Lecture24 PDF

Lecture 24
NPTEL Course
GROUND IMPROVEMENT
USING GEOSYNTHETICS
Prof. G L Sivakumar Babu

Department of Civil Engineering
Indian Institute of Science
Bangalore 560012
Email: gls@civil.iisc.ernet.in
Types, Functions and Applications
Geosynthetics Terms
Geosynthetics
Permeable Nonpermeable
Geotextiles Geogrids Compo Geomembranes

sites waterproofing sheets
woven woven Elasto
nonwoven knitted all Thermo Geo
meric
knitted extruded+ combi plastic clay
Bitumi
stretched nations liner
nous
welded
Polymers
Density Melting Strain@uts creep

(g/cm3) (o C) (%)
Polyolefines .90 to .95 110 to 170 >100 high

PE,PP
Polyester 1.38 >240 10 to 15 low

PET
Functions of Geosynthetics
 Filtration  Allow the passage of

fluids preventing the
migration of soil
particles(geotextiles,
geocomposites)
 Drainage  Transport of fluids
geonets,
geocomposites
 Separation  Prevent the mixing of two

different soils or materials
using geotextiles,
geocomposites
 Protection  Avoid damages to a
structure, a material or
another geosynthetic using
nonwoven geotextiles,
geonets, geocomposites
 Impermeabilization  Fluid barrier using

Geomembranes,
geocomposites
 Reinforcement of  Provide tensile forces
walls/steep slopes in the soil using
geogrids,
and geotextiles
 Reinforcement of  Increase the bearing

soft soil capacity using
bidirectional geogrids,
geotextiles,
geocomposites
 Reinforcement of  Provide tensile and

concrete, asphalt fatique resistance
bidirectional geogrids
 Erosion control  Avoid the detachment and

or surfacial transport of soil particles by
stabilisation rain, runoff and wind; root
anchorage using geomats,
geocells, biomats, bionets
 Confinement  Restrain the lateral

movement of a soil mass
geocells
Separation Filtration Reinforcement
Protection Waterproofing Drainage
Erosioncontrol
Application of Geosynthetics
Resevoirs, dams Liquid waste Solid waste Canals
Roads Railroads Retaining walls Erosionprotection
Tunnels Drainage systems

Retaining Walls, Slopes
Slope can be reinstated by reusing
the same landslide soil
Railway Embankment
B - Original embankment profile

R - Cutting profile
S - Saving of right of way
U - Fill soil saving, Z - New railway lane
Highway Embankments
.
Reinforced Pavements
Separation
Separation + Reinforcement
Reinforcement
8m
9.5m
Reinforcement
Reinforcement
Reinforcement
Texsol
Reinforcement
Lining and Drainage
Capping of an
Drain
composite
old wastedump
GCL
Erosion Control
Hydraulic Engineering Applications
 Waterproofing of Dams
 Waterproofing of Canals
 Reservoir Liners/Floating Covers
 Tunnel Waterproofing & Rehabilitation
 Pipe Rehabilitation & Remediation
Waterproofing of Dams
 masonry, concrete, earth and RCC dams

 GM is not a structural element, its
waterproofing
 many dams over 50-years old often have
leakage; sometimes excessive leakage
 methods are under rapid development
mainly in European Alps and in China
(Lining a
Concrete Dam)
(Concrete Dam Leaking!)
(Completed Concrete Dam Lining) (Lined Earth Dam: Before Rip-Rap)

Waterproofing of Canals
 conveyance of all liquids; however, water is the

most common
 distances and quantities vary greatly
 fundamental issue is leakage (i.e., how much, if
any, is allowable)
 some type of liner (GM or GCL) is necessary
 many federal agencies involved (BuRec, COE,
DOA and NRCA)
(Lining a Canal: Before Soil Covering) (GCL Lining of a Canal)
(GM Canal 18 years after GM Lined) (Lining a “Live” Canal)

Reservoir Liners/Floating Covers
 GM pond liners date back to 1930’s
 used to contain all types of liquids
 potable water  process waste waters
 architectural ponds  sewage sludge
 shutdown water  industrial sludge
 gray water  agricultural wastes
 industrial waters  hazardous liquids*
*EPA estimates 206,000 in USA alone!
Common Characteristics
 generally shallow liquid depths

 typically 2 to 7 m
 side slopes from 4(H)-to-1(V) to 1(H)-to-
1(V), i.e.,  = 14 to 45
 both exposed and covered
 exposed – GM durability issue
 covered – soil stability issue
(Lined Potable Water Reservoir) (Floating GM Cover)
(Huge GM Bag Transporting Potable Water)

(Another Floating GM Cover)
New Tunnel Waterproofing
 many old tunnels without GMs are leaking
 white staining on surface is the “tell-tale”
 key is to use a GT and GM behind the permanent
concrete surfacing
 in turn, this requires a GP drainage system
Tunnel Rehabilitation
 concern is over excessive leakage
 leakage can lead to instability
 tunnels are essentially accessible pipes
 obviously, they are usually more critical
 water tunnels are the general target
SAN FIORANO, Italy
SPALOV TUNNEL, Czech Republic

Pipe Rehabilitation and Remediation
 focuses on old lifeline systems
 transmission lines (water, gas, oil)
 drainage (conduits, canals)
 sewers (sanitary and storm) … see photos
Methods of Pipe Rehabilitation
 Coatings
 Slip Liners (Pipe-within-Pipe)
 Cured-in-Place Pipe
 Fold-and-Formed Pipe
 In-Situ Liners
(Epoxy Coated Pipe) (Pipe-within-Pipe)

FIBRES / TAPES
PP-Fibre Production
PP-Tape Production
PP-Tapes
PP-Film
WOVEN FABRIC
Weaving Machine
PET Multifilament Woven Fabric
PE/PET Woven Fabric
PE PET
PP-Tape Woven Fabric
PP-Tape Woven Fabric
Monofil (wire) Woven Fabric
Fixing
material
GEOGRIDS
Coated PET-Geogrid
Ca 25 mm
Welded PET-Geogrids
Laserwelded
X-welded
Punched Holes in a PE-liner
33mm
Uniaxial Stretched PE-Geogrid
163mm
Biaxial Stretched PP-Geogrid
Knitted Structure
Nonwoven Production
 Fibre composition
 Forming a fleece of oriented fibres
 Multiple layers of fleece for desired

mua
 Bonding mechanically or thermally

Bales of Staplefibres
Staple Fibre Nonwoven
Orientation
of Fibres
Nonwoven Fleece of oriented fibres
Nonwoven Fleece of oriented fibres
Nonwoven Conveyor Crosslaying a Fleece
Needling device
5mm
Nonwoven Needle Punched
Nonwoven Heat Bonded
Nonwoven Heat Bonded
EXTRUDED MATS
Random Wire Draincore
Random Wire Draincore
Characteristic Properties
 Mechanical short/longterm
 Hydraulic short/longterm
 Durability
 Damage during installation

Force/Strain Geosynthetics
25
f
20
o
Kraft in kN
15
r
c 10
e 5
strain
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Dehnung in %
PES-Gitter x PE-Gitter x PES-Gitter r PVA-Gitter w PES-w
PP-Bändchen w PES-Gitter w Aramid-Gitter r PES-Gitter T
Force/Strain up to 60 % UTS
UTS = 100 %
70
60
50
Kraft in %
40
30
20
10
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Dehnung in %
PES-w PES-Gitter x PE-Gitter x PP_Bändchen w PVA-Gitter w
PES-Gitter w PES-Gitter r Aramid-Gitter r PES-Gitter T
Concluding Remarks
 Organizations
 Publications
 Current Status
 Summary
Web Sites of Geosynthetic Organizations
 Geosynthetic Institute (GSI)

<http://www.geosynthetic-institute.org>
 International Geosynthetics Society (IGS)
<http://www.igs.rmc.ca>
 Geosynthetics Materials Association (GMA)
<http://www.gmanow.com>
 International Standards Organization (ISO)
<http://www.iso.ch/iso/en/ISOOnline.frontpage>
 ASTM International
<http://www.astm.org>
Publications
 Journal of Geotextiles and Geomembranes - Prof. R. K.

Rowe, Editor <www.sciencedirect.com>
 Geosynthetics International Journal - Dr. Bathurst,
Editor http://www.icevirtuallibrary.com
 GFR Magazine -<www.ifai.com>
 Designing With Geosynthetics - Prof. R. M. Koerner,
Author <www.geosynthetic-institute.org>
Comments on Current Status
Transportation & Geotechnical Applications
 most mature of application areas
 focuses on GTs, GGs and GCs
 moving toward generic specifications
Geoenvironmental Applications
 regulatory driven
 all GSs are involved with specs
 field performance is excellent
Hydraulic Engineering Applications
 lagging behind other applications
 focuses on GMs and GCLs
 tremendous opportunities available
Private Development Applications
 tremendous variety of applications
 all GSs are involved
 innovation and cost/benefit driven
Summary
 Geosynthetics are bona fide engineering
materials and must be treated as such
 Test methods and designs are available –
challenge them accordingly
 Basic advantage of geosynthetics is quality
control of factory manufactured products
 Products must be accompanied by rigorous
CQC/CQA
 Field performance has been excellent
 Geosynthetics potential is awesome!
THANK YOU

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Lecture 24

Prof. G L Sivakumar Babu

Geotextiles Geogrids Compo Geomembranes

Density Melting Strain@uts creep

Polyolefines .90 to .95 110 to 170 >100 high

Polyester 1.38 >240 10 to 15 low

 Filtration  Allow the passage of

 Separation  Prevent the mixing of two

 Impermeabilization  Fluid barrier using

 Reinforcement of  Increase the bearing

 Reinforcement of  Provide tensile and

 Erosion control  Avoid the detachment and

 Confinement  Restrain the lateral

Separation Filtration Reinforcement

Protection Waterproofing Drainage

Resevoirs, dams Liquid waste Solid waste Canals

Roads Railroads Retaining walls Erosionprotection

Tunnels Drainage systems

B - Original embankment profile

 masonry, concrete, earth and RCC dams

(Concrete Dam Leaking!)

(Completed Concrete Dam Lining) (Lined Earth Dam: Before Rip-Rap)

 conveyance of all liquids; however, water is the

(GM Canal 18 years after GM Lined) (Lining a “Live” Canal)

 generally shallow liquid depths

(Huge GM Bag Transporting Potable Water)

SAN FIORANO, Italy

SPALOV TUNNEL, Czech Republic

(Epoxy Coated Pipe) (Pipe-within-Pipe)

 Forming a fleece of oriented fibres

 Multiple layers of fleece for desired

 Bonding mechanically or thermally

 Damage during installation

 Geosynthetic Institute (GSI)

 Journal of Geotextiles and Geomembranes - Prof. R. K.

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