Navigate c1 Unit Wordlist PDF

Name
C1 Wordlist Unit 1
Here is a list of useful or new words from Unit 1 of Navigate C1 Coursebook. You can insert your own translation.
Words marked with a key ( ) all appear in the Oxford 3000.
adj = adjective conj = conjunction phr v = phrasal verb phr = phrase pron = pronoun
adv = adverb n = noun pl = plural prep = preposition v = verb
conventional adj /kənˈvenʃənl/ Conventional exercise routines, such as jogging and cycling,
are still very popular.
devise v /dɪˈvaɪz/ Psychologist Kurt Lewin devised a three-step model for the
effective management of change.
dispute v /dɪˈspjuːt/ Some recent research would appear to dispute these claims.
eligible adj /ˈelɪdʒəbl/ At what age are you eligible to vote in your country?
expertise n /ˌekspɜːˈtiːz/ Anyone who wants to implement change must first ensure
that their knowledge and expertise is recognized.
expressway n /ɪkˈspresweɪ/ They always seem to be building a new expressway or
widening an existing one.
facilitate v /fəˈsɪlɪteɪt/ In Germany, change can be facilitated by formal written
communication.
fad n /fæd/ The new fad is for High-Intensity Interval Training.
fairy-tale adj /ˈfeəri ˌteɪl/ A solitary green ogre finds his life is interrupted by various
fairy-tale characters.
feisty adj /ˈfaɪsti/ The feisty heroine is a schoolgirl who becomes a zombie.
formal adj /ˈfɔːml/ Everyone is dressed in formal clothes, and you’re in jeans and
a T-shirt.
formally adv /ˈfɔːməli/ Communication of change should also be done formally,
through written documents.
fuss n /fʌs/ I never make a fuss in restaurants, even if they bring me the
wrong food.
heroine n /ˈherəʊɪn/ The heroine is an ordinary school teacher who has special
powers.
implement v /ˈɪmplɪmənt/ Those wishing to implement change in Anglo-Saxon countries
need to highlight benefits to the team.
impose (on) v /ɪmˈpəʊz ˌɒn/ It’s best to agree change with your team, rather than impose it
on them.
in the region of phr /ɪn ðə ˈriːdʒən ɒv/ They‘re planning to build somewhere in the region of seven
more metro lines.
infinitely adv /ˈɪnfɪnətli/ We now expect everything to be available infinitely more
quickly than in the past.
intense adj /ɪnˈtens/ It’s thought that intense physical activity is better for you than
gentler exercise.
intensity n /ɪnˈtensəti/ Low-intensity exercise is less effective at burning fat than high-
intensity exercise.
level (off) v /ˌlevl ˈɒf/ The unemployment rate has levelled off over the last couple of
years.
maintain v /meɪnˈteɪn/ They also maintain that it makes you burn more calories during
the day.
make your day phr /ˌmeɪk jɔː(r) ˈdeɪ/ It made my day when my colleague complimented me on my
presentation.
metabolism n /məˈtæbəlɪzəm/ They maintain that it speeds up metabolism.
metamorphosis n /ˌmetəˈmɔːfəsɪs/ There are various reasons why the idea of metamorphosis is
so important in art and culture.
Photocopiable © Oxford University Press 2016 1

Name
C1 Wordlist Unit 1
migration n /maɪˈɡreɪʃn/ Bamako, the capital of Mali, has grown due to rural migration.
model n /ˈmɒdl/ The Scandinavian model is often thought of as the best
example of education and public services.
moderate adj /ˈmɒdərət/ The results suggest that moderate exercise may improve
memory.
moody adj /ˈmuːdi/ If we bring a moody attitude, we’ll probably have a depressing
day.
motivation n /ˌməʊtɪˈveɪʃn/ She was able to make a significant change to the motivation of
her team.
mutation n /mjuːˈteɪʃn/ Mutation – such as frogs becoming princes – is a common
theme in children’s stories.
nerdy adj /ˈnɜːdi/ The hero is a nerdy office worker who turns into a spider at the
first sign of danger.
nostalgia n /nɒˈstældʒə/ Change in modern life is being accompanied more and more
by a sense of nostalgia.
nutritious adj /njuˈtrɪʃəs/ Fast food can be every bit as nutritious as other food.
obesity n /əʊˈbiːsəti/ Obesity is a growing problem in most western societies.
on the increase phr /ˌɒn ðə ˈɪnkriːs/ Tourism is on the increase in Beihai in the Guangxi region of
China.
overtake v /ˌəʊvəˈteɪk/ Ghaziabad in India could overtake Surat in terms of growth
rate in the next ten years.
overview n /ˈəʊvəvjuː/ In some countries, people believe that the person at the top of
the company has a good overview.
overwhelm v /ˌəʊvəˈwelm/ Many film-makers have seen our worries about rapid changes
overwhelming us.
pick up on phr v /ˌpɪk ˈʌp ɒn/ If a team picks up on their manager’s anxiety, it may become
nervous in turn.
pleasurable adj /ˈpleʒərəbl/ A long, pleasurable walk in the country may not be as
beneficial as we once thought.
plummet v /ˈplʌmɪt/ The number of new houses built in the city has plummeted in
recent years.
prestigious adj /preˈstɪdʒəs/ Many prestigious works of art have concerned heroes who
changed into somebody else.
protagonist n /prəˈtæɡənɪst/ The protagonist is a young boy who is brought up by his elder
sister and her husband.
rate n /reɪt/ Big cities like Delhi and Mumbai are growing at a much slower
rate.
resist v /rɪˈzɪst/ If change isn’t handled well, people will always resist it.
resistant adj /rɪˈzɪstənt/ If managers fail to take these factors into account, they may
find workers are highly resistant to change.
revolutionize v /ˌrevəˈluːʃənaɪz/ The workers revolutionized their business through four simple
principles.
scenario n /səˈnɑːriəʊ/ Many film-makers create scenarios which reflect changes in
our society.
short and sharp phr /ˌʃɔːt ænd ˈʃɑːp/ Get on that rowing machine and keep it short and sharp!
skinny adj /ˈskɪni/ He was really skinny after a month of trekking in the jungle.
soar v /sɔː(r)/ Unemployment in the city soared after the car factory was
closed.
stabilize v /ˈsteɪbəlaɪz/ Global population growth is showing no signs of stabilizing.
symptomatic adj /ˌsɪmptəˈmætɪk/ It could be claimed that these tales are symptomatic of our age.

Name
C1 Wordlist Unit 1
threaten v /ˈθretn/ Many people feel threatened by change.

time and again phr /ˌtaɪm ænd əˈɡeɪn/ I have to tell myself time and again not to forget my work pass.
time flies phr /ˌtaɪm ˈflaɪz/ They say that time flies when you’re having fun.
time management n /ˌtaɪm ˈmænɪdʒmənt/ Effective time management is the key to a stress-free life.
time really drags phr /taɪm ˈrɪəli dræɡz/ Time really drags when you’re bored at work.
transformation n /ˌtrænsfəˈmeɪʃn/ One of the most famous transformation stories, Dr Jekyll and
Mr Hyde, was published in 1886.
treble v /ˈtrebl/ The number of students at our school trebled after two local
schools were closed down.
uncontrollably adv /ˌʌnkənˈtrəʊləbli/ Two old people were laughing uncontrollably.
up to speed adj /ˌʌp tə ˈspiːd/ Are you up to speed with all the latest developments in new
technology?
versus adv /ˈvɜːsəs/ The importance of the individual versus the group varies in
different cultures.
waterfront n /ˈwɔːtəfrʌnt/ I absolutely love what’s happened in the waterfront area.
witch n /wɪtʃ/ This story involves a princess transforming into a witch.
with hindsight phr /wɪð ˈhaɪndsaɪt/ With hindsight, I shouldn’t have trusted him.
zombie n /ˈzɒmbi/ Zombie films are classic examples of transformation stories.

Name
C1 Wordlist Unit 2
accomplish v /əˈkʌmplɪʃ/ How does it accomplish this amazing feat?

action point n /ˈækʃn ˌpɔɪnt/ I always highlight the action points on the agenda.
agenda n /əˈdʒendə/ Agendas are used at meetings in Spain, but they are often
abandoned.
cacophony n /kəˈkɒfəni/ Whether you are at work or in the home, you are surrounded
by a cacophony of sounds.
catastrophic adj /ˌkætəˈstrɒfɪk/ The consequences of losing his job were catastrophic for him.
catch sight v /kætʃ ˈsaɪt/ As we went round the corner, I caught sight of him in the
distance.
catching up n /ˈkætʃɪŋ ʌp/ I really had a lot of catching up to do for my exams.
chatter n /ˈtʃætə(r)/ You can hear the chatter of people engaging in conversation.
colony n /ˈkɒləni/ Vast colonies of millions of monarch butterflies form to
hibernate.
come up with phr v /kʌm ˈʌp wɪð/ How did you come up with this idea?
compass n /ˈkʌmpəs/ You decide you want to walk due south without a compass.
Could you do it?
contestant n /kənˈtestənt/ Now on to our final contestant in this first round, Lucy.
coping strategy phr /ˈkəʊpɪŋ ˌstrætədʒi/ Coping strategies are essential to help people get through life-
changing scenarios.
critically important adv /ˈkrɪtɪkli Humans have a critically important advantage, which is that
ɪmˈpɔːtnt/ we can run for long distances.
cut out phr v /ˈkʌt aʊt/ When we’re at a party, we can cut out music or other
background noise.
encounter difficulties phr /ɪnˈkaʊntə(r) Understandably, numerous difficulties were encountered
ˈdɪfɪkəltiz/ during its construction.
encounter problems phr /ɪnˈkaʊntə(r) I encountered a lot of problems when I started my new job.
ˈprɒbləmz/
engage in conversation phr /ɪnˈɡeɪdʒ Everyone was already engaged in conversation when I arrived
ɪn ˌkɒnvəˈseɪʃn/ at the party.
enhance v /ɪnˈhɑːns/ The eventual aim is to design better products that will improve
and enhance communication.
entail an effort phr /ɪnˈteɪl æn ˈefət/ The construction of the ancient city of Teotihuacan in Mexico
entailed a massive physical effort.
entail difficulties phr /ɪnˈteɪl ˈdɪfɪkəltiz/ Building the cathedral in the 14th century entailed a lot of
difficulties.
eventual adj /ɪˈventʃuəl/ Our eventual aim is to design better products.
exceedingly impressive adv /ɪkˈsiːdɪŋli The nest is an exceedingly impressive piece of work.
ɪmˈpresɪv/
exponentially adv /ˌekspəˈnenʃəli/ This website offers advice if you want to grow your business
exponentially.
feat n /fiːt/ One of the most amazing feats of the human brain is that of
hearing and listening.
fiddle v /ˈfɪdl/ Eric, could you stop fiddling with your phone, please?
hibernate v /ˈhaɪbəneɪt/ How do they know that these trees are the right ones to
hibernate in?

Name
C1 Wordlist Unit 2
highly sophisticated adv /ˈhaɪli The termite’s nest involves highly sophisticated systems.
səˈfɪstɪkeɪtɪd/
hopelessly adv /ˈhəʊpləsli/ Humans are hopelessly slow at running and swimming.
house v /haʊs/ The termite’s nest has a special room that houses the queen.
huddle v /ˈhʌdl/ Millions of monarch butterflies huddle together for warmth
when they hibernate.
incentive n /ɪnˈsentɪv/ I was determined to get into university, so I suppose that gave
me the incentive.
inefficient adj /ˌɪnɪˈfɪʃnt/ Transporting goods was extremely inefficient until the
invention of the wheel.
intriguing adj /ɪnˈtriːɡɪŋ/ Last night’s nature programme included an intriguing sequence
about killer whales.
just around the corner phr /dʒʌst əˈraʊnd I suddenly realized that exams were just around the corner.
ðə ˈkɔːnə(r)/
launch v /lɔːntʃ/ No rocket is powerful enough to launch the completed space
station in one go.
line up phr v /laɪn ˈʌp/ Here is a brief introduction to the talks we have lined up for
you this weekend.
matter n /ˈmætə(r)/ Nanotechnology is the engineering of matter at the level of
molecules.
mechanism n /ˈmekənɪzəm/ There are many animals who have much superior hearing
mechanisms to humans.
nest n /nest/ A termite’s nest is utterly astonishing.
not least phr /nɒt liːst/ There are many advantages to living by the sea. Not least, the
fantastic fresh fish in the shops.
numerous adj /ˈnjuːmərəs/ Karapetyan received numerous awards for his underwater
rescue.
obstacle n /ˈɒbstəkl/ The Rockford Peaches overcame obstacles and got to the top
of the All American Girls Baseball League.
organ n /ˈɔːɡən/ The human ear is a complex and wonderful organ.
outset n /ˈaʊtset/ We need to provide support for people with depression from
the outset.
outstanding achievement phr The construction of the Great Pyramid of Giza was an
/aʊtˈstændɪŋ əˈtʃiːvmənt/ outstanding achievement.
outstanding effort phr /aʊtˈstændɪŋ My students have all made an outstanding effort to pass their
ˈefət/ exams.
overcome difficulties phr /ˌəʊvəˈkʌm We had to overcome many difficulties when my father lost his
ˈdɪfɪkəltiz/ job.
overcome obstacles phr /ˌəʊvəˈkʌm The engineers had to overcome many obstacles.
ˈɒbstəklz/
part and parcel phr /pɑːt ænd ˈpɑːsl/ Life events such as starting a new job are part and parcel of
human existence.
particularly interested phr /pəˈtɪkjələli I’m particularly interested in how long animals can travel at the
ˈɪntrəstɪd/ fastest speeds.
party-goer n /ˈpɑːti ˌɡəʊə(r)/ Some party-goers were making a noise outside my window.
perceive v /pəˈsiːv/ They are trying to find out how the human brain perceives
different sounds in a noisy environment.
perceptive observation phr /pəˈseptɪv My best friend often makes perceptive observations about my
ˌɒbzəˈveɪʃn/ relationship with my boyfriend.

Name
C1 Wordlist Unit 2
pose a problem phr /pəʊz ə ˈprɒbləm/ The construction of the Channel Tunnel posed numerous
technical problems.
pose a question phr /pəʊz ə This issue poses the question, should we really have started
ˈkwestʃən/ the project?
present challenges phr /prəzˌent The aging population presents challenges in caring for the
ˈtʃælɪndʒɪz/ elderly.
present difficulties phr /prəˌzent Teaching students who don’t understand your language
ˈdɪfɪkəltiz/ presents particular difficulties.
prone adj /prəʊn/ My brother is prone to depression when things aren’t going
well for him.
radically different adv /ˈrædɪkli ˈdɪfrənt/ Humans have a radically different body structure from other
animals.
reality check phr /riˈæləti tʃek/ Failing my exams gave me a reality check.
realize a dream phr /ˈrɪəlaɪz ə driːm/ It took them two and a half decades to realize their dream.
realize an ambition phr /ˈrɪəlaɪz ən I’m sure I’ll realize my ambition of learning Chinese one day.
æmˈbɪʃn/
reconstruct v /ˌriːkənˈstrʌkt/ If you take notes during a lecture, can you reconstruct the
lecture afterwards?
recreate v /ˌriːkriˈeɪt/ The Large Hadron Collider recreates the conditions that existed
just after the Big Bang.
regardless adv /rɪˈɡɑːdləs/ My legs were hurting, but I continued running regardless.
remarkably complex phr /rɪˈmɑːkəbli A bird’s nest is remarkably complex and beautiful.
ˈkɒmpleks/
resilience n /rɪˈzɪliəns/ Feats such as running a marathon require a lot of physical and
mental resilience.
roar n /rɔː(r)/ The lion has a roar which can be heard eight kilometres away.
seriously loud phr /ˈsɪəriəsli laʊd/ My neighbour’s dogs have a seriously loud bark.
signal v /ˈsɪɡnəl/ The best lecturers really signal the direction their talk is going.
slack off phr v /slæk ˈɒf/ I was a good student in my early teens, but then I kind of
slacked off.
snap n /snæp/ The snapping shrimp makes an astonishingly loud snap that
lasts for just one millisecond.
soldier on phr /ˈsəʊldʒə(r) ˈɒn/ We shouldn’t expect people to simply soldier on if they are
having emotional problems.
superior adj /suːˈpɪəriə(r)/ Dogs have a superior sense of smell to humans.
sustain v /səˈsteɪn/ Some birds are extraordinarily fast over a short distance, but
they can’t sustain the speed.
tackle a problem phr /ˌtækl ə ˈprɒbləm/ I organized myself, tackled the problem and got the grades I
needed.
tackle difficulties phr /ˌtækl ˈdɪfɪkəltiz/ Your boss can help you to tackle any difficulties that you’re
having.
tell the difference phr /ˌtel ðə ˈdɪfrəns/ Can you tell the difference between a violin and a cello?
topical adj /ˈtɒpɪkl/ In this show, contestants have forty-five seconds to present
their answer to a topical question.
twenty-twenty vision phr /ˌtwenti ˌtwenti I don’t need glasses – I have twenty-twenty vision.
ˈvɪʒn/
underestimate v /ˌʌndərˈestɪmeɪt/ The stress of situations such as moving house is often
underestimated.
underlying adj /ˌʌndəˈlaɪɪŋ/ Being overweight was the underlying cause of his health
problems.

Name
C1 Wordlist Unit 2
utterly astonishing phr /ˌʌtəli əˈstɒnɪʃɪŋ/ The way that animals migrate is utterly astonishing.
ventilation n /ˌventɪˈleɪʃn/ The environment inside a termite’s nest is temperature-
controlled with special ventilation.
widespread adj /ˈwaɪdspred/ The use of electricity became widespread at the end of the
19th century.
wind (somebody) up phr v The sound of traffic in the street really winds me up.
/ˌwɪnd ˌsʌmbədi ˈʌp/
zero in phr v /ˈzɪərəʊ ɪn/ When we are in a noisy environment, we can zero in on
particular sounds.

Name
C1 Wordlist Unit 3
at a loss phr /æt ə ˈlɒs/ The company was at a loss as to the reason for the delay.
at random phr /ət ˈrændəm/ It looks like everything was chosen at random but she says she
had a definite plan.
at the very least phr /æt ðə ˈveri liːst/ The road repairs will take a year at the very least.
at times phr /ət taɪmz/ At times I get really fed up with his behaviour.
bankrupt adj /ˈbæŋkrʌpt/ The company that supplies those handbags has gone bankrupt.
big picture phr /bɪɡ ˈpɪktʃə(r)/ A ‘big-picture’ person is someone who focuses on long-term
outcomes.
boost morale phr /buːst məˈrɑːl/ She’s the kind of manager who can boost the morale of the
team.
brainstorm v /ˈbreɪnstɔːm/ Let’s brainstorm first, then choose the best ideas from the list.
breakdown n /ˈbreɪkdaʊn/ There was a breakdown in training schemes due to lack of
money.
centre of attention n /ˌsentə(r) əv əˈtenʃn/ I always loved being the centre of attention when I was a small
child.
characterize v /ˈkærəktəraɪz/ Whereas animals live in the moment, humans are
characterized by their ambitions.
collaborative adj /kəˈlæbərətɪv/ This is a collaborative task, so you’ll have to work together
closely.
come (off) v /kʌm ɒf/ Some people think plans for a new league could come off in
the foreseeable future.
commission v /kəˈmɪʃn/ The proposal was commissioned by the CEO of the company.
consider v /kənˈsɪdə(r)/ 85% of employees considered communication in the company
to be poor.
daft adj /dɑːft/ Supporting the same football team year after year seems a bit
daft.
dependable adj /dɪˈpendəbl/ He’s really dependable – if he says he’ll do something, he will.
deteriorate v /dɪˈtɪəriəreɪt/ Communication within the company has deteriorated over the
last five years.
discernible adj /dɪˈsɜːnəbl/ To me, there was no discernible difference between any of the
candidates.
fall flat v /ˌfɔːl ˈflæt/ A men’s team even tried to recruit Dottie, but that fell flat.
feed n /fiːd/ One idea to improve communication would be an in-house
social media feed.
flexible adj /ˈfleksəbl/ This type of person is flexible and open to new ideas.
flop n /flɒp/ There was a real possibility that the whole scheme would be
a flop.
for the most part phr /fɔː(r) ðə ˈməʊst I find my job, for the most part, really interesting.
ˌpɑːt/
from now on phr /frəm ˈnaʊ ˌɒn/ We’d like you to take care of the Miller account from now on.
fund v /fʌnd/ The company could fund social events out of the day-to-day
budget.
get rid of (somebody) phr /ˌɡet ˈrɪd əv The company had to get rid of him because he was a
ˌsʌmbədi/ troublemaker.

Name
C1 Wordlist Unit 3
get to the top phr /ɡet tə ðə tɒp/ He’s really ambitious and is desperate to get to the top.
get your hands dirty phr /ɡet jɔː(r) ˈhændz This type of person is willing to get their hands dirty.
ˌdɜːti/
give in phr v /ɡɪv ˈɪn/ There was a lot of pressure, but the women couldn’t give in.
give off phr v /ɡɪv ˈɒf/ Each bacterium gives off a chemical that can be read only by
members of the same species.
high expectations phr It’s important to have high expectations of your colleagues.
/haɪ ˌekspekˈteɪʃnz/
hold on phr /həʊld ˈɒn/ Hold on, what did you mean by that?
host adj /həʊst/ The bacteria shine a light that allows the host animal to hunt
at night.
in two minds phr /ɪn ˌtuː ˈmaɪndz/ I’m in two minds. What do you think?
incompetent adj /ɪnˈkɒmpɪtənt/ I thought the new CEO looked a bit incompetent.
insight n /ˈɪnsaɪt/ We need to give all staff an insight into the thinking of different
sections of the company.
irrational adj /ɪˈræʃənl/ The psychology of supporting a particular group or team seems
mysterious and irrational.
job rotation n /ˌdʒɒb rəʊˈteɪʃn/ I think job rotation’s a great idea.
live in the moment phr /lɪv ɪn ðə I always live in the moment. Why worry about the future?
ˈməʊmənt/
make (it) v /meɪk ɪt/ She’s my role model because she made it to the top in her
industry.
mass adj /mæs/ Thanks to mass production and low cost, just about everyone
has owned a bicycle.
move on phr v /muːv ˈɒn/ Now we’re going to move on to have a quick look at the work
of business expert Glenn Parker.
much as phr /ˈmʌtʃ ez/ Much as I adore killer whales, the programme demonstrated a
ruthless side to their character.
multiply v /ˈmʌltɪplaɪ/ The remaining bacteria multiply during the day.
obligatory adj /əˈblɪɡətri/ The management say it’s not obligatory for them to inform
people about changes.
on the ball phr /ˌɒn ðə ˈbɔːl/ I like the new CEO – she seems really on the ball.
open to new ideas phr /ˈəʊpən tə njuː I like working with Sam because she’s always open to new
aɪˈdɪəz/ ideas.
organism n /ˈɔːɡəˌnɪzəm/ How do these single-celled organisms manage such important
functions?
out of the question phr /ˌaʊt ɒv ðə I’m afraid twenty-four days’ leave is out of the question.
ˈkwestʃən/
outcome n /ˈaʊtkʌm/ This type of person is focused on the long-term outcomes.
outweigh v /ˌaʊtˈweɪ/ We feel this expense would easily be outweighed by the
potential benefits.
overwhelmingly adv /ˌəʊvəˈwelmɪŋli/ The results of the questionnaire were overwhelmingly negative.
pain in the neck phr /ˌpeɪn ɪn ðə ˈnek/ Rather than just being a pain in the neck, they do play a crucial
part in the team.
pay (off) v /peɪ ˈɒf/ The gamble paid off – women’s baseball turned out to be really
popular.
pick out phr v /pɪk ˈ aʊt/ We are always pleased when our project team is picked out for
special recognition.
possess v /pəˈzes/ This type of person possesses excellent communication skills.

Name
C1 Wordlist Unit 3
prey n /preɪ/ Once their prey was in the water, it was only a matter of time
before lunch was served.
prosper v /ˈprɒspə(r)/ We all want our children to prosper in life.
punctual adj /ˈpʌŋktʃuəl/ This type of person is usually very dependable and punctual.
rectify v /ˈrektɪfaɪ/ It is clear that steps must be taken to rectify the situation.
rephrase v /ˌriːˈfreɪz/ Let me rephrase that. What I meant was that not everybody
would enjoy that sort of thing.
restrict v /rɪˈstrɪkt/ We suggest setting up a Facebook or LinkedIn page restricted
to staff.
ruthless adj /ˈruːθləs/ Killer whales are ruthless and efficient killers.
seemingly adv /ˈsiːmɪŋli/ There is seemingly no discernible difference between the
teams.
sequence n /ˈsiːkwəns/ The best sequence featured an insect that lived in a hole in the
ground.
set people off against each other phr I think he’s trying to set people off against each other – not
/set ˌpiːpl ɒf əˈɡeɪnst iːtʃ ˌʌðə(r)/ nice.
sit on the fence phr /ˌsɪt ɒn ðə ˈfens/ He tends to sit on the fence in meetings.
spotlight n /ˈspɒtlaɪt/ You get the feeling that he can’t stand it when the spotlight is
on somebody else.
swerve v /swɜːv/ Without warning, a dog ran into the road and I had to swerve.
switch allegiance phr /swɪtʃ əˈliːdʒəns/ I’ve tried switching my allegiance to a more successful team.
synthesize v /ˈsɪnθəsaɪz/ Some bacteria are helpful – they synthesize our vitamins.
thereby adv /ˌðeəˈbaɪ/ We work to achieve long-term goals, thereby giving our life
meaning.
title n /ˈtaɪtl/ They’ve won the league title in their country over twenty times.
triumph n /ˈtraɪʌmf/ It was a triumph, and in its best season the league had almost
a million fans.
troublemaker n /ˈtrʌblmeɪkə(r)/ She was a troublemaker, so we had to move her to another
team.
turn (out) v /tɜːn ˈaʊt/ Women’s football turned out to be a great success.
value v /ˈvæljuː/ What do you think is the value of such activities?
visionary n /ˈvɪʒənri/ This person is very much the visionary – they focus on the
long-term outcomes.
work out phr v /wɜːk ˈaʊt/ Unfortunately, things didn’t work out so well for the league.
worth your weight in gold phr We can’t afford to lose Emil from the team – he’s worth his
/ˌwɜːθ jɔː(r) ˌweɪt ɪn ˈɡəʊld/ weight in gold.

Name
C1 Wordlist Unit 4
adopt a child phr /əˌdɒpt ə ˈtʃaɪld/ You can’t apply to adopt a child until you’re eighteen.
adrenaline junkie phr /əˈdrenəlɪn ˈdʒʌŋki/ ‘Adrenaline junkies’ take part in high-risk sports while on
holiday.
affordable adj /əˈfɔːdəbl/ Revolutionary manufacturing practices have made cars more
affordable.
alarmingly adv /əˈlɑːmŋli/ Alarmingly, nearly a sixth of people who take part in high-risk
sports don’t have insurance.
answer (to) v /ˈɑːnsə(r) tə/ You’ll answer to Melanie and you need to keep her informed
about what’s going on.
be to blame for phr /bi tə ˈbleɪm fɔː(r)/ I bet I know who’s to blame for it – Michael.
bland adj /blænd/ This soup is really bland. It needs some salt and pepper.
blood donor n /ˈblʌd ˌdəʊnə(r)/ At seventeen, you can become a blood donor in England.
carefree adj /ˈkeəfriː/ People over sixty are more carefree than we might imagine.
carer n /ˈkeərə(r)/ I think being a good carer is about being a good listener.
caring profession phr /ˈkeərɪŋ prəˈfeʃn/ What qualities do you need to work in a caring profession?
charged (with) adj /ˈtʃɑːdʒd wɪð/ You can be charged with a criminal act from the age of ten in
England.
compromise n /ˈkɒmprəmaɪz/ Do we have any room for compromise here?
consent n /kənˈsent/ At sixteen, you can get married in England with your parents’
consent.
considered adj /kənˈsɪdəd/ At fourteen, wearing a seat belt is considered your own
personal responsibility.
count (on somebody) v /ˈkaʊnt ɒn We know we can count on you to get the job done.
ˌsʌmbədi/
day care n /ˈdeɪ keə(r)/ My daughter goes to a day care centre while I’m at work.
discretion n /dɪˈskreʃn/ You need total discretion in my job – people often talk about
private, personal issues.
downsize v /ˈdaʊnsaɪz/ The HR department has been downsized in the last year.
drawback n /ˈdrɔːbæk/ The main drawback to the job is the unsociable hours.
ethical adj /ˈeθɪkl/ In an ideal world, journalistic practices should be responsible
and ethical.
exaggerate v /ɪɡˈzædʒəreɪt/ I think he was exaggerating when he said his boss was like
a dictator!
express concern phr /ɪkˌspres kənˈsɜːn/ The doctor expressed concern about one of her patients.
found v /faʊnd/ The World Responsible Tourism Awards were founded in 2004.
frivolous adj /ˈfrɪvələs/ You shouldn’t make any frivolous decisions – you may regret
them later.
go under phr v /ɡəʊ ˈʌndə(r)/ If we don’t do something, the whole company will go under.
handle with care phr /ˈhændl wɪð ˌkeə(r)/ You need to handle this situation with a lot of care.
health care n /ˈhelθkeə(r)/ The people who live in the retirement flats don’t tend to have
any major health care issues.
held responsible (for) adj Children under the age of ten cannot be held responsible for
/ˌheld rɪˈspɒnsəbl ˌfɔː(r)/ their actions.

Name
C1 Wordlist Unit 4
hire (somebody) v /ˈhaɪə(r) sʌmbədi/ I was hired because of my background in psychology.

I couldn’t care less phr I couldn’t care less who wins the World Cup final.
/aɪ ˌcʊdn keə(r) ˈləs/
in confidence phr /ɪn ˈkɒnfɪdəns/ Anything my patients say is treated in complete confidence.
invade (somebody’s) privacy phr /ɪnˈveɪd Responsible journalism involves not invading people’s privacy.
ˌsʌmbədiz ˌprɪvəsi/
leave (something) jammed phr I came down to use the photocopier and somebody had left it
/liːv ˈsʌmθɪŋ dʒæmd/ jammed again.
liberating adj /ˈlɪbəreɪtɪŋ/ ‘The Freedom Experiment’ is about getting rid of your to-do list
and doing liberating things instead.
miss the point phr /ˌmɪs ðə ˈpɔɪnt/ I’m afraid I think you’re missing the point here.
nosy adj /ˈnəʊzi/ Are you listening to that couple’s conversation? Don’t be so
nosy!
on hand phr /ɒn ˈhænd/ The residents know that I’m on hand should they need
anything.
overcautious adj /ˌəʊvəˈkɔːʃəs/ Elderly people often become overcautious when they drive.
own (up) v /əʊn ˈʌp/ Who did this? Is anyone going to own up?
participant n /pɑːˈtɪsɪpənt/ Three participants got injured at the charity fun run.
reckless adj /ˈrekləs/ My brother is always doing reckless things like cycling at night
without any lights.
recruitment n /rɪˈkruːtmənt/ We work in various different areas like recruitment – taking on
new staff, contracts and so on.
relocate v /ˌriːləʊˈkeɪt/ Relocating the whole company to our northern office is the
best way to reduce costs.
responsible (for) adj /rɪˈspɒnsəbl fɔː(r)/ At ten, you are legally responsible for your actions in England.
restrictions n pl /rɪˈstrɪkʃnz/ Working restrictions for fourteen- and fifteen-year-olds are
almost the same in England.
sheltered housing complex n I’m a warden at a sheltered housing complex – a residential
/ˌʃeltəd ˈhaʊzɪŋ ˌkɒmpleks/ option for older people.
slip (by) v /ˌslɪp ˈbaɪ/ People regretted letting good friendships slip by over the years.
specialist adj /ˈspeʃəlɪst/ Older people are often given any specialist care they need at
home.
speculate v /ˈspekjuleɪt/ We all speculated as to why Jennifer had started missing work
so often.
spontaneity n /ˌspɒntəˈneɪəti/ I like the spontaneity of that – just go to the station and see
where fate takes you.
supposed to phr /səˈpəʊzd tə/ We’re supposed to be in the office until 5.30.
take on phr v /teɪk ɒn/ At fourteen, you can take on part-time employment for two
hours each school day.
the elderly n /ðɪ ˈeldəli/ China has recently passed a law highlighting the need for care
for the elderly.
thrill-seekers n pl /ˈθrɪl ˌsiːkəz/ The average age of thrill-seekers is getting higher.
trustworthy adj /ˈtrʌstˌwɜːði/ You’re trustworthy and reliable, and we know you’ll always get
the job done.
underweight adj /ˌʌndəˈweɪt/ I’m worried about Sally – she looks underweight.
unfulfilled adj /ˌʌnfʊlˈfɪld/ Many people were frustrated that so many of their dreams had
gone unfulfilled.
uninhibited adj /ˌʌnɪnˈhɪbɪtɪd/ I’d never have done a bungee jump when I was younger, but
now I feel uninhibited.

Name
C1 Wordlist Unit 4
upheaval n /ʌpˈhiːvl/ Moving house is a real upheaval, especially for older people.
useless adj /ˈjuːsləs/ You can blame Michael for the fault – he’s useless with
machines
welfare officer n /ˈwelfeə(r) ˌɒfɪsə(r)/ I’m the welfare officer – I’m responsible for your
accommodation, health and so on.
without a care in the world phr My dad is without a care in the world now that he’s retired.
/wɪˌðaʊt ə ˌkeə(r) ɪn ðə ˈwɜːld/

Name
C1 Wordlist Unit 5
absence (of) n /ˈæbsəns əv/ The most noticeable thing on the island was the absence of
any traffic.
accumulate v /əˈkjuːmjəleɪt/ The wealth they have accumulated is a result of the
globalization of the world economy.
breach v /briːtʃ/ Do hackers have the knowledge to breach security?
brightly-lit adj /ˈbraɪtli lɪt/ We chose to sit at a brightly-lit table by the window.
caffeine n /ˈkæfiːn/ 80% of people on the planet consume caffeine regularly.
CEO n /ˌsiː iː ˈəʊ/ The CEO didn’t like the way in which the media reported the
situation.
civil servant n /ˌsɪvl ˈsɜːvənt/ Many people become civil servants for the pay and conditions.
concern v /kənˈsɜːn/ The thing that really concerns me, however, is the increase in
consumption of energy drinks among schoolchildren.
connotation n /ˌkɒnəˈteɪʃn/ Be careful with this expression – it can have a negative
connotation.
consumption n /kənˈsʌmpʃn/ The increase in consumption of energy drinks among
schoolchildren is concerning.
craze n /kreɪz/ Online crazes are becoming more and more popular.
deficiency n /dɪˈfɪʃnsi/ Lack of exposure to the sun can cause vitamin deficiencies.
dozens (of) adj /ˈdʌznz əv/ There are dozens of parks in Shanghai now – a lot more than
there used to be.
dump v /dʌmp/ Have you seen the videos of people dumping icy water over
themselves?
elite n /ɪˈliːt/ Who makes up this elite of the 6,000 most powerful people on
the planet?
excess (of) n /ɪkˈses əv/ There have been floods recently due to an excess of rain.
excessive adj /ɪkˈsesɪv/ Some people were at risk from excessive exposure to the sun.
exist v /ɪɡˈzɪst/ The sun has existed for several billion years.
exposure (to something) n The body generates vitamin D through exposure to the sun.
/ɪkˈspəʊʒə(r) tə ˌsʌmθɪŋ/
eye-catching adj /ˈaɪ ˌkætʃɪŋ/ The internet is full of eye-catching photos that people have
posted.
fascination (with) n /ˌfæsɪˈneɪʃn wɪθ/ Each of the constructions shows our fascination with the sun.
fast-moving adj /fɑːst ˈmuːvɪŋ/ In tomorrow’s fast-moving world, companies will need to come
up with innovative solutions.
forward v /ˈfɔːwəd/ Could you forward me that email from Human Resources,
please?
go viral phr /ɡəʊ ˈvaɪrəl/ If a video or photo goes viral, it can be seen by millions of
people.
great deal (of) phr /ˌɡreɪt ˈdiːl əv/ You’ve given me a great deal of help – I’m really grateful.
hacker n /ˈhækə(r)/ Talented hackers can have a huge influence on the global
economy.
handful (of) n /ˈhændfʊl ɒv/ I’ve been living here for ten years but I only have a handful of
good friends.

Name
C1 Wordlist Unit 5
hold the purse strings phr Who really holds the world’s purse strings?
/ˌhəʊld ðə ˈpɜːs ˌstrɪŋz/
hyperactivity n /ˌhaɪpərækˈtɪvəti/ The effect that energy drinks have is dramatic – teachers
report hyperactivity.
immensely adv /ɪˈmensli/ Members of the Superclass are immensely wealthy.
immune system n /ɪˈmjuːn ˌsɪstəm/ Exposure to the sun is vital for the immune system.
in the public eye adj /ɪn ðə ˈpʌblɪk ˌaɪ/ Philip K Wrigley wanted to keep baseball in the public eye.
infiltrate v /ˈɪnfɪltreɪt/ Some hackers have the knowledge to infiltrate the world’s
information systems.
influential adj /ˌɪnfluˈenʃl/ Each of the regions in my country is influential in national
politics.
inside joke n /ˌɪnˈsaɪd dʒəʊk/ People feel a sense of belonging – they are ‘in’ on an
inside joke.
jittery adj /ˈdʒɪtəri/ The effect that energy drinks have is dramatic – teachers
report jittery behaviour.
legislation n /ˌledʒɪsˈleɪʃn/ A lobbyist works to persuade members of the government to
pass beneficial legislation.
lethargy n /ˈleθədʒi/ After drinking energy drinks, there is a sudden drop to lethargy
and tiredness.
lobbyist n /ˈlɒbiɪst/ There are lobbyists working to represent the interests of
universities and schools.
majority (of) n /məˈdʒɒrəti ɒv/ The majority of people in the company feel that they aren’t
appreciated.
man-eating adj /ˈmæn iːtɪŋ/ Villagers in India are hunting a man-eating tiger that has killed
six people.
mansion n /ˈmænʃn/ After winning the lottery, they bought a mansion in the
Scottish mountains.
meme n /miːm/ Richard Dawkins was the first person to use the word ‘meme’.
narrow-minded adj /ˌnærəʊ ˈmaɪndɪd/ Don’t be so narrow-minded – this is the 21st century!
networking n /ˈnetwɜːkɪŋ/ Members of the Superclass share an impressive capacity for
networking.
NGO n /ˌen dʒiː ˈəʊ/ I work for an NGO that provides clean water in Africa.
organically adv /ɔːˈɡænɪkli/ Successful memes are unforced, starting organically rather
than in a marketing meeting.
oversee v /ˌəʊvəˈsiː/ I oversee a team of fifty staff.
pharmaceutical adj /ˌfɑːməˈsjuːtɪkl/ Lobbyists often represent powerful industries like
pharmaceutical corporations.
philanthropist n /fɪˈlænθrəpɪst/ Members of the Superclass include billionaire philanthropists.
photosynthesis n /ˌfəʊtəʊˈsɪnθəsɪs/ All plants depend on sunlight for photosynthesis.
poisoning n /ˈpɔɪznɪŋ/ People used to use chemicals to make their skin pale –
poisoning was very common.
protein n /ˈprəʊtiːn/ Vitamin D helps to regulate the correct functioning of proteins
and minerals.
provocative adj /prəˈvɒkətɪv/ Rothkopf’s provocative and at times controversial book is a
‘must-read’.
pyramid n /ˈpɪrəmɪd/ The Mayan pyramids are constructions which show our
fascination with the sun.
quick-thinking adj /kwɪk ˈθɪŋkɪŋ/ The girl was saved by a quick-thinking sailor in a passing boat.
rotation n /rəʊˈteɪʃn/ The sun completes a rotation every twenty-six days.

Name
C1 Wordlist Unit 5
sense of belonging phr /sens əv bɪˈlɒŋɪŋ/ People feel a sense of belonging when they are included in an
inside joke.
shortage (of) n /ˈʃɔːtɪdʒ ɒv/ A shortage of potatoes led to a terrible famine.
social media n /ˌsəʊʃl ˈmiːdiə/ I use social media to keep in touch with my friends from school.
solar adj /ˈsəʊlə(r)/ Solar power and wind power aren’t the answer to our energy
problems.
stimulant n /ˈstɪmjələnt/ From being a stimulant in sport, energy drinks are now widely
available.
superfood n /ˈsuːpəfuːd/ You should cut out chips, crisps and that sort of thing and eat
more superfoods.
surplus (of) n /ˈsɜːpləs ɒv/ There’s a surplus of student accommodation, which makes it
very cheap.
tanning studio n /ˈtænɪŋ ˌstjuːdiəʊ/ In the USA alone some twenty-two million customers visit
tanning studios.
target v /ˈtɑːɡɪt/ I don’t like the way in which advertisers target small children.
term v /tɜːm/ According to writer David Rothkopf, the world is controlled by
what he terms the ‘Superclass’.
time-consuming adj /ˈtaɪmˌkənsjuːmɪŋ/ I think cleaning is the most time-consuming household job.
touch (of) n /tʌtʃ ɒv/ This soup is nice but it needs a touch of garlic, in my opinion.
toxic chemicals n pl /ˈtɒksɪk ˌkemɪklz/ In the 16th century, people used toxic chemicals to achieve
pale skin.
transcend v /trænˈsend/ The power of the Superclass transcends borders.
unforced adj /ʌnˈfɔːst/ I love this photo of Maya because her smile is natural and
unforced.
wary (of) adj /ˈweəri/ National governments have become wary of trying to control
the Superclass.
well-being n /wel ˈbiːɪŋ/ Exposure to the sun is vital for our psychological well-being.
worship v /ˈwɜːʃɪp/ The sun was worshipped by Aztecs, Incas, Egyptians, Greeks
and Romans.

Name
C1 Wordlist Unit 6
alien n /ˈeɪliən/ The main character was an ordinary woman who was actually
an alien.
all-time favourite phr /ɔːl taɪm ˈfeɪvərɪt/ My all-time favourite game is Tetris.
alluring adj /əˈlʊərɪŋ/ Emma Williams was thoroughly believable in the role of the
alluring murderess.
associated with phr v /əˈsəʊʃieɪtɪd The weekend is usually associated with the idea of leisure.
wɪð/
attraction n /əˈtrækʃn/ I don’t understand the attraction of computer games.
bundle of nerves phr /ˈbʌndl əv nɜːvz/ If I’ve got a big presentation to make, I’m a bundle of nerves
the night before.
captivating adj /ˈkæptɪveɪtɪŋ/ This programme delivers a captivating story and loads of
comedy.
characterization n /ˌkærəktəraɪˈzeɪʃn/ The novel was let down by the slightly one-dimensional
characterization.
chill out phr /ˈtʃɪl aʊt/ I chilled out on my sofa all day long.
comic timing n /ˌkɒmɪk ˈtaɪmɪŋ/ Sam Hall was a joy to watch, with perfect comic timing.
convincing adj /kənˈvɪnsɪŋ/ How convincing is the evidence?
demanding adj /dɪˈmɑːndɪŋ/ I reckon most people wouldn’t think plumbing is a very
demanding job.
discriminate v /dɪˈskrɪmɪneɪt/ It is illegal to discriminate against a person because of their
race, religion or gender.
drive (somebody) up the wall phr Customers who keep changing their minds drive me up the
/ˌdraɪv ˌsʌmbədi ˌʌp ðə ˈwɔːl/ wall!
electrifying adj /ɪˈlektrɪfaɪɪŋ/ She gave an electrifying performance as the young heroine.
endless adj /ˈendləs/ The possibilities for online games are endless.
express a preference for phr The guest expressed a preference for a room with a sea view.
/ɪkˈspres ə ˈprefrəns fɔː(r)/
formulaic adj /ˈfɔːmjələɪɪk/ There was something about the story that was really
mechanical and formulaic.
get (your) head round phr There were quite a few bits that I just couldn’t get my head
/ɡet jə(r) ˈhed ˌraʊnd/ round.
get away from it all phr I prefer to spend my free time getting away from it all.
/ɡet əˈweɪ frɒm ɪt ˌɔːl/
get on (somebody’s) nerves v My students are really lovely but they sometimes just get on
/ɡet ɒn ˌsʌmbədiz ˈnɜːvz/ my nerves!
get-together n /ˈɡet təˌɡeðə(r)/ What I feel like doing on a Friday night is having a get-together
with my friends.
give (somebody) a hand phr Will you give me a hand with this report?
/ɡɪv ˌsʌmbədi ə ˈhænd/
gritty adj /ˈɡrɪti/ He gave a gritty performance as a war veteran in his latest film.
have the highest regard for phr The students have the highest regard for their English teacher.
/həv ðə ˈhaɪɪst rɪˈɡɑːd fɔː(r)/
homonym n /ˈhɒmənɪm/ Words with two meanings are called ‘homonyms’.
idolize v /ˈaɪdəlaɪz/ As a child, I idolized my older brother.

Name
C1 Wordlist Unit 6
indifferent (to) adj /ɪnˈdɪfrənt tə/ The manager appears indifferent to what his staff are feeling.
inspiration n /ˌɪnspəˈreɪʃn/ My history teacher was an inspiration to me when I was at
school.
instalment n /ɪnˈstɔːlmənt/ This is instalment number three in the nearly twenty-year-old
series.
laid-back adj /ˌleɪd ˈbæk/ I’m a pretty laid-back kind of guy.
laze around v /leɪz əˈraʊnd/ I hate lazing around doing nothing when I’m on holiday.
let (down) v /let daʊn/ The film was let down by the poor special effects.
loathe v /ləʊð/ I absolutely loathe romantic comedies – they annoy me so
much!
look (down on) v /lʊk ˈdaʊn ɒn/ I think Rupert looks down on me because I didn’t go to a
private school.
look (up to) v /lʊk ˈʌp tə/ I look up to my mum because she brought up five children on
her own.
moan (about) v /məʊn əˈbaʊt/ My friends moan about having been forced to attend organized
activities.
monotonous adj /məˈnɒtənəs/ Some of the scenes between Martha and her husband are
slightly monotonous.
on edge adj /ɒn ˈedʒ/ My girlfriend’s always telling me to reduce my workload; she
says I’m always on edge.
one-dimensional adj /ˌwʌn daɪˈmenʃənəl/ The main character was totally one-dimensional and
unrealistic.
online gaming n /ˌɒnˈlaɪn ˈɡeɪmɪŋ/ Online gaming is hugely popular among teenagers and adults
all over the world.
rhyme n /raɪm/ Children are happy to sing meaningless rhymes in the
playground, and so are adults at football matches.
role model n /ˈrəʊl ˌmɒdl/ Professional sportspeople should realize that they are role
models for millions of young people.
sacrifice v /ˈsækrɪfaɪs/ I loved the bit at the end where the heroine sacrifices herself.
sentimental adj /ˌsentɪˈmentl/ I thought the film was too sentimental.
shareholder n /ˈʃeəˌhəʊldə(r)/ The shareholders’ meeting was quite exciting.
sip v /sɪp/ For me, the summer meant lying on the grass in the garden,
sipping lemonade.
slump v /slʌmp/ I just want to slump in front of the TV and watch the latest
detective serial.
snob n /snɒb/ He’s such a snob. He looks down on his neighbours because
they drive an old car.
spine-chilling adj /ˈspaɪn tʃɪlɪŋ/ I had nightmares after reading a spine-chilling ghost story
before bed.
starve v /stɑːv/ Most gamers would sooner starve than stop playing in order
to eat!
steal the show phr /ˌstiːl ðə ˈʃəʊ/ Those two young talents stole the show, in my opinion.
stressed out adj /strest aʊt/ I get pretty stressed out in my job.
take an instant dislike to phr I can’t explain why, but I took an instant dislike to the new
/teɪk ən ˌɪnstənt dɪsˈlaɪk tə/ boss.
take great pleasure in phr He seemed to take great pleasure in telling us that we’d all lost
/teɪk ɡreɪt ˈpleʒə(r) ɪn/ our jobs.
technical hitch phr /ˌteknɪkl ˈhɪtʃ/ Despite the occasional technical hitches, this was a highly
enjoyable production.

Name
C1 Wordlist Unit 6
tranquil adj /ˈtræŋkwɪl/ Art galleries are very tranquil places.

transactional adj /trænˈzækʃnl/ One of the functions of language is called T-communication,
with ‘T’ standing for ‘transactional’.
twist n /twɪst/ There were one or two twists in the plot, but I liked the
characters.
unwind v /ˌʌnˈwaɪnd/ It might sound crazy, but the best way to unwind is karaoke!
wave (of something) phr /ˈweɪv ɒv A new wave of online games is helping to solve medical and
ˌsʌmθɪŋ/ scientific problems.
wooden adj /ˈwʊdn/ The main character was very good-looking, but his
performance was a bit wooden.
would sooner phr /wəd ˈsuːnə(r)/ Most people would sooner spend their time gaining points
than saving the planet!

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C1 Wordlist Unit 7
absurdly adv /əbˈsɜːdli/ Absurdly, none of the new cycle paths will pass through the
main tourist area.
admittedly adv /ədˈmɪtɪdli/ Admittedly, it is not the original palace, but it is very beautiful.
apathetic adj /ˌæpəˈθetɪk/ I’m completely apathetic about politics.
apprehensive adj /ˌæprɪˈhensɪv/ I’m always a bit apprehensive when I have to disagree with my
boss about something.
astonished adj /əˈstɒnɪʃt/ The last time I was astonished was when I won the award for
employee of the month.
astonishingly adv /əˈstɒnɪʃɪŋli/ Salamanca is an astonishingly beautiful city in the west of
Spain.
awareness n /əˈweənəs/ Seventeen-year-olds have no awareness of the risks involved.
ban v /bæn/ Do you think we should ban cyclists from busy roads?
bark v /bɑːk/ If your neighbour had a dog that barked all day and night, how
would you react?
by the same token phr /baɪ ðə ˌseɪm They aren’t hiring more staff this year and, by the same token,
ˈtəʊkən/ I don’t think we’ll get a pay rise.
consult v /kənˈsʌlt/ When I travel I always consult advice websites for where to go.
contrary adj /ˈkɒntrəri/ The contrary argument is that if you just save one life, it’s
worth it.
criticize v /ˈkrɪtɪsaɪz/ What would you do if your boss criticized your work in front of
your team?
cycle lane n /ˈsaɪkl leɪn/ I love cycling in Germany because there are cycle lanes
everywhere.
dedicated adj /ˈdedɪkeɪtɪd/ There should be dedicated cycle lanes on all main roads.
devastated adj /ˈdevəsteɪtɪd/ Alexander’s family were devastated when he gave up a great
job and became a clown.
dormant adj /ˈdɔːmənt/ This kind of boss I call ‘The Volcano’. Most of the time, they’re
dormant.
downhearted adj /ˌdaʊnˈhɑːtɪd/ I’ve felt downhearted since I lost the promotion.
embarrassment n /ɪmˈbærəsmənt/ Embarrassment can make people avoid social situations, and
even not go out at all.
envious adj /ˈenviəs/ Well, when my sister bought a brand new car, I was a bit
envious.
evidently adv /ˈevɪdəntli/ Evidently, the cups in the breakfast room had not been washed
since the night before.
eyesight n /ˈaɪsaɪt/ As we get older, our eyesight gets worse.
fair enough phr /ˌfeə(r) ɪˈnʌf/ ‘We all have to agree the rules, otherwise, it’ll be chaos.’
‘OK, fair enough.’
fall apart phr /fɔːl əˈpɑːt/ Without reliable statistics, the arguments in favour of a new
law may fall apart.
float along v /fləʊt əˈlɒŋ/ If you don’t give positive feedback, employees may simply float
along.
fool v /fuːl/ Once again, you’re fooled by your feelings.
frankly adv /ˈfræŋkli/ £500? Frankly, I’m not really happy with that.

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C1 Wordlist Unit 7
frustrated adj /frʌˈstreɪtɪd/ I felt frustrated when my brand new laptop kept crashing.
get on (your) nerves phr /ˌɡet ɒn jɔː(r) If my neighbour had a noisy dog it would really get on my
ˈnɜːvz/ nerves.
ghost n /ɡəʊst/ She looked as if she had seen a ghost.
give (somebody) a lift phr /ɡɪv ˌsʌmbədi Passing my exam gave me a lift. I feel hopeful about the future
ə ˈlɪft/ now.
grab an opportunity phr /ɡræb æn Sometimes you have to grab an opportunity when it presents
ˌɒpəˈtjuːnəti/ itself.
have an argument phr /həv ən I don’t think my parents have ever had an argument in front of
ˈɑːɡjumənt/ me.
heart of stone n /ˌhɑːt ɒv ˈstəʊn/ You’d have to have a heart of stone not to cry at the end of
this film!
heated argument n /ˈhiːtɪd ˌɑːɡjumənt/ We’d end up having a heated argument.
helmet n /ˈhelmɪt/ Why didn’t you wear a crash helmet?
ill-thought through adj /ˌɪl θɔːt ˈθruː/ Politicians often propose laws that are ineffective and
ill-thought through.
in high spirits phr /ɪn ˈhaɪ ˌspɪrɪts/ It was the first day of the holidays and the children were in
high spirits.
in low spirits phr /ɪn ˈləʊ ˌspɪrɪts/ We were in low spirits because it had been raining all day.
incidentally adv /ˌɪnsɪˈdentli/ Incidentally, Berlin is very bike-friendly, so you could cycle
everywhere.
incredibly adv /ɪnˈkredəbli/ Incredibly, the local teens jump off the bridge to go swimming
in the water.
indifferent adj /ɪnˈdɪfrənt/ My manager is indifferent to my happiness at work.
invulnerable adj /ɪnˈvʌlnərəbl/ At seventeen we think we are invulnerable.
irritated adj /ˈɪrɪteɪtɪd/ The constant complaints from my housemates got me very
irritated.
keep (your) temper phr /kiːp jə(r) I’d try to keep my temper. It never helps to shout at people.
ˈtempə(r)/
load (something) up phr v We loaded up our plates with as much food as possible at the
/ləʊd ˌsʌmθɪŋ ˈʌp/ buffet.
luckily adv /ˈlʌkɪli/ We arrived at our hotel early, but, luckily, they let us check into
our room.
lunatic n /ˈluːnətɪk/ The woman said ‘Well, I think it’s time you stopped letting
lunatics stay here!’
madman n /ˈmædmən/ I had just told a guest that this VIP guy was a madman.
make a point of (doing something) phr Make a point of thanking people, even the office junior, when
/meɪk ə pɔɪnt əv ˈduːɪŋ sʌmθɪŋ/ they help you.
make (an exception) v /meɪk ən ɪkˈsepʃn/ We might be able to make an exception in this case.
mandatory adj /ˈmændətəri/ Several governments have made it mandatory for cyclists to
wear helmets.
miraculously adv /mɪˈrækjələsli/ Miraculously, everyone survived the train crash.
mortified adj /ˈmɔːtɪfaɪd/ I’d be so mortified, I wouldn’t know what to say.
negotiate v /nɪˈɡəʊʃieɪt/ In certain countries, you can try negotiating the price of food in
markets.
newsworthy adj /ˈnjuːzwɜːði/ When a particularly newsworthy crime happens, the politicians
rush to make changes.
praise v /preɪz/ If you praise somebody, and that person goes red, you’re more
likely to find that person trustworthy.

Name
C1 Wordlist Unit 7
predictably adv /prɪˌdɪktəbli/ Predictably, the city suffers badly from traffic congestion.
reach consensus v /riːtʃ kənˈsensəs/ This type of boss always tries to reach consensus in their
team.
reasonable adj /ˈriːznəbl/ She is a reasonable person, and you have always got on well
with her.
regrettably adv /rɪˈɡretəbli/ Regrettably, I didn’t have enough time to see the city properly.
relieved adj /rɪˈliːvd/ I was very relieved when my ten-year-old son arrived home
yesterday evening.
rim n /rɪm/ The rims of the cups were covered in bright pink lipstick!
roller coaster of emotions phr I experience a roller coaster of emotions when I watch my
/ˌrəʊlə(r) ˌkəʊstə(r) əv ɪˈməʊʃnz/ favourite team play.
rush into v /ˈrʌʃ ˌɪntə/ I don’t like to rush into decisions.
scrumptious adj /ˈskrʌmpʃəs/ The sardines they serve are really scrumptious.
self-conscious adj /ˌself ˈkɒnʃəs/ In your teens, you’re often self-conscious about your
appearance.
sound adj /saʊnd/ You can trust Henry – he’s a sound guy.
speed limit n /ˈspiːd ˌlɪmɪt/ I know it sounds crazy, but I would say: increase the speed
limits.
stormy adj /ˈstɔːmi/ I have a stormy relationship with my dad – we are always
falling out.
sympathetic adj /ˌsɪmpəˈθetɪk/ I don’t think I’m very sympathetic – I rarely have people telling
me their problems.
take by surprise phr /teɪk baɪ səˈpraɪz/ It took me completely by surprise when my boyfriend
proposed while we were on holiday.
take personally phr /teɪk ˈpɜːsənəli/ Katya is always unfriendly with people she doesn’t know –
don’t take it personally.
theoretically adv /ˌθɪəˈretɪkli/ Theoretically, you can rent a car to get around the region, but I
would advise against it.
think straight phr /θɪŋk streɪt/ For a minute, I couldn’t think straight.
think twice phr /θɪŋk twaɪs/ You should think twice before making life-changing choices.
turn up phr v /ˈtɜːn ʌp/ How would you feel if you turned up at a party wearing
different clothes to everyone else?
typically adv /ˈtɪpɪkli/ Typically in parts of Spain, a little plate of food is provided
when you order a drink.
uncomfortable adj /ʌnˈkʌmftəbl/ It makes me uncomfortable to see families living in poor
conditions.
ups and downs phr /ʌps ən ˈdaʊnz/ His career has had some spectacular ups and downs.
walk on eggshells v /wɔːk ɒn ˈeɡʃelz/ Everybody’s productivity is reduced when they’re walking on
eggshells all the time.

Name
C1 Wordlist Unit 8
a fraction (of) n /ə ˈfrækʃn əv/ Prosthetics such as false hands may soon be available at a
fraction of the previous price.
absorbent adj /əbˈzɔːbənt/ Cleaning materials such as sponges need to be made of
absorbent materials.
address an issue phr /əˌdres ən ˈɪʃuː/ We need to decide how to address the issue of staff
dissatisfaction.
adopt v /əˈdɒpt/ The brain can cause people to adopt characteristics of another
person’s speech style.
all in all phr /ɔːl ɪn ɔːl/ All in all, South Africa’s only eco-arts festival makes for a great
weekend away.
all things considered adv All things considered, I think we should try again.
/ɔːl θɪŋz kənˈsɪdəd/
allergic adj /əˈlɜːdʒɪk/ Being allergic to eggs, that wasn’t a problem for me.
authorization n /ˌɔːθəraɪˈzeɪʃn/ Some plastic cards are used for the purpose of authorization.
be aware of (something/somebody) phr Are you aware of your body language?
/bi əˈweə(r) ɒv ˌsʌmθɪŋ, ˌsʌmbədi/
be bound to phr /bi ˈbaʊnd tə/ You’re bound to have some fleece clothing in your wardrobe.
biodegradable adj /ˌbaɪəʊdɪˈɡreɪdəbl/ Scientists have developed a new biodegradable plastic
material called ‘Shrilk’.
body language n /ˈbɒdi ˌlæŋɡwɪdʒ/ Mirroring is when one person copies the body language of
another.
bond n /bɒnd/ We’ve got a real bond, you and I.
break (something off) v /breɪk ˌsʌmθɪŋ ˈɒf/ They had to break off their conference call as the connection
was bad.
build on phr v /ˈbɪld ɒn/ We’ve been able to build on the relationship.
catch on v /kætʃ ˈɒn/ Using different bins to separate waste took a long time to
catch on in many places.
cause (something/somebody) to phr Being stressed at work caused me to forget my wife’s birthday.
/kɔːz ˈsʌmθɪŋ, ˈsʌmbədi tə/
clip n /klɪp/ You attach the entry pass to your clothes with a clip.
come up v /kʌm ˈʌp/ We watched the sun come up.
conscientious adj /ˌkɒnʃiˈenʃəs/ I think it’s unlikely everyone will become more conscientious
consumers.
cut (something) off phr /kʌt ˌsʌmθɪŋ ˈɒf/ The village was cut off by the floods for six days.
cut (something) out phr /kʌt ˌsʌmθɪŋ ˈaʊt/ It’s pretty difficult to cut out plastic completely these days.
cut down on phr /kʌt ˈdaʊn ɒn/ I’ve been trying to cut down on my use of plastic.
diagnosis n /ˌdaɪəɡˈnəʊsɪs/ Scientists believe graphene could help in the diagnosis of
cancer.
discard v /dɪsˈkɑːd/ People seldom discard plastic cards that they no longer use.
donor card n /ˈdəʊnə ˌkɑːd/ Organ donor cards are commonly found among the plastic
cards that we all carry.
drag on phr v /ˈdræɡ ɒn/ As neither side would compromise, the negotiations dragged
on for weeks.

Name
C1 Wordlist Unit 8
durable adj /ˈdjʊərəbl/ In Bangalore, India, a new more durable road surface has been
laid using 10% of the city’s waste.
elastic adj /ɪˈlæstɪk/ Graphene is very elastic and can stretch up to 20% its original
length.
evaluate v /ɪˈvæljueɪt/ I evaluate each of my students’ progress at the end of each
term.
fleece n /fliːs/ I love wearing fleece jumpers in the winter.
flexible adj /ˈfleksəbl/ With graphene, scientists say we will be able to produce a new
generation of flexible phones and tablets.
fragile adj /ˈfrædʒaɪl/ My glasses are less fragile because they’re made of plastic, not
glass.
fumes n pl /fjuːmz/ The emergency services were called in because the waste was
giving off toxic fumes.
get on with (somebody) phr v /ɡet ˈɒn wɪð I don’t get on with my sister – we’re always arguing.
ˌsʌmbədi/
get on with (something) phr v /ɡet ˈɒn wɪð I had to put my trip off and get on with fulfilling the order.
ˌsʌmθɪŋ/
give (something) off phr v /ɡɪv ˌsʌmθɪŋ ˈɒf/ The plastic wrapping was giving off a nasty smell.
give (something) up phr v /ɡɪv ˌsʌmθɪŋ ˈʌp/ Can you tell us why you decided to give up plastic?
go off phr v /ɡəʊ ˈɒf/ Fresh milk will go off very quickly if you don’t put it in a fridge.
go up phr v /ɡəʊ ˈʌp/ Smartphone ownership is going up all the time.
humanity n /hjuːˈmænəti/ Their work could represent as much of a change to humanity
as plastic did in the past.
infrequently adv /ɪnˈfriːkwəntli/ Some of the cards people carry are only used infrequently.
key adj /kiː/ There are several key disadvantages to this approach.
lightweight adj /ˈlaɪtweɪt/ Plastic is lightweight and has replaced many traditional
materials.
look (something up) v /lʊk ˈsʌmθɪŋ ʌp/ I looked up the word in an online dictionary.
look (after something/somebody) v My mum looks after my niece every Friday when my sister is
/lʊk ˈɑːftə(r) ˌsʌmθɪŋ, ˌsʌmbədi/ at work.
look (back on something) v /lʊk ˈbæk Future generations will look back on the present day as one of
ɒn ˌsʌmθɪŋ/ enormous technological advances.
magnetic adj /mæɡˈnetɪk/ Drinks cans made of steel are magnetic, but those made of
aluminium aren’t.
make a decision phr /meɪk ə dɪˈsɪʒn/ I’m keen to make a decision today.
make (reference to) v /meɪk ˈrefrəns tu/ The speaker made reference to various people who I’d never
heard of.
modify v /ˈmɒdɪfaɪ/ We subconsciously modify our speech depending on who
we’re talking to.
multi-purpose adj /ˌmʌltiˈpɜːpəs/ I bought a multi-purpose pen which can also be a knife and a
torch.
nanotechnology n /ˌnænəʊtekˈnɒlədʒi/ We’re definitely going to see a lot more nanotechnology in the
future.
on balance phr /ɒn ˈbæləns/ On balance, the policy is on course to deliver what it set out
to do.
persuade v /pəˈsweɪd/ Salespeople sometimes use body language to persuade people
to buy their products.
press on (with something) phr v Although they were very tired, they decided to press on with it
/pres ˈɒn wɪð ˌsʌmθɪŋ/ and finish the job.

Name
C1 Wordlist Unit 8
put (something) off phr v /pʊt ˌsʌmθɪŋ ˈɒf/ I want a new car, but I’ve put off buying one till I can find an
electric one I like.
reluctant adj /rɪˈlʌktənt/ Women were revealed to be much more reluctant to throw
cards away than men.
rigid adj /ˈrɪdʒɪd/ The lenses of my glasses are rigid.
run on phr v /rʌn ˈɒn/ The buses in the city run on waste cooking oil.
rush job n /ˈrʌʃ dʒɒb/ By doing this one rush job, we’ve been able to build on the
relationship.
set off phr v /set ˈɒf/ We got to New York and set off heading west.
take on phr v /teɪk ˈɒn/ It’s common to take on aspects of the way someone else talks.
tough adj /tʌf/ Because my glasses are made of plastic as opposed to glass,
they’re a lot tougher.
toxic adj /ˈtɒksɪk/ The school was evacuated after toxic fumes were detected in
the kitchen.
transaction n /trænˈzækʃn/ Some plastic cards are used for financial transactions such as
shopping.
transparent adj /trænsˈpærənt/ Obviously the lenses are transparent so I can see where I’m
going.
universal adj /ˌjuːnɪˈvɜːsl/ This problem could be solved through the introduction of a
single, universal system.
utilize v /ˈjuːtəlaɪz/ He utilized his skill at negotiating to achieve the outcome that
he wanted.
versatile adj /ˈvɜːsətaɪl/ Plastic has several uniquely versatile properties.
wardrobe n /ˈwɔːdrəʊb/ I have a different wardrobe for every season.
water-resistant adj /ˈwɔːtə rɪˌzɪstənt/ My watch says it’s water-resistant, but it stopped working
when I wore it in the sea.

Name
C1 Wordlist Unit 9
acoustic guitar n /əˈkuːstɪk ɡɪˌtɑː(r)/ I’m learning to play the acoustic guitar.
advertorial n /ˌædvəˈtɔːriəl/ Today’s newspapers are full of advertorials, which many people
feel are misleading.
analogue clock n /ˈænəlɒɡ klɒk/ I prefer analogue clocks to digital ones because they can be
beautiful.
apprenticeship scheme n In an apprenticeship scheme, a young person can earn money
/əˈprentɪʃɪp ˌskiːm/ and learn the job.
beware v /bɪˈweə(r)/ Beware of fast knowledge. It is more dangerous than
ignorance.
blended learning n /ˌblendɪd ˈlɜːnɪŋ/ More students will be following blended learning programmes
in the future.
body clock n /ˈbɒdi klɒk/ For some teenagers, school lessons don’t fit in with their body
clock.
broaden v /ˈbrɔːdn/ The word ‘e-cigarette’ is an example of broadening the
meaning of the suffix ‘e-’.
broadly speaking phr /ˈbrɔːdli ˌspiːkɪŋ/ Broadly speaking, young people in Romania speak excellent
English.
by and large adv /ˌbaɪ ən ˈlɑːdʒ/ By and large, public transport in the UK is pretty reliable.
chillax v /tʃɪˈlæks/ You can dance to your favourite music, chillax or have your
friends over.
choc-tastic adj /tʃɒk ˈtæstɪk/ I love the puddings at this restaurant – they’re choc-tastic!
conventional oven n I don’t use a conventional oven much for cooking any more.
/kənˈvenʃənl ˌʌvn/
curriculum n /kəˈrɪkjələm/ The internet needs to be a part of the school curriculum.
disposable battery n /dɪˌspəʊzəbl ˈbætəri/ You can recycle disposable batteries in a lot of countries now.
diverse adj /daɪˈvɜːs/ Humans are very diverse, yet education systems tend to be
uniform.
e-banking n /ˈiː ˌbæŋkɪŋ/ With limited opening hours and long queues, many customers
today are opting for e-banking.
e-book n /ˈiː bʊk/ E-books are popular because you can take an unlimited
number of them on holiday.
e-cigarette n /ˈiː ˌsɪɡəˌret/ E-cigarettes are increasingly popular among people trying to
give up smoking.
educationalist n /ˌedʒuˈkeɪʃənəlɪst/ She may be a respected educationalist, but I still don’t agree
with her views on homework.
e-learning n /ˈiː ˌlɜːnɪŋ/ I’m doing a university course through e-learning.
e-reader n /ˈiː ˌriːdə(r)/ I was opposed to them for ages, but I’ve finally got an e-reader
and I love it!
experimentation n /ɪkˌsperɪmenˈteɪʃn/ Many parents would also prefer to see their children learning
through experimentation.
external accreditation n Many secondary school students take exams and get external
/ɪkˈstɜːnl əˌkredɪˌteɪʃn/ accreditation these days.
fanzine n /ˈfænziːn/ The actor is the subject of numerous books, fanzines and
websites.

Name
C1 Wordlist Unit 9
fashionista n /ˌfæʃnˈiːstə/ Ed has become a real fashionista since he started working for
that magazine.
format n /ˈfɔːmæt/ Changes in technology are affecting the format of dictionaries.
guesstimate n /ˈɡestɪmət/ At a guesstimate, there were about 200 people there.
hard copy n /ˈhɑːd ˌkɒpi/ Do you need me to print you out a hard copy of these files?
ignorance n /ˈɪɡnərəns/ Ignorance is no excuse for breaking the law.
in terms of (something) phr /ɪn ˈtɜːmz Which is the best region in your country in terms of food?
əv ˌsʌmθɪŋ/
innovative adj /ˈɪnəvətɪv/ I think touchscreens were something genuinely innovative and
took computers in a new direction.
international student n The number of international students is likely to reach seven
/ˌɪntəˌnæʃnəl ˈstjuːdnt/ million by 2020.
internationalism n /ˌɪntəˈnæʃnəlɪzəm/ The current trend towards internationalism is also here to stay.
keep our eyes and ears open phr We keep our eyes and ears open for new things that we hear
/kiːp ɑː(r) aɪz ænd ɪəz ˈəʊpən/ in the media.
landline n /ˈlændlaɪn/ Far fewer people have a landline than ten years ago.
lead the way phr /liːd ðə weɪ/ New world economies are leading the way in numbers of
international students.
literacy n /ˈlɪtərəsi/ Literacy rates in most developing countries are still behind
those in the developed world.
manual car n /ˈmænjuəl kɑː(r)/ I’ve only ever driven manual cars, and I’m finding it hard to get
used to an automatic.
mature student n /məˌtʃʊə ˈstjuːdnt/ I’m doing a degree in psychology as a mature student.
m-commerce n /ˈem ˌkɒmɜːs/ It seems m-commerce is on the increase.
m-learning n /ˈem ˌlɜːnɪŋ/ The growth of m-learning is a huge opportunity for educational
publishers.
mock adj /mɒk/ We do mock exams at my school a couple of months before
the real exams.
module n /ˈmɒdjuːl/ On this course you’ll do practical modules on how to build a
dynamic surfboard.
m-ticketing n /ˈem ˌtɪkɪtɪŋ/ At airports today, an increasing number of customers are
switching to m-ticketing.
offshore campus n /ˌɒfʃɔː(r) ˈkæmpəs/ The development of offshore campuses is expected to
continue.
on the verge of phr /ɒn ðə ˈvɜːdʒ əv/ The project is on the verge of completion.
operational adj /ˌɒpəˈreɪʃənl/ The Bilingual Education Programme has been operational in
schools in Madrid since 2004.
p-book n /ˈpiː bʊk/ Some people now say ‘p-book’ to refer to traditional print
books.
persist in (doing something) phr v You shouldn’t persist in doing your son’s homework for him.
/pəˌsɪst ɪn ˈduːɪŋ ˌsʌmθɪŋ/
proficiency n /prəˈfɪʃnsi/ Proficiency in a foreign language, particularly English, is an
extremely desirable skill.
prominent adj /ˈprɒmɪnənt/ My university professor is a prominent figure in the research of
early European literature.
quality assurance n /ˈkwɒləti əˌʃɔːrəns/ Students these days increasingly expect their tuition to be
subject to quality assurance.
regular coffee n /ˈreɡjələ(r) ˌkɒfi/ Would you like a cappuccino, a latte or just a regular coffee?
scandal n /ˈskændl/ We often use the suffix ‘-gate’ to describe any type of scandal.

Name
C1 Wordlist Unit 9
sitcom n /ˈsɪtkɒm/ I can’t stand sitcoms, particularly when they add artificial
laughter.
snail mail n /ˈsneɪl meɪl/ I had to sign my new contract and send it to my employer by
snail mail.
staycation n /ˌsteɪˈkeɪʃn/ During the recession, a staycation became the only option for
many families.
student loan n /ˈstjuːdnt ləʊn/ It’s almost impossible to get through university without a
student loan.
tap water n /ˈtæp ˌwɔːtə(r)/ Could we get a couple of glasses of tap water, please?
tertiary education n /ˌtɜːʃəri ˌedʒuˈkeɪʃn/ Over 170 million students are in tertiary education.
to a large degree phr /tə ə ˈlɑːdʒ dɪˌɡriː/ The quality of language input depends to a large degree on the
teacher’s level of English.
tuition fees n pl /tjuˈɪʃn fiːz/ In Brazil, the government is to fund tuition fees abroad for
100,000 students.
uniform adj /ˈjuːnɪfɔːm/ The results will not be uniform across schools.
virtual learning environment n The use of virtual learning environments is changing the nature
/ˌvɜːtʃuəl ˈlɜːnɪŋ ɪnˌvaɪrənmənt/ of many types of learning.
vocational training n /vəʊˈkeɪʃənl ˈtreɪnɪŋ/ Vocational training is every bit as valid an option for young
people as higher education.
work (something) out phr v To answer a question, the children will have had to work out
/wɜːk ˌsʌmθɪŋ ˈaʊt/ for themselves what they need to do.
year abroad n /jɜː(r) əˈbrɔːd/ I spent a year abroad in the Russian city of Yaroslavl as part of
my degree.
youngster n /ˈjʌŋstə(r)/ The course is designed to increase youngsters’ confidence in
their own ability.

Name
C1 Wordlist Unit 10
a raw deal n /ə ˈrɔː diːl/ Part-time workers often get a raw deal.
advocate v /ˈædvəkeɪt/ The scheme advocates self-sufficiency by strengthening the
economies of small communities.
alteration n /ˌɔːltəˈreɪʃn/ We had to make some alterations to the contract.
appetite n /ˈæpɪtaɪt/ Digital has not satisfied the human appetite for moving, for
meeting and for touching.
at your fingertips phr /æt jɔː(r) ˈfɪŋɡətɪps/ Don’t worry – you have the solution at your fingertips.
be bound by phr /bi ˈbaʊnd baɪ/ Official organizations like hotels are bound by safety
regulations.
bead n /biːd/ My necklace broke and the beads spilt all over the floor.
bear fruit phr /beə(r) ˈfruːt/ In time, the new ideas will bear fruit.
break new ground phr /ˌbreɪk njuː The company really broke new ground with their dating app.
ˈɡraʊnd/
change our world phr There is no doubt that social media is changing our world.
/ˌtʃeɪndʒ ɑː(r) ˈwɜːld/
congestion n /kənˈdʒestʃən/ Finding someone to share your car journey can cut down on
traffic congestion.
consensus n /kənˈsensəs/ We need to reach consensus about what action to take.
conventional wisdom phr Conventional wisdom is that the internet and smartphones are
/kənˌvenʃənl ˈwɪzdəm/ changing our world.
dated adj /ˈdeɪtɪd/ The music of many rock stars from the 20th century now
seems dated.
deposit v /dɪˈpɒzɪt/ We go to a recycling centre about once a month, where we
deposit all our recyclable waste.
easier said than done phr I wanted to make better use of my old clothes, but that’s
/ˌiːziə(r) ˈsed ðæn ˌdʌn/ easier said than done.
financial woes phr /fəˈnænʃl wəʊz/ This loan is a good temporary solution to my financial woes.
flooded (with) adj /ˈflʌdɪd wɪð/ We’ve never been flooded with new ideas for products.
fork (out) v /fɔːk aʊt/ Some people don’t like forking out large amounts of money on
new clothes.
fuel v /ˈfjuːəl/ The Industrial Revolution was fuelled by the wealth and power
that existed in Europe at the time.
fund v /fʌnd/ The government needed to find a way to fund the war effort.
fundamental shift phr This invention of the compass was the key to a fundamental
/ˌfʌndəˈmentl ʃɪft/ shift in the economics of the world.
gadget n /ˈɡædʒɪt/ I don’t use this gadget any more because it seems to use an
excessive amount of power.
get your hands on (something) phr What’s the best way to get my hands on some quick money?
/ɡet jɔː(r) ˈhændz ɒn ˌsʌmθɪŋ/
go overdrawn phr /ɡəʊ ˌəʊvəˈdrɔːn/ Going overdrawn at the bank is nonsensical because you end
up owing them money.
go under phr v /ɡəʊ ˈʌndə(r)/ Higher costs will lead to many companies going under.
hardship n /ˈhɑːdʃɪp/ Liverpool suffered great economic hardship in post-industrial
Britain.

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C1 Wordlist Unit 10
hard up adj /ˌhɑːd ˈʌp/ I’m a bit hard up at the moment so I’m not having a holiday
this year.
initiative n /ɪˈnɪʃətɪv/ The scheme was launched in 2007 as part of an initiative called
Transition Towns.
innovation n /ˌɪnəˈveɪʃn/ I think smartphones are the most useful innovation of the last
twenty years.
interaction n /ˌɪntərˈækʃn/ In the digital age, there is a real necessity for a live experience,
for physical interaction.
ironic adj /aɪˈrɒnɪk/ It’s ironic that compasses helped Europe to grow wealthy,
because they were a Chinese invention.
irrespective adv /ˌɪrɪˈspektɪv/ The restaurant will be busy irrespective of what time we get
there.
issue v /ˈɪʃuː/ It’s thought that the dollar sign was first used on money bags
issued by the United States Mint.
levy v /ˈlevi/ The government decided to levy a new tax on frozen food
products.
live from hand to mouth phr I’m living from hand to mouth at the moment – I never have
/lɪv frɒm ˌhænd tə ˈmaʊθ/ any spare money.
lose money phr /luːz ˈmʌni/ I have never lost money investing in the stock market.
lose out to phr /luːz ˈaʊt tə/ Businesses have always complained about losing out to new
ways of doing things.
lucrative adj /ˈluːkrətɪv/ Live performances have become more lucrative than
recordings or downloads.
luxury n /ˈlʌkʃəri/ I never spend money on luxuries like chocolate or flowers.
make (ends meet) v /ˌmeɪk endz ˈmiːt/ I know people who struggle to make ends meet at the end of
the month.
manage (your) money phr Most people I know try to manage their money.
/ˌmænɪdʒ jə(r) ˈmʌni/
mindfulness n /ˈmaɪndflnəs/ It’s difficult to experience true mindfulness in today’s digital
world.
monetary adj /ˈmʌnɪtri/ Today there are a number of complementary monetary
schemes around the world.
obsolete adj /ˈɒbsəliːt/ I think cars driven by people will be obsolete within twenty
years.
on the breadline phr /ɒn ðə ˈbredlaɪn/ After my business started doing well, I was never on the
breadline again.
on the face of it phr /ɒn ðə ˈfeɪs əv ɪt/ On the face of it, the sharing economy has numerous benefits.
peppercorn n /ˈpepəkɔːn/ I always buy whole peppercorns, not ground black pepper.
pioneer n /ˌpaɪəˈnɪə(r)/ Buddy Holly was a pioneer in the world of rock and roll.
positive development phr There is considerable debate about whether they are a positive
/ˌpɒzətɪv dɪˈveləpmənt/ development or not.
radical departure phr /ˈrædɪkl dɪˈpɑːtʃə(r)/ This restaurant is a radical departure in the appreciation of
food.
rationale n /ˌræʃəˈnɑːl/ I don’t understand the rationale for having this meeting after
everyone else has gone home.
reassuring adj /ˌriːəˈʃɔːrɪŋ/ I find it reassuring that digital technology hasn’t replaced all
aspects of communication.
reciprocal adj /rɪˈsɪprəkl/ Timebanking is a reciprocal service exchange where time, not
money, is the unit of the currency.
reconditioned adj /ˌriːkənˈdɪʃnd/ I’ve got a reconditioned radio from the 1950s that I’m trying
to sell.

Name
C1 Wordlist Unit 10
redeem v /rɪˈdiːm/ Unfortunately the date on these vouchers has expired, so you
can’t redeem them.
regime n /reɪˈʒiːm/ I’m loving my new exercise regime – it’s really having a
positive effect on me.
revolutionize v /ˌrevəˈluːʃənaɪz/ Electricity has revolutionized virtually every aspect of modern
life.
ring the changes phr /rɪŋ ðə ˈtʃeɪndʒɪz/ It’s important to ring the changes with your exercise regime,
otherwise you’ll get bored.
sharing economy phr /ˈʃeərɪŋ ɪˌkɒnəmi/ The sharing economy has really taken off in recent years.
shift rapidly phr /ʃɪft ˈræpɪdli/ The way we communicate has shifted rapidly over the last ten
years.
short of money adj /ʃɔːt ɒv ˈmʌni/ When I was a student, I was always short of money.
so last year phr /səʊ lɑːst jɜː(r)/ Using a desktop PC is so last year!
spring up phr v /sprɪŋ ˈʌp/ It’s the internet which has allowed all these different sites to
spring up.
start out phr v /stɑːt ˈaʊt/ I had to learn very quickly when I started out as a teacher.
sweep v /swiːp/ I’m going to talk to you today about an exciting revolution
which is sweeping our world.
take over phr v /teɪk ˈəʊvə(r)/ When you can’t see, your other senses take over.
take some beating phr /teɪk səm ˈbiːtɪŋ/ His new world record will take some beating.
the last word n /ðə lɑːst ˈwɜːd/ Some people are always searching for the last word in design.
to say the least phr /tə seɪ ðə ˈliːst/ There needs to be some form of basic regulation, to say the
least.
trace v /treɪs/ The concept of time currencies can be traced back to the early
nineteenth century.
traverse v /trəˈvɜːs/ The compass provided people with a reliable method of
traversing the world’s oceans.
undermine v /ˌʌndəˈmaɪn/ The sharing economy is likely to undermine traditional
businesses such as hotels or taxis.
unpaid adj /ˌʌnˈpeɪd/ I’d rather do unpaid work than do nothing at all.
vicinity n /vəˈsɪnəti/ This invention displays the strength of Wi-fi signals in your
vicinity.
wealthy adj /ˈwelθi/ I managed to get by, but I was never wealthy.
well off adj /wel ˈɒf/ It’s better to be a little hard up than extremely well off.
withdraw v /wɪθˈdrɔː/ I’d like to withdraw 200 euros, please.

Name
C1 Wordlist Unit 11
a wealth of phr /ə ˈwelθ ɒv/ There’s a wealth of possibilities from an open-water swim to a
night run.
abandon v /əˈbændən/ The making of traditional objects using natural materials was
later abandoned.
account for phr v /əˈkaʊnt fɔː(r)/ As linguists point out, this doesn’t account for all the other
words in our vocabulary.
aglow adj /əˈɡləʊ/ Looking in the window of the cottage, its fire aglow, we
decided to knock.
alert adj /əˈlɜːt/ I was having great difficulty staying alert.
alike adv /əˈlaɪk/ They always tried to treat their children alike.
alive adj /əˈlaɪv/ The city doesn’t really come alive till after midnight.
aloof adj /əˈluːf/ He always kept himself very aloof, so had few friends.
apart adj /əˈpɑːt/ The twins are identical; only their parents can tell them apart.
arguably adv /ˈɑːɡjuəbli/ Pad Thai is arguably the most famous dish to come out of
Thailand.
as early as phr /əz ˈɜːli əz/ As early as the 16th century, English had already adopted
words from other languages.
as yet phr /æz ˈjet/ Someone told me my boss is leaving, but I haven’t heard
anything from him as yet.
ashamed adj /əˈʃeɪmd/ I’m ashamed to say I forgot.
assimilate v /əˈsɪməleɪt/ Many words from other languages have gradually been
assimilated into English.
at least half of phr /æt liːst ˈhɑːf əv/ At least half of words in English come from non-Anglo-Saxon
sources.
aware adj /əˈweə(r)/ They were well aware of the risks, but they went anyway.
beat (eggs, etc.) v /biːt/ This is what makes the white sauce special – I’m going to beat
two eggs into it.
by no means phr /baɪ ˈnəʊ miːnz/ I know a bit about architecture but I’m by no means an expert.
chop v /tʃɒp/ I’ve roughly chopped up some onion and softened it in oil.
claim responsibility phr From Greece to Iran, Turkey to India, everyone is claiming
/kleɪm rɪˌspɒnsəˈbɪləti/ responsibility for inventing the kebab.
concerned adj /kənˈsɜːnd/ We won’t be contacting everyone – just the people concerned.
conscious adj /ˈkɒnʃəs/ It was a conscious decision.
critic n /ˈkrɪtɪk/ Critics of the theory say that it can’t possibly be correct.
determine v /dɪˈtɜːmɪn/ Originally the date of the festival was determined by the lunar
calendar.
epidemic n /ˌepɪˈdemɪk/ These measures eventually brought an end to the epidemic.
evolve v /iˈvɒlv/ Music from New Orleans is thought to have evolved into what
we now know as jazz.
faculty n /ˈfæklti/ Former graduates spoke to the present students of the faculty.
finely adv /ˈfaɪnli/ Place the garlic and bread in a food processor and chop finely.
fluffy adj /ˈflʌfi/ The sauce goes nice and fluffy when you add eggs to it.

Name
C1 Wordlist Unit 11
generously adv /ˈdʒenərəsli/ I’ve added salt and pepper to the aubergine layer and brushed
it generously with olive oil.
gently adv /ˈdʒentli/ This now needs to cook gently for at least half an hour.
gesture n /ˈdʒestʃə(r)/ Early humans needed their hands to communicate with
gestures.
grate v /ɡreɪt/ I’ve grated some cheese and I’m going to melt that into the
white sauce.
grill v /ɡrɪl/ While on duty, soldiers would put meat on their swords and
grill it over an open fire.
have a long history of phr The UK has a long history of trading and colonial links with
/həv ə lɒŋ ˈhɪstri əv/ other countries.
horizontally adv /ˌhɒrɪˈzɒntəli/ Many kebabs today are still cooked horizontally on a metal
skewer.
imitate v /ˈɪmɪteɪt/ Our ancestors imitated natural sounds.
intellect n /ˈɪntəlekt/ Chimpanzees certainly don’t have the intellect that humans do.
invade v /ɪnˈveɪd/ Many people complain about the way English is invading other
languages.
invasion n /ɪnˈveɪʒn/ Invasion by foreign peoples has led to the adoption of many
new expressions.
let alone phr /let əˈləʊn/ I can hardly fit my stuff into the case, let alone yours.
linguist n /ˈlɪŋɡwɪst/ As linguists point out, this theory doesn’t account for all the
other words in our vocabulary.
melt v /melt/ I’m melting the butter with some flour, and now I need to add
some warm milk and beat it in.
official adj /əˈfɪʃl/ The French and Spanish languages are each controlled by an
official body.
over the years phr /ˈəʊvə(r) ðə jɜːz/ English is probably the language which has borrowed most
terms from others over the years.
peel v /piːl/ You have to peel the tomatoes, as the skin goes bitter if you
leave it in the sauce.
quarantine n /ˈkwɒrəntiːn/ After the discovery, the hospital was closed and quarantine
was introduced.
refine v /rɪˈfaɪn/ The rules of the game were later refined.
roll out phr v /ˈrəʊl aʊt/ The recipe was rolled out across the country in the 1940s.
roughly adv /ˈrʌfli/ Chop the onions roughly – the pieces don’t have to be exactly
the same size.
season v /ˈsiːzn/ Once the eggs are beaten in, I’ll season it and add some grated
nutmeg.
settlement n /ˈsetlmənt/ Settlement by foreign peoples has led to the adoption of many
new customs.
skewer n /ˈskjuːə(r)/ Many food items, such as meat, vegetables and fish, can be
cooked on skewers.
slice v /slaɪs/ Slice the potatoes and chop them into small cubes.
soak v /səʊk/ At this festival, it’s totally fine and normal to soak complete
strangers.
sparingly adv /ˈspeərɪŋli/ If you want to add salt, do so sparingly, because the sauce is
already quite salty.
sprinkle v /ˈsprɪŋkl/ Some people like to sprinkle cheese on top and grill it at the
end.
symbolize v /ˈsɪmbəlaɪz/ Pouring water on people symbolizes the start of the new year.

Name
C1 Wordlist Unit 11
thinly adv /ˈθɪnli/ Slice the cucumbers very thinly and mix them with sour cream.
triathlon n /traɪˈæθlən/ He says he’s never felt so alive since he took up triathlons.
undeniably adv /ˌʌndɪˈnaɪəbli/ Pad Thai has undeniably become the national dish of Thailand.
unilateral adj /ˌjuːnɪˈlætrəl/ This phenomenon is by no means unilateral.
valuables n pl /ˈvæljuəblz/ Be careful with your cameras and any other valuables because
everything will get wet.
vertically adv /ˈvɜːtɪkli/ Meat is cooked vertically in the modern doner kebab.
vigorously adv /ˈvɪɡərəsli/ Beat the sauce vigorously so that lumps don’t have the chance
to form.
whatsoever adv /wɒtsəʊˈevə(r)/ There’s no doubt whatsoever that the world is becoming a
smaller place.

Name
C1 Wordlist Unit 12
a long way off phr /ə ˈlɒŋ weɪ ˌɒf/ Complete understanding of how memory works is a long way
off.
acknowledge v /əkˈnɒlɪdʒ/ Even the most sceptical observer must acknowledge the
evidence to be overwhelming.
appalling adj /əˈpɔːlɪŋ/ I couldn’t believe the appalling news about the air crash.
assert v /əˈsɜːt/ It has been asserted that there is a link.
associated with phr v Exercise may produce other benefits associated with leading a
/əˈsəʊʃieɪtɪd wɪð/ healthy lifestyle.
be down to phr /bi ˈdaʊn tə/ The drop in tourism was down to the dreadful weather that
summer.
broadly adv /ˈbrɔːdli/ The results of other studies have been broadly similar.
cite a source phr /saɪt ə ˈsɔːs/ There was only one source he cited.
compliment v /ˈkɒmplɪmənt/ I would like to compliment Julia on her post.
conclusive adj /kənˈkluːsɪv/ There was plenty of evidence against him, but none of it was
conclusive.
criterion n /kraɪˈtɪəriən/ There’s one important criterion which you don’t fulfil, so we
can’t offer you the job.
disorientated adj /dɪsˈɔːriənteɪtɪd/ I was disorientated and felt distanced from everything.
dock v /dɒk/ He was installed in the ship’s sick room until it docked in the
port.
down adv /daʊn/ Did you get that down? It’s really important.
down adj /daʊn/ We can’t use the network this morning. The whole system’s
down.
embrace v /ɪmˈbreɪs/ I was surprised when I was embraced by a total stranger while
out walking.
endorse v /ɪnˈdɔːs/ This product is endorsed by several celebrities.
episodic adj /ˌepɪˈsɒdɪk/ Episodic memories relate to episodes that happen to you.
escort v /ɪˈskɔːt/ The football fans were escorted to the stadium by the local
police.
experimental adj /ɪkˌsperɪˈmentl/ All children go through a curious, experimental phase as they
get older.
explicit adj /ɪkˈsplɪsɪt/ Explicit memories are ones which you can describe and give
details about.
fraudulent adj /ˈfrɔːdjələnt/ The proportion of scientific papers which are fraudulent is
increasing.
fundamental adj /ˌfʌndəˈmentl/ Spanish business culture has been going through rapid and
fundamental changes.
good stuff phr /ɡʊd stʌf/ You should try using this new organic whitening toothpaste –
it’s good stuff.
grim adj /ɡrɪm/ They all looked grim after they heard the news about the
factory closing.
immersion n /ɪˈmɜːʃn/ Total immersion in a language is the quickest way to become
fluent.
implicit adj /ɪmˈplɪsɪt/ Implicit memories are things that you don’t have to think about.

Name
C1 Wordlist Unit 12
imply v /ɪmˈplaɪ/ Just because a person has a poor memory, this does not imply
that he or she is not intelligent.
insist (on) v /ɪnˈsɪst ɒn/ She insisted on paying for the meal.
instigate v /ˈɪnstɪɡeɪt/ The new manager instigated a lot of changes in our working
practices.
interfere v /ˌɪntəˈfɪə(r)/ I won’t have the clients interfering too much in my work.
interpret v /ɪnˈtɜːprɪt/ How are we to interpret these findings?
interpretation n /ɪnˌtɜːprɪˈteɪʃn/ The statistics are open to interpretation.
likelihood n /ˈlaɪklihʊd/ There is a likelihood of snow later in the week.
noticeable adj /ˈnəʊtɪsəbl/ There is a noticeable link between studying music and
improving your memory.
off adv /ɒf/ The wedding is off – Sarah’s decided she wants to wait to get
married.
off adj /ɒf/ I think this milk’s off – don’t drink it.
off adv /ɒf/ I managed to get £10 off the original price.
out of the blue phr /ˌaʊt ɒv ðə ˈbluː/ My cousin from Australia turned up at my flat out of the blue
last night.
over prep /ˈəʊvə(r)/ It was stupid of us to argue over something so trivial.
over prep /ˈəʊvə(r)/ This town has changed a lot over the course of the last ten
years.
overwhelming adj /ˌəʊvəˈwelmɪŋ/ The evidence for climate change is overwhelming.
principle n /ˈprɪnsəpl/ The basic principles of driving a car are the same in every
country.
proportion n /prəˈpɔːʃn/ I believe that a significant proportion of members of parliament
should be women.
reflect v /rɪˈflekt/ He spent a night in jail so that he could reflect on what he’d
done.
reproduce v /ˌriːprəˈdjuːs/ If you don’t remember the mistakes you make, you’ll just
reproduce them.
restricted adj /rɪˈstrɪktɪd/ The short-term memory has restricted capacity.
retain v /rɪˈteɪn/ There is a very big need for older people to retain their
independence.
rundown n /ˈrʌndaʊn/ Can you give us a simple rundown of the different types of
memory?
scepticism n /ˈskeptɪsɪzəm/ My immediate reaction was one of slight scepticism.
semantic adj /sɪˈmæntɪk/ Our semantic memory allows us to remember specific pieces
of information.
sibling n /ˈsɪblɪŋ/ When was the last time you and a friend or sibling argued over
something trivial?
substance n /ˈsʌbstəns/ She gave an entertaining speech, but there was no real
substance to it.
substantial adj /səbˈstænʃl/ The singer gave a substantial donation to an animal rescue
centre in his home town.
substantially adv /səbˈstænʃəli/ Children studying music usually make substantially better
progress.
succession n /səkˈseʃn/ Her poor performance in the tournament was due to a
succession of injuries.
tendency n /ˈtendənsi/ Youngest children have a tendency to be rebellious.

Name
C1 Wordlist Unit 12
trigger your memory phr Often, certain smells or tastes trigger your memory of
/ˈtrɪɡə(r) jə(r) ˈmeməri/ something from many years ago.
unconscious adj /ʌnˈkɒnʃəs/ Breathing is an unconscious act that we do without thinking.
unproductive adj /ˌʌnprəˈdʌktɪv/ I find memorizing lists of words very unproductive.
urge v /ɜːdʒ/ The report urges people to be more vigilant.

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What are some of the new words introduced in the wordlist?

What are some of the new words introduced in the wordlist?

What are some themes mentioned in the stories referenced in the wordlist?

What are some themes mentioned in the stories referenced in the wordlist?

Name

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threaten v /ˈθretn/ Many people feel threatened by change.

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accomplish v /əˈkʌmplɪʃ/ How does it accomplish this amazing feat?

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hire (somebody) v /ˈhaɪə(r) sʌmbədi/ I was hired because of my background in psychology.

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tranquil adj /ˈtræŋkwɪl/ Art galleries are very tranquil places.

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