Flow governs M
is Supersonic 1 of a nozzle or a diffuser
the>shape
in C
–For subsonic or superson
to increase ic isentropic
(dC positive ) area fl ow. increase (dA positive)
must
 M M<1,
= 1 –M = 1 M -1 becomes-ve
2
For subsonic
IF Flow is Sonicflow then occurs at a minimum area of
cross dA dC area is called a throat (dA/A = 0)
thersection
efore Minimum
=-
A C
hence area of cross section inversly proportional to velocity
For subsonic flow (M<1), if area decreases velocity increases
the shape of the passage will be convergent and acts as Nozzle
If area increases then velocity will decrease
1
the shape of the passage will be Divergent and acts as Diffuser
2
The proper shape of a nozzle depends on the highest velocity desired relative
to the sonic velocity.
To accelerate a fluid, we must use a converging nozzle at subsonic velocities
and a diverging nozzle at supersonic velocities.
To accelerate a fluid to supersonic velocities, we must use a converging–
diverging nozzle.
Supersonic velocities can not be obtained
by attaching a converging section only to
a converging nozzle.
In Convergent passage if inlet is
subsonic, then the flow will be
accelerated but maximum velocity will be
equal to sonic velocity i.e M = 1. For
further velocity increases i.e M >1it is
possible only area cross section should
increase i.e divergent passage.
Therefore to accelerate a fluid to supersonic velocities, we must use a
converging–diverging nozzle.

dA dC
Area- Velocity relation =  M 2 -1
A C
For sonic flow M =1 then dA = 0 at M=1 3 Area cross section is constant
That point is called Throat where area of cross section is minimum
At throat the flow becomes critical M= 1 the properties are critical properties
A*, T*, P*, C* = a* , ρ*

For Incompressible flow of fluid along a streamline or in a stream tube of


varying area
A1C1 =A 2C2 continuity eqn.
• Most important variables: p and C
1 1
• T and ρ are constants throughout p1 + ρC12 =p 2 + ρC22 Bernoulli's equation
2 2
flow
For Compressible, isentropic (adiabatic and frictionless) flow along a
streamline or in a stream tube of varying area
• T, p, ρ, and C are all variables
ρ1A1C1 =ρ 2 A 2C2 continuity eqn.
γ γ
p1  ρ1   T1   γ-1
=  =  isentropic eqn.
p2  ρ 2   T2 
1 1
c p T1 + C12 =c p T2 + C 22 energy eqn.
2 2
p1 =ρ1RT1
p 2 =ρ 2 RT2 ideal gas eqn.

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