II

1b Exam Practice

Vocabulary 8. My grandmother makes the most delicious, ______

meals that I’ve ever tasted.
a. eye-catching
Exam Tip b. tongue-tied
c. mouth-watering
Choose the best option as fast as you can. If you feel d. hair-raising
you don’t know any of the words, don’t waste too 9. India is a country that was once a British ______ .
much time trying to find the correct choice. Guess or a. district
choose the one that sounds right to you and move on.
b. colony
c. region

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d. section

10. Kelly plans to ______ for the mountains as soon as she

1. Pat has been going to yoga and meditation classes and leaves work.

P
she is really in ______ with her body’s needs. a. head
a. tune b. press
b. line c. advance
c. trouble d. march

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d. focus
11. Cynthia was ______ for all the help, financial and
2. ______ the dough into four equal portions and gently roll otherwise, that her parents provided her with.
on a flat surface. a. content
a. Mix



b. Knead
c. Twist
d. Divide
3. Italian food is a type of cuisine that really tempts Kevin’s
______ .
C


b. satisfied
c. grateful
d. beneficial

12. The town’s ______ was completely full after the heavy
rains throughout the summer.
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a. landfill
a. tongue b. crevice
b. palate c. reservoir
c. hunger d. cavern
d. craving
3. Brent likes his pizza loaded with a variety of ______ .
1
4. Research shows that women ______ men when doing a. offerings
aerobic exercise. b. servings
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a. outlast c. toppings
b. outsmart d. trimmings
c. outlive
d. outgrow 14. There are many sources of ______ energy, such as
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hydropower, wind power, and solar energy.

5. Mom, will you stop ______ , please! I didn’t mean to a. rechargeable
break the vase. b. renewable
a. wailing c. recyclable
b. giggling d. reusable
A

c. gurgling
d. yelling 15. Prolonged exposure to the sun makes a person more
______ to skin cancer.
6. Lisa has been excessively ______ her eyes at work from a. sensitive
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staring at her monitor. b. receptive

a. blinding c. responsive
b. crossing d. susceptible
c. focusing
d. straining 6. My dad is ______ inclined; he’s able to fix almost any device.
1
a. instinctively
7. Lance was having a problem with his knee, and his b. mechanically
doctor ______ painkillers. c. involuntarily
a. prescribed d. automatically
b. requested
c. provided
d. offered

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 II
1b
Grammar 9. Basketball is ______ much safer than bungee jumping.
a. doubtful
b. doubtfully
Exam Tip c. undoubtedly
d. doubt
Choose the option that is not only grammatically 0. I took a ______ on first aid.
1
correct but the one that also makes sense in this a. three-week course
specific context (see item 8). b. threes-week course
c. three-weeks course
d. three-week courses

Y
1. “Do you want to go to the movies?”
1
1. I suggest ______ out information booklets at the entrance. “Actually, I’d rather ….. in tonight.”
a. to hand a. to stay

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b. that we will hand b. staying
c. handing c. stayed
d. us to hand d. stay

O
2. “How about eating out tonight?” 2. I didn’t know she was fired! I’m always the last ______ .
1
“That would be great. I’d love not ______ dinner for a change!” a. that is known
a. to make b. knowing
b. making c. who know


c. make
d. to making

3. This soup isn’t ______ to eat yet. You’ll burn your tongue.


a. cool enough
b. very cool
C

d. to know

3. Billy confessed ______ on the test.

1
a. to having cheated
b. to having been cheated
c. to cheat
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c. too cool d. to have cheated
d. much cooler 4. The organization has ______ members.
1
4. She heard him ______ that he would be home early. a. threes hundred
a. to saying b. three hundred
b. to say c. threes hundreds
c. said d. three hundreds
d. say
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15. I’ve never seen a ______ collection of impressionist

5. “Have you seen my sweater?” paintings.
“Oh, you mean the ______ one?” a. fine
a. Italian, long, red b. finer
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b. long, red, Italian c. finely

c. red, Italian, long d. finest
d. long, Italian, red 6. “Did you and Kimberly go to the movies yesterday?”
1
6. “Sandra’s a great player!” “Well, we intended ______, but we stayed home instead.”
A

“Yeah, she’s certainly a ______ opponent.” a. to

a. worthy b. to do
b. worth c. doing
c. worth it d. do
S

d. worthiness 17. The ______ flights had to be canceled because of severe

7. “Why didn’t you pass the test?” weather conditions.
“Well, it’s my own fault. I regret not ______ harder.” a. scheduled
a. having to study b. scheduling
b. to studying c. schedule
c. having studied d. schedule’s
d. to study 18. Do you object ______ my grandmother in the countryside
8. It’s very important ______ to the manager right now. for a few days?
a. speak a. to my visiting
b. he spoke b. to visit
c. he to speak c. that I visit
d. that he speak d. visit
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 II
1b Writing

Formal Essays 2 a) Read the model essay and

see if any of your ideas in
(advantages/disadvantages) Ex. 1 are mentioned. Then
answer the questions that
Plan follow.

An essay that discusses the advantages and disadvantages of

an issue is a formal piece of writing that examines a topic from MODEL
both sides. It also provides justifications or examples as to It is understood/true/agreed/clear/apparent that
why some aspects of the topic are good and some are bad.
1) It is evident that cell phones have become
The tone should be formal.

Y
General outline: one of the most popular electronic devices we use
in our daily lives. 2) However, there are both
Introduction advantages and disadvantages to using cell phones.
Para 1 • make an objective statement of the topic, 3) There are a number of arguments in favor of One

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phrase the topic as a question or statement that using cell phones. 4) One important advantage is benefit
can be argued from two sides (advantages/ that you are always connected. This means that
disadvantages)
you can use them wherever you are, most
Main Body

O
importantly during emergencies. For example, if
Para 2 • topic sentence you were in a car accident, you could call the
• advantage 1 (justification/example) police  right away. In addition, most cell phones
• advantage 2 (justification/example)
have Internet access. 5) Therefore, you can check
Para 3 • topic sentence


• disadvantage 1 (justification/example)
• disadvantage 2 (justification/example)
Conclusion
Para 4

• state your opinion
• write general thoughts on the topic
C your emails and reply to important messages as
well as download popular apps whenever and
wherever you are. Although/Even though they are popular
6) Despite their popularity, the use of cell
phones has its drawbacks. To begin with, having a
cell phone can be quite expensive. 7) Monthly fees
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for phone plans can be quite high if you are not
careful. 8) Another disadvantage is that they can be

1 Read the following task. Underline the keywords.

Then, answer the questions.
quite distracting. 9) This is true for young people
who may spend more time using their phones than
(See Answer Section) studying or doing homework.
10) In short, although there are disadvantages to
Task Essay
P

using cell phones, I think that the benefits outweigh

them as they are very helpful to people. 11) They
Cell phones have become an play a major role in modern life enabling us to I believe/
extremely popular gadget in feel that
communicate with each other better.
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everyday life. However, not

everyone agrees that using cell
phones so much is a good
thing.
• Write an essay on the Which sentence (1-11):
A

advantages and disadvantages 1 introduces the topic of the essay? 1

of using cell phones. 2 phrases the topic as a statement
• Support your views with details with two sides? 2
and examples. 3 contains the first topic sentence? 3
S

4 contains the first advantage? 4

5 justifies the second advantage? 5
6 justifies the second disadvantage? 9
1 What are you going to write? 7 offers general thoughts on the subject? 11
2 What will your piece of writing be about?
3 Should you use in your essay short sentences,
colloquial expressions and idioms? Why?
b) What is each paragraph about?
(See Answer Section)
4 Do you or your parents have a cell phone? Why/Why
not? Discuss.
c) Underline the writer’s opinion about using cell
phones. Which words helped you decide?
5 What are the advantages/disadvantages of using (See Answer Section)
cell phones?
6 What is your opinion? Where will you include it in
d) Read the model essay again. Replace the
phrases in bold with suitable language from the
your essay? Useful Language box in Writing Appendix II.
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 II
1b
3 a) Read the task below and underline the keywords. Exam Tip
What is the topic? In pairs, look at the statements
(1-6). Which are advantages? Which are Don’t forget to write topic sentences for the main
disadvantages? Which are not relevant to the body paragraphs which tell the reader what the
topic of the essay? The topic is the pros and cons paragraph is about.
for children of both parents working.

Task Essay
d) Underline the topic sentences in the model. Write
new topic sentences of your own to replace
Some people argue that families where both parents them. (See Answer Section)

Y
work are putting their children at a disadvantage, while
others claim that children of working parents can only
Developing Introductions
benefit from this.
• Write an essay on the advantages and disadvantages of • An objective statement is generally used at the beginning

P
both parents working. of the introduction of essays.
• Give reasons to support your ideas. • In essays discussing the advantages and disadvantages
of an issue, the last sentence of the introduction makes a
1 The parents can build their careers. not relevant statement or asks a question which shows that the issue

O
2 The family will have more money to spend. advantage can be debated from two sides.
3 Children socialize more and make new friends. Examples:
not relevant Objective Statement: Many families choose to place their
4 There is a lack of quality time as a family. disadvantage older relatives in retirement homes.

5
6
Children are not supervised properly. disadvantage
Children learn to become more independent. advantage

b) Read the model below. The linkers underlined are

in the wrong places in the essay. Change them
around so that the essay makes sense.
C Statement showing two sides of the issue: There are
pros and cons of older people living in retirement homes.
Question: Is life better or worse for older people who move
into retirement homes?

4 a) Read
LE
the theory. Find examples of objective
In
a) Moreover, many children are part of families in which statements and questions/statements showing
general both sides of the issue in the essays in Exs. 2a
both parents work. Does it help or hurt a family when both
& 3b. (See Answer Section)
parents have careers?
Firstly
b) All in all, there are some advantages when both
parents work. An important advantage is they might have a b) Form questions from the statements given below.
(See Answer Section)
higher income. Since both parents are out earning money, Moreover/ 1 Objective statement: People from some cultures think
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they can meet their family’s needs. c)  In general, they set an Furthermore
that taking a nap after lunch is good for their bodies.
example for their children that adults can be good parents Question: . .................................................................
and successful professionals at the same time. Their children ....................................................................................
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will see that a balanced life of strong family relationships and 2 Objective statement: Many young people are
success outside the home is possible. choosing coaching or athletic training as a career.
On the
other hand d) Furthermore, there are also some disadvantages. Question: . .................................................................
Parents who work cannot spend as much time at home with ....................................................................................
Moreover/
their kids. If they work until five or later and their kids have
A

Furthermore 3 Objective statement: Many teens with eating

after-school activities that run late, the family can only spend disorders are afraid to talk to an adult about it.
a couple of hours a day together during the week. e) Firstly, Question: . .................................................................
working parents must find nannies or babysitters to watch ....................................................................................
S

their children while they are at work, especially if the children

are very young. Not only can this become expensive, but it
Developing Main Body Paragraphs
can also be difficult to find a caretaker that both the parents
and children like and trust. When writing essays discussing advantages and disadvantages,
All in f) On the other hand, I believe that both parents can we examine the topic in terms of the following types of ideas:
all
work as long as they do not neglect their family. As Advantage Disadvantage Justification
supporting a family becomes more demanding financially, To find an To find a To find
parents must find new ways to earn enough money, and to advantage think: disadvantage, justifications, think:
be there for their children emotionally as well. Why is this a good think: Why is this a This is a good/bad
thing? bad thing? thing because …
shows the supports
c) Read the model again. Were any of the ideas
from Ex. 3a mentioned? How were they
shows the positive
side of an issue
negative side of an
issue
advantages/
disadvantages
supported? (See Answer Section)
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 II
1b Writing

5 a) The following four statements are about the

issue of kids dieting. Two are advantages and
7 a) Read the theory, then read the concluding
paragraphs of the essays in Exs. 2a & 3b. Do they
two are disadvantages. Find which are which. follow the theory? Yes, both essays follow the theory

1 Dieting may cause kids to think that they are fat,

which gives them low self-esteem. Disadvantage
b) Write your own opinions and general thoughts
for the issues in Ex. 5b. (See Answer Section)
2 They will develop healthy eating habits from a young
age. Advantage
3 Diets are very difficult for kids to follow when they
Brainstorming for ideas
There are five brainstorming steps for an essay that discusses
are in school or at a friend’s house. Disadvantage
the advantages and disadvantages of an issue. Read the task
4 Dieting helps them avoid becoming obese. Advantage

Y
and steps to familiarize yourself with the brainstorming process.

b) Think of one advantage and one disadvantage

for each of the following issues.
Task Essay

(See Answer Section)

P
Being a doctor is a great profession, but it is not
1 jogging at night without its difficulties.
2 being a member of more than one sports team • Write an essay about the advantages and
3 giving up caffeinated beverages disadvantages of being a doctor.

O
• Give examplesto support your ideas.
6 In pairs, think of a justification for each advantage/
disadvantage below. Step 1: Read the task and underline the main idea. Does
(See Answer Section) what you underlined have two sides? i.e., Does it have pros

1 Advantage: Exercising helps you stay in shape.

2 Disadvantage: Choosing law as a career requires

a lot of schooling.
C
and cons? (see the underlined words in the task.)
Step 2: Read the task and make a list of words or phrases
that come to mind. For example:
• doctor
• stress –
• demanding –
• wealthy +
• cure +
• away from
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• on call – • help people + family –
3 Advantage: Eating out is easier than cooking. Step 3: Write a + next to each positive idea or a – next to
each negative idea. If the word indicates something that is
neither positive nor negative, do not write anything.
4 Disadvantage: Practicing medicine can be a very Step 4: Look at the table above. The words/phrases that you
stressful career. wrote + next to could be advantages and the words/phrases
that you wrote – next to could be disadvantages. Choose the
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two strongest advantages and the two strongest

Developing Conclusions disadvantages and write them as complete sentences.
Strongest Advantages:
In the first part of a conclusion to an essay discussing A major advantage to becoming a doctor is that you get to
M

advantages and disadvantages, you should state your opinion. help a lot of people. / Another important advantage is that
In the second part, you should offer a general thought on the
doctors enjoy a very good salary.
topic itself.
Strongest Disadvantages:
Use words and phrases from the linkers & useful language box However, the career of a doctor can sometimes be a very
on p. xii of the Writing Appendix to express your opinion. To
stressful one. / What is more, doctors have to be prepared to
A

offer a general thought, think of how the topic is important to

deal with demanding situations.
the world as a whole, beyond the specific aspects you have
just discussed in the essay. Step 5: Think of justifications for each of the advantages and
disadvantages.
Example: Justifications of advantages:
S

It is very rewarding to be able to cure those who would

Issue: sports required in
schools otherwise suffer or die, and to know that by saving a life you
Opinion: There are more have given happiness both to patients and their families. /
advantages than Being well-paid for what you do gives you an extra incentive
disadvantages to making to give your best, since you feel that you are fully appreciated
sports required for all for what you do.
students. Justifications of disadvantages:
General thought: The job carries a heavy responsibility, since the doctor’s
Developing healthy lifestyle decision can mean the difference between life and death for
habits at an early age is just a patient. / For instance, they work long and difficult hours
as important as academic
and often have to be on call, which means they have little time
success.
to spend with their families.

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 II
1b
8 a) Read the essay task below. What is the topic of
the task? Underline the words that helped you
9 Read the following tasks. What is the topic for each
task? In pairs, answer the questions.
decide. The topic is the pros and cons of (See Answer Section)
exercising in an indoor gym. Task A Email/Letter

Your school wants to encourage students to eat healthy

foods. They want students to suggest ways to do this.
• Write a letter to the school principal making suggestions.
• Start your letter, “Dear Principal.”

Y
Task B Essay

Many people are opting to eat only organic foods due to

P
their health benefits while others think it is too much
trouble to change their diet.
• Write an essay discussing the advantages and
disadvantages of eating organic foods.

O
Task Essay • Give examples to support your views.

Many people prefer exercising in a gym while others

choose to exercise outdoors. Do Your Body a Favor:
• Write an essay about what the advantages and
disadvantages are to exercising in an indoor gym.
• Include details and examples to support your views. C ORGANIC
EAT ORGANIC
& HEALTHY
FOODS
b) In pairs, practice the brainstorming steps from
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p. 40 for the task in Ex. 8a. (See Answer Section)
Letter:

c) Listen to the dialogue. Were any of your ideas

from Ex. 8b mentioned in the dialogue? List the
1 As the writer of the letter who are you supposed to be?
2 What are your suggestions?
advantages and disadvantages in the table. What 3 What are some supporting details and expected
justifications were used? results for your suggestions?
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Advantages Justifications Essay:

gyms are convenient in the winter too cold to run 1 What are some advantages of organic food?
high tech exercise outside 2 What are some examples/justifications for the
gets dark early advantages?
M

machines/trainers
individual advice from trainer 3 What are some disadvantages?
4 What are some examples/justifications for the
Disadvantages Justifications disadvantages?
expensive membership if short on money not worth it 5 What is your opinion of organic food?
A

rates not much space to work out

confining and need to be outside
10 Write either the essay or the letter. Use your ideas
from Ex. 9. (See Answer Section)

Check list
S

11 After you have finished writing your essay/letter check for the following. Letter
Are linking phrases/useful language Does the first main body paragraph
used? include advantages and Are the topic and your reason for
Is a wide range of relevant justifications? writing stated clearly in the
vocabulary used? Does the second main body introduction?
Is formal language used? paragraph include disadvantages and Does each main body paragraph
Essay justifications? contain a suggestion, supporting
Is there an objective statement Is your opinion stated in the details, and expected results?
followed by a statement/question conclusion, followed by a general Does the conclusion contain a
about two sides of the issue? thought on the topic? summary of the suggestions?
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 Revision & Extension Writing (MODULES 1-2)

Task A Email/Letter It is about the problem of

Completing the ECCE Writing Section: teenagers working long hours.
What can be done to make sure teens are not
Beginning to End overworked?
1 Read the writing section instructions carefully. Ask the • Write a letter to the Editor of The City Times suggesting
invigilator for help if you do not understand something. what you think the best options to solve this problem are.
2 Read the tasks through once, slowly and carefully. • Start your letter, “Dear Editor.”
3 Choose which task you will complete. Read through the
task you have chosen and underline keywords.
4 Make lists of words/phrases you might need. Don’t forget Task B Essay It is about the pros and
to paraphrase. cons of teen employment.

Y
5 Organize your ideas into a plan and make a list of relevant Many teenagers have jobs but not everyone agrees
phrases you can think of.
that this is a good idea.
6 Write your email/letter or essay based on your plan. If you
• Write an essay on the advantages and disadvantages
are stuck at any point, reread the task to get you back on
of having a job as a teenager.

P
track.
7 Read what you have written to make sure that it makes • Support your views with examples.
sense and that there are no spelling, grammar, or
punctuation errors. Check that you have covered all the

O
points mentioned in the task.
2 Read the model. Which task does it answer?
Then, answer the questions. (Task A)
Understanding the Task
Your clues as to which type of email/letter or essay to write MODEL
can be found in the task instructions. Find the words that
determine what you are going to write.

•
Make Suggestions/Solve a problem
What can be done? • Suggest ways to …
C Dear Editor,
By and large, teens today work in some kind of
job, even before they have left school. I am writing
this letter to suggest a couple of ways of ensuring
• What can people do? • How can we deal with
LE
• Recommend … the problem? that young people are not overworked.
• What actions/measures • Who would benefit First of all, I believe that parents should allow
can be taken? from …? their teenagers to work only on condition that they
• How can ... be made • Think of/share ideas to are able to get good grades in school. Parents
better? … should work out a schedule that helps teenagers
• What other • Help … balance both commitments. Therefore, teenagers
methods …?
can prove to their parents that they are responsible
P

Discuss an Issue enough to work and make money, but do well in

school at the same time.
• What are the advantages and disadvantages?
Secondly, parents can help teenagers choose a
• What are the benefits and the drawbacks?
M

job that fits in with their school schedule. For

• Discuss …
example, they could help them find a job that
requires working only on the weekends or a job with
flexible working hours. This way, teenagers will have
sufficient time to work and study.
A

A In conclusion, I strongly believe that if parents

and teenagers cooperate, the problem can be
1 Read the tasks and underline the keywords. What
topic is each task about?
solved. If teenagers combine both school and work
successfully then they will be able to work certain
S

hours and earn good grades at the same time.

Sincerely,
Julie Smith

1 What is the reason for writing the letter?

to suggest ways to prevent teenagers from being
overworked
2 What are the writer’s suggestions? What are the
supporting details for each? Is a result offered for
each suggestion? Complete the table on p. 43.

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 Writing (MODULES 1-2)

Suggestions Supporting details Expected results MODEL

It is true that
Teens work Parents work out a Teens can prove Oftentimes, sports organizations recruit young
only if they get schedule. they are people who have not completed their education. Is it a
good grades. responsible. good idea that young people be allowed to leave
school to pursue a sports career or can such a decision
Parents help example: a job on Teens have be risky and unwise?
teens choose a weekend or with enough time to There are some benefits of young athletes leaving
job that fits with flexible hours. work and study. school. In the first place, being a professional athlete
school/
involves long hours of training and, in many cases,
schedule.

Y
traveling too. By dropping out of school, young
athletes are free of any school obligations and can In
3 Are the suggestions summarized in the last paragraph? fully commit to their sports career. Moreover, the addition,
yes Is the summary followed by a restatement of the world of sports can pay very well. This gives young as a result

P
positive effects of the suggestions? yes people high salaries and, consequently, they can help For
4 Find examples of formal language used in the letter. their families. For instance, there are soccer players as example
(See Answer Section) young as seventeen years old who are key players on
3 Now write Task B. their teams and earn a lot of money from their job.

O
(See Answer Section) On the other hand, there are also drawbacks.
However
Young athletes who leave school do not always do
B well in their sports careers. Usually, they are positive

1 Read the tasks and underline the keywords. Now about their professional future and strongly believe That
read the model. Which task does it answer? (Task B)
CFurthermore
common, and many athletes have to deal with this
disappointment. Additionally, once young athletes
fail, they are less likely to find a good profession.
Since they have not graduated from school, it is
being
that they will be successful. However, failure is very said
LE
extremely difficult for them to get a decent job
because of their limited qualifications. I think
Taking
everything In conclusion, I believe young people should not
into account be encouraged to leave school in order to devote
themselves to professional sports. Education should
always be our top priority.
P

2
M

Read the model, then answer the questions.

(See Answer Section)
1 Is there an objective statement in the introduction?
2 How does the writer phrase the topic as a question
Task A Email/Letter
that can be argued from different sides?
A

3 What advantages/disadvantages does the writer

Talented teenage athletes are often torn between
mention? What justifications/examples do they use
focusing on developing their athletic talents or their
to support each advantage/disadvantage?
education.
4 What linkers/useful language does the writer use to
• Write a letter to the Editor of The City Times offering
S

present each advantage/disadvantage and their

suggestions on how to handle this situation.
justifications? Replace them with other appropriate
• Start your letter, “Dear Editor.”
ones.
5 What is the writer’s opinion? Where do they state it?
Task B Essay What general thoughts on the topic do they provide?
6 What style has the writer used? Give examples.
Young talented athletes often don’t graduate from 7 Has the writer used a wide range of vocabulary?
school in the hopes of becoming professional star Have they avoided repetition of the main idea? Give
athletes. examples.
• Write an essay on the advantages and disadvantages
of leaving school to pursue a career in sports.
• Include specific reasons and details to support your 3 Now write Task A.
(See Answer Section)
views.
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 5a Safe travels
Lead-in Exam Tip
• What do you like most about the beach? Identifying paraphrased information
• What safety measures must you take before going to the beach?
• Information that is paraphrased means
• Have you ever had an accident while on vacation? Tell the class.
that the ideas of the text are expressed
(See Answer Section) in different words in the question

Y
Reading options. You need to be able to correctly
identify which option best describes
what the text actually says.
Read this passage about jellyfish. Then answer the questions. • Look for synonyms or phrases in the
options that have the same meaning

P
as what is said in the text.
• Be careful of words repeated directly
may look fascinating and because they are usually distractors.
beautiful, with exotic shapes

O
and bright colors, however, they can be very dangerous for unwary
swimmers or vacationers. Due to these dangers, it’s essential for 1 What does the passage say about
travelers to be aware of the harm these creatures can cause and jellyfish? (global question)

the Mexican Gulf2, Hawaii, Australia, or the Caribbean.

C
take the necessary precautions if they plan to spend any time in

While all jellyfish sting, the severity of any stings varies depending
on the species of jellyfish encountered. Some jellyfish, such as the
cannonball jellyfish, are relatively harmless and not a threat as
a
b
c
d
They don’t all harm people.
They all attack in different ways.
They are all equally harmful.
They all have the same number of
tentacles.
their poison is very weak. These jellyfish are often found washed
LE
2 In the second sentence of paragraph 1,
up on beaches and can be identified by their blue or yellow color what does the word they refer to?
and brown tentacles3.
a travelers
The large Chironex fleckeri, or box jellyfish, on the other hand, is a
b sea creatures
threat. This species is transparent and has up to fifteen tentacles c dangers
that deliver powerful stings that cause a severe burning sensation. d swimmers
A Chironex sting can lead to difficulty breathing and even death.
P

3 What is a characteristic of the

Size isn’t everything, however. The Irukandji jellyfish, which is so
cannonball jellyfish?
small that it’s almost invisible, proves that powerful things can
come in small sizes. A sting from one of its four tentacles results a It can be very dangerous.
b It doesn’t poison its victims.
M

in nausea and sweating.4

c It is rarely encountered in the sea.
Perhaps one of the most well-known jellyfish is the fearsome
d It can be recognized by its
sounding Portuguese man-of-war5. Technically, though, it is a appearance.
species similar to jellyfish called a siphonophore6. This doesn’t
change the fact, however, that its long tentacles (which can reach 4 What do Irukandji jellyfish stings do to
A

victims?
up to 165 feet) can cause excruciating pain and leave a potentially
fatal sting. a produce a burning sensation
b lead to sudden death
c cause an urge to vomit
S

d make breathing difficult

5 In the first sentence of paragraph 4,
what does fearsome mean?
a tremendous c striking
b frightening d distressing
6 What is different about the Portuguese
man-of-war?
a It is the most dangerous jellyfish.
b It isn’t actually a jellyfish at all.
c It is never found on beaches.
d It is difficult to identify correctly.
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 5a
Vocabulary 3 Read the sentences, and then use the words in bold to fill in the
blanks below.
Travel Tips and Safety
• An itinerary lists your routes and whereabouts on any given day of
your trip.
1 Fill in:  pain, sensation, threat,
tentacles, sting, precautions.
• You must declare items you bring into a foreign country at customs.
• A passport displays your photograph, name, nationality, and other
1 When Alice saw the long tentacles personal details.
of the jellyfish, she started • If you run into trouble during your trip abroad, contact your country’s
screaming. embassy for assistance.
2 The tourist board advises travelers • The time that you leave on a particular mode of transportation is

Y
to the area to take the necessary known as the departure time.
precautions against theft.
1 Make sure you have a signed and valid passport before traveling
3 After Mark was stung by a bee, he
abroad.
felt a burning sensation that

P
2 We arrived at the airport early because we were unsure of our exact
persisted throughout the day.
time of departure.
4 The box jellyfish is known for its
3 Jessica’s identification was stolen in Italy, so she contacted the U.S.
fatal sting.
embassy to report the incident.

O
5 He could barely stand the
4 Frank brought many personal items with him for his stay in
excruciating pain caused by the
Guatemala and was delayed in customs for over an hour.
snake bite.
5 Leave a copy of your itinerary with friends so they will know
6 Disease outbreaks pose a serious
where you are at all times.

2
threat to the tourism industry.

Underline the correct word.

1 After looking for half an hour, Hanna

reported her excess/used/lost/
4 C
collocations Check the appropriate box(es), and then use
phrases to fill in the blanks below.

spread extend
damaged luggage to airport a deadline ✓
LE
security. disease ✓
2 Kelly called for assistance when her the road ✓
rental car started having engine
a visa ✓
mess/trouble/hassle/nuisance.
3 The taxi driver had to pull over
1 Keep all surface areas clean, as dirty surfaces tend to spread
because he had a(n) flat/spare/
disease.
inflated/ripped tire.
P

2 Jerry contacted the immigration office to inquire about how to

4 The tour guide went to start her car,
extend his visa.
but the battery was silent/inactive/
dead/empty.
5 phrasal verbs Underline the correct particle. Check in Vocabulary
M

5 Marty and Joanne complained to

Appendix 1. Make sentences with the phrasal verbs you didn’t use.
the hotel manager about being
(See Answer Section)
overcharged/overrated/overpaid/
1 Has Isaac gotten by/over/at/down that bad cough that he got while
overbooked.
on vacation?
6 Stay away from crowded areas, as
A

2 Let’s go after/by/for/over the itinerary again to see if we’ve forgotten

people have been invaded/
anything.
pickpocketed/burglarized/raided
3 Even though he was upset that Ann didn’t get him a souvenir, Stephen
in these places.
held up/in/on/out his feelings.
7 Are there any lockers available for
S

4 The hotel didn’t manage to keep their prices out/up/down/in, so

storing treasures/wealth/
everyone complained.
valuables/collections at the
5 The tour was canceled because it rained heavily all day. It didn’t let
airport?
down/off/out/up for even a moment.
8 Governments of foreign countries
6 You should look after/into/out/on the offers carefully before you
issue travel warnings/signs/
decide on one.
signals/notices when there is
social unrest in a particular country.
Speaking
(See Answer Section)
• What are some dangers in the ocean? Discuss.
• What dangers can travelers encounter? What should they do to
have a safe trip? Discuss in pairs.

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 5b
1b Grammar
Modal verbs see pp. GR12-GR14
3 Check (3) the correct meaning.

Modal verbs (must, have to, can, could, may, might, 1 You can’t go out tonight.
should, ought to, will, etc.): a It’s not necessary to go out tonight.
• don’t take -s, -ing or -ed suffixes. b ✓ You are forbidden to go out tonight.
• are followed by the bare infinitive (infinitive 2 You needn’t have bought me a present. I’m not
without to). celebrating anything.
• don’t have tenses in the normal sense. a ✓ It wasn’t necessary to bring a present even
though you did.
b It wasn’t necessary to bring a present so you

Y
didn’t.
3 Must I eat all these vegetables?
• Had to is the past form of both must and have a ✓ Do you insist that I eat these vegetables?
to. She must see the doctor today. (present) She b Is it necessary to eat these vegetables?

P
had to see the doctor yesterday. (past) 4 You should have picked me up from the airport.
• Must and have to have different meanings in a You picked me up from the airport.
questions. Must I set the table? (Do you insist that b ✓ You didn’t pick me up from the airport.

O
I set the table?) Do I have to set the table? (Is it
necessary for me to set the table?) 5 I have to go to the supermarket tonight.
• Must is never used as an infinitive. In this case, a It’s my duty to go to the supermarket tonight.
use to have to. I’d hate to have to babysit every b ✓ It’s necessary to go to the supermarket
day. (NOT: I’d hate to must babysit every day.) tonight.

1

Match the modal verbs in bold to their meanings (a-f).

1. d You needn’t have bought so much cat food, as

C6 You ought to have bought the other skirt.
a ✓ The other skirt was prettier.

a
b The other skirt wasn’t prettier.
7 You could have at least offered to help.
You offered to help.
LE
we still have a lot. b ✓ You didn’t offer to help.
2. a Mike didn’t need to go to work yesterday
8 Mr. Johnson should have told us he was going to be
because he had the day off.
late.
3. b You mustn’t use your phone in class.
a Mr. Johnson told us he would probably be
4. f You needn’t go to the supermarket, I’ll do it.
late and he was.
5. c Sam had to see his supervisor last night.
b ✓ Mr. Johnson gave us the impression he
6. e You must turn off your phone during the exam.
would be on time but he wasn’t.
P

a It wasn’t necessary.
b It is forbidden.
c It was necessary.
M

We use should in questions when we are making

d It wasn’t necessary but it was done.
suggestions or asking for instructions, but in British
e You are obliged to. English shall is usually used instead. Where shall I put
f It isn’t necessary. these boxes?

2
A

Choose the correct item.

1 I’d hate to must/have to/need to exercise every day.

2 I ran very fast and could/was able to/would catch
4 Rewrite the sentences using must, ought to, should, can,
shouldn’t, and might. Make any necessary changes.
the bus. 1 Why don’t we go to the movies this evening?
S

3 I’m sorry but you can’t/don’t have to/don’t need to Should we go to the movies this evening?
eat in here. 2 You are to attend the conference tomorrow.
4 Would/Should/Might you like me to spell the names You must attend the conference tomorrow.
for you?
3 It would have been better if you had hired a
5 If you want to be healthy, you ought to/might/need
professional to paint the house.
eat more fruit and vegetables.
You ought to have hired a professional to paint the house.
6 He can/ought to/could have given you a lift in his
car if you’d asked. 4 It is possible that you will need a coat.
7 The light was on, so I think Laura must/could/should You might need a coat.
have been at home. 5 Is it OK if I come in?
8 That can’t/shouldn’t/wouldn’t be John across the Can I come in?
street; he’s on vacation in Paris at the moment. 6 You had better not make that mistake again.
You shouldn’t make that mistake again.
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 5b
1b
5 Rephrase the following sentences using the modal
verb given.
• be supposed to + infinitive = should; someone
1 Do you think I need to get a haircut? (should) else expects sth to be done
Should I get a haircut? • be to + infinitive = must; someone else demands sth
2 Do you want me to help you with the party? (could) • be likely to + infinitive/It is likely that + clause =
Could I help you with the party? probably; less emphatic than should or ought to

3 Where would you like me to put these flowers? (should)

Where should I put these flowers?
4 What about going bowling tonight? (can) 7 Read the sentences and rewrite them using an

Y
expression similar to modals. Make any necessary
Can we go bowling tonight?
changes.
5 It is possible that Daniel will be late this evening.
(might) 1 Visitors should sign in at the reception desk when
Daniel might be late this evening. they first arrive. Visitors are supposed to sign in at

P
the reception desk when they first arrive.
2 Jack will probably forget about his doctor’s
appointment unless he writes it down. Jack is likely

O
Modal verbs followed by infinitives to forget about his doctor’s appointment unless he
• modal verb + present infinitive (infinitive without to) writes it down.
(to talk about the present or the future) I should eat 3 Mr. Harris insists that all students must hand in their
• modal verb + present progressive infinitive (be + essays by Friday. Mr. Harris insists that all students
verb + -ing) (to show progress for some time at a
specific point in the present or in the future) I
should be eating
• modal verb + perfect infinitive (have + verb + -ed/
past participle) (to talk about the past) I should have
eaten
C are to hand in their essays by Friday.
4 Emma should have finished her chores before she
went out with her friends. Emma was supposed to
finish her chores before she went out with her friends.
5 Witnesses must contact the police with any
LE
• modal verb + perfect progressive infinitive information. Witnesses are to contact the police
(have been + verb + -ing) (to show progress for with any information.
some time at a specific point in the past) I should
6 The shop will probably close down if it doesn’t improve
have been eating
its sales. The shop is likely to close down if it doesn’t
improve its sales.

6 Rewrite the sentences using modal verbs.

8 Complete the second sentences using the words in
P

1 I’m sure Phil is at school, it’s 2 p.m. bold so they mean the same as the first sentences.
Phil must be at school, it’s 2 p.m. Use two to five words.
2 Chris is likely to buy a new car this summer. 1 This medicine must be taken twice a day.
M

Chris may/might/could buy a new car this summer. to This medicine is to be taken twice a day.
3 I’m certain Bill and Diane haven’t split up; I saw them 2 You are expected to hand in your report tomorrow.
together today. Bill and Diane can’t/couldn’t have supposed You are supposed to hand in your
split up; I saw them together today. report tomorrow.
3 Perhaps he’s tired from working the late shift.
A

4 It’s possible that Steve’s working late tonight; he has

a big deadline. Steve might/may/could be working be H  e may/might/could be tired from
late tonight; he has a big deadline. working the late shift.
4 My sister will probably win the race.
5 It’s likely that we will go shopping tomorrow afternoon.
likely My sister is likely to win the race.
S

We may/might go shopping tomorrow afternoon.

5 Maria had better study harder next time or she’ll fail
6 I’m sure Peter wasn’t driving carelessly. again.
Peter can’t have been driving carelessly. ought to Maria ought to study harder next time
7 Perhaps Andy has missed the train; he’s usually on time. or she’ll fail again.
Andy might/may/could have missed the train; he’s 6 Perhaps the reporter didn’t realize he had made a
usually on time. mistake.
8 I’m sure Mike hasn’t been listening to our conversation. realized The reporter might/may not have
Mike couldn’t have been listening to our conversation. realized he had made a mistake.
7 It wasn’t necessary for my brother to help me with
9 Perhaps he will be sleeping when we get home.
my homework, but he did.
He may/might/could be sleeping when we get home.
helped My brother needn’t have helped me
10 I’m sure they will be traveling tomorrow. with my homework.
They must be traveling tomorrow.
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