Flexible Learning A.Y.

2020-2021
DISTANCE EDUCATION COURSE GUIDE USING OBTL DESIGN v1

Module 2 : 6 hrs. Resistive Networks

Course Instructor Jose Espino

FB Messenger Jose Espino

Contact Details Email Ad j.espino@usls.edu.ph

Phone No./s 09495039419

Consultation Hours MWF TTH 10:30 – 12noon

Part I: TARGETED COURSE OUTCOMES AND LEARNING OBJECTIVES

Targeted Course Outcomes

1. Apply the knowledge of mathematics and sciences in solving simple and complicated DC
circuits to address issues of the society and environment.

Learning Outcomes: At the end of this module, you are expected to:

1.0 SERIES CIRCUIT

 1.1 Be able to be able to identify circuits or circuit sections that are of the series type.

 1.2 Be able to apply Kirchhoff's voltage law to a closed loop of a circuit.

 1.3 Be able to determine the equivalent resistance for a group of resistors connected in series.

 1.4 Be able to determine the current in a series circuit.

 1.5 Be able to determine the voltage across any resistor in a series circuit.

 1.6 Be able to apply the voltage divider rule to a series circuit.

 1.7 Be able to determine the relationship of voltage, current, resistance and power.

2.0 PARALLEL CIRCUIT

 2.1 Be able to identify circuits or circuit sections that are of the parallel type.

 2.2 Be able to apply Kirchhoff's current law to a parallel circuit.

 2.3 Be able to determine the equivalent resistance for a group of resistors connected in parallel.

 2.4 Be able to determine the currents in parallel circuits.

 2.5 Be able to determine the current through parallel-connected resistors.

EECE201: CIRCUIT 1
Module 2 | Page 1
 Flexible Learning A.Y. 2020-2021
DISTANCE EDUCATION COURSE GUIDE USING OBTL DESIGN v1

 2.6 Be able to apply the current divider rule to a parallel circuit.

 2.7 Be able to determine the relationship of voltage, current, resistance and power.

3.0 SERIES - PARALLEL CIRCUIT

 3.1 Be able to be able to identify circuits or circuit sections that are of the series- parallel type.

 3.2 Be able to apply Kirchhoff's current and voltage laws to a series-parallel circuit.

 3.3 Be able to determine the equivalent resistance of resistors connected in series-parallel.

 3.4 Be able to determine the current in a series-parallel circuit.

 3.5 Be able to determine the current through or voltage across any resistor.

 3.6 Be able to determine the relationship of voltage, current, resistance and power.

3.7 Be able to use Delta to Wye Transformation to solve complicated resistive network.

Part II: ASSESSMENT

Learning Evidence 1 (Assessment Task 1): Reading Assignment
Learning Evidence 2 (Assessment Task 2): Quizzes

Part III: TEACHING LEARNING ACTIVITIES

TLA 1: Reading Assignment 1

Activity 1:
Answer the questions below using the given activity sheet. ( 20 pts )

Question Answer

8 pts
In a parallel circuit, certain general rules may be
stated with regard to quantities of voltage, current,
resistance, and power. Express these rules, using
your own words:

Ïn a parallel circuit, voltage . . .”

Ïn a parallel circuit, current . . .”

Ïn a parallel circuit, resistance . . .”

Ïn a parallel circuit, power . . .”

For each of these rules, explain why it is true.

8 pts
In a series circuit, certain general rules may be

EECE201: CIRCUIT 1
Module 2 | Page 2
 Flexible Learning A.Y. 2020-2021
DISTANCE EDUCATION COURSE GUIDE USING OBTL DESIGN v1

stated with regard to quantities of voltage, current,

resistance, and power. Express these rules, using
your own words:

“In a series circuit, voltage . . .”

“In a series circuit, current . . .”

“In a series circuit, resistance . . .”

“In a series circuit, power . . .”

For each of these rules, explain why it is true.

4 pts
Identify which of these components are
connected directly in series with each
other, and which are connected directly in
parallel with each other:

Series and Parallel Circuits

There are two basic ways in which to connect more than two circuit
components: series and parallel.

3.0 Series Configuration Circuit

First, an example of a series circuit:

EECE201: CIRCUIT 1
Module 2 | Page 3
 Flexible Learning A.Y. 2020-2021
DISTANCE EDUCATION COURSE GUIDE USING OBTL DESIGN v1

Here, we have three resistors (labeled R1, R2, and R3) connected in a long chain from
one terminal of the battery to the other. (It should be noted that the subscript labeling—
those little numbers to the lower-right of the letter “R”—are unrelated to the resistor
values in ohms. They serve only to identify one resistor from another.)

The defining characteristic of a series circuit is that there is only one path for current to
flow. In this circuit, the current flows in a clockwise direction, from point 1 to point 2 to
point 3 to point 4 and back around to 1.

We’ll outline the three principles you should understand regarding series circuits:

1. Current: The amount of current is the same through any component in a series
circuit.
2. Resistance: The total resistance of any series circuit is equal to the sum of the
individual resistances.
3. Voltage: The supply voltage in a series circuit is equal to the sum of the
individual voltage drops.

Let’s take a look at some examples of series circuits that demonstrate these principles.

We’ll start with a series circuit consisting of three resistors and a single battery:

The first principle to understand about series circuits is as follows:

The amount of current in a series circuit is the same through any component in
the circuit. 

This is because there is only one path for current flow in a series circuit. Because
electric charge flows through conductors like marbles in a tube, the rate of flow (marble
speed) at any point in the circuit (tube) at any specific point in time must be equal.
EECE201: CIRCUIT 1
Module 2 | Page 4
 Flexible Learning A.Y. 2020-2021
DISTANCE EDUCATION COURSE GUIDE USING OBTL DESIGN v1

Using Ohm’s Law in Series Circuits

From the way that the 9-volt battery is arranged, we can tell that the current in this
circuit will flow in a clockwise direction, from point 1 to 2 to 3 to 4 and back to 1.
However, we have one source of voltage and three resistances. How do we use Ohm’s
Law here?

An important caveat to Ohm’s Law is that all quantities (voltage, current, resistance, and
power) must relate to each other in terms of the same two points in a circuit. We can
see this concept in action in the single resistor circuit example below.
Using Ohm’s Law in a Simple, Single Resistor Circuit

With a single-battery, single-resistor circuit, we could easily calculate any quantity

because they all applied to the same two points in the circuit:

Since points 1 and 2 are connected together with the wire of negligible resistance, as
are points 3 and 4, we can say that point 1 is electrically common to point 2, and that
point 3 is electrically common to point 4. Since we know we have 9 volts of
electromotive force between points 1 and 4 (directly across the battery), and since point
2 is common to point 1 and point 3 common to point 4, we must also have 9 volts
between points 2 and 3 (directly across the resistor).

Therefore, we can apply Ohm’s Law (I = E/R) to the current through the resistor,
because we know the voltage (E) across the resistor and the resistance (R) of that
resistor. All terms (E, I, R) apply to the same two points in the circuit, to that same
resistor, so we can use the Ohm’s Law formula with no reservation.
Using Ohm’s Law in Circuits with Multiple Resistors

In circuits containing more than one resistor, we must be careful in how we apply Ohm’s
Law. In the three-resistor example circuit below, we know that we have 9 volts between
points 1 and 4, which is the amount of electromotive force driving the current through
the series combination of R 1, R2, and R3. However, we cannot take the value of 9 volts

EECE201: CIRCUIT 1
Module 2 | Page 5
 Flexible Learning A.Y. 2020-2021
DISTANCE EDUCATION COURSE GUIDE USING OBTL DESIGN v1

and divide it by 3k, 10k or 5k Ω to try to find a current value, because we don’t know
how much voltage is across any one of those resistors, individually.
 

The figure of 9 volts is a total quantity for the whole circuit, whereas the figures of 3k,
10k, and 5k Ω are individual quantities for individual resistors. If we were to plug a figure
for total voltage into an Ohm’s Law equation with a figure for individual resistance, the
result would not relate accurately to any quantity in the real circuit.

For R1, Ohm’s Law will relate the amount of voltage across R 1 with the current through
R1, given R1‘s resistance, 3kΩ:

But, since we don’t know the voltage across R 1 (only the total voltage supplied by the
battery across the three-resistor series combination) and we don’t know the current
through R1, we can’t do any calculations with either formula. The same goes for R 2 and
R3: we can apply the Ohm’s Law equations if and only if all terms are representative of
their respective quantities between the same two points in the circuit.

So what can we do? We know the voltage of the source (9 volts) applied across the
series combination of R 1, R 2, and R3, and we know the resistance of each resistor, but
since those quantities aren’t in the same context, we can’t use Ohm’s Law to determine
the circuit current. If only we knew what the total resistance was for the circuit: then we
could calculate the totalcurrent with our figure for total voltage (I=E/R).

Combining Multiple Resistors into an Equivalent Total Resistor

This brings us to the second principle of series circuits:

The total resistance of any series circuit is equal to the sum of the individual
resistances.

EECE201: CIRCUIT 1
Module 2 | Page 6
 Flexible Learning A.Y. 2020-2021
DISTANCE EDUCATION COURSE GUIDE USING OBTL DESIGN v1

This should make intuitive sense: the more resistors in series that the current must flow
through, the more difficult it will be for the current to flow.

In the example problem, we had a 3 kΩ, 10 kΩ, and 5 kΩ resistors in series, giving us a
total resistance of 18 kΩ:

In essence, we’ve calculated the equivalent resistance of R 1, R2, and R3 combined.

Knowing this, we could redraw the circuit with a single equivalent resistor representing
the series combination of R 1, R2, and R3:

 
Calculating Circuit Current Using Ohm’s Law

Now we have all the necessary information to calculate circuit current because we have
the voltage between points 1 and 4 (9 volts) and the resistance between points 1 and 4
(18 kΩ):

EECE201: CIRCUIT 1
Module 2 | Page 7
 Flexible Learning A.Y. 2020-2021
DISTANCE EDUCATION COURSE GUIDE USING OBTL DESIGN v1

Calculating Component Voltages Using Ohm’s Law

Knowing that current is equal through all components of a series circuit (and we just
determined the current through the battery), we can go back to our original circuit
schematic and note the current through each component:

Now that we know the amount of current through each resistor, we can use Ohm’s Law
to determine the voltage drop across each one (applying Ohm’s Law in its proper
context):

Notice the voltage drops across each resistor, and how the sum of the voltage drops
(1.5 + 5 + 2.5) is equal to the battery (supply) voltage: 9 volts.

This is the third principle of series circuits:

The supply voltage in a series circuit is equal to the sum of the individual voltage
drops.

Analyzing Simple Series Circuits with the “Table Method” and Ohm’s Law

However, the method we just used to analyze this simple series circuit can be
streamlined for better understanding. By using a table to list all voltages, currents, and
resistance in the circuit, it becomes very easy to see which of those quantities can be
properly related in any Ohm’s Law equation:

EECE201: CIRCUIT 1
Module 2 | Page 8
 Flexible Learning A.Y. 2020-2021
DISTANCE EDUCATION COURSE GUIDE USING OBTL DESIGN v1

The rule with such a table is to apply Ohm’s Law only to the values within each vertical
column. For instance, E R1 only with IR1 and R 1; ER2 only with I R2 and R2; etc. You begin
your analysis by filling in those elements of the table that are given to you from the
beginning:

As you can see from the arrangement of the data, we can’t apply the 9 volts of ET (total
voltage) to any of the resistances (R 1, R2, or R3) in any Ohm’s Law formula because
they’re in different columns. The 9 volts of battery voltage is not applied directly across
R1, R2, or R3. However, we can use our “rules” of series circuits to fill in blank spots on a
horizontal row. In this case, we can use the series rule of resistances to determine a
total resistance from the sum of individual resistances:

Now, with a value for total resistance inserted into the rightmost (“Total”) column, we
can apply Ohm’s Law of I=E/R to total voltage and total resistance to arrive at a total
current of 500 µA:

EECE201: CIRCUIT 1
Module 2 | Page 9
 Flexible Learning A.Y. 2020-2021
DISTANCE EDUCATION COURSE GUIDE USING OBTL DESIGN v1

Then, knowing that the current is shared equally by all components of a series circuit
(another “rule” of series circuits), we can fill in the currents for each resistor from the
current figure just calculated:

Finally, we can use Ohm’s Law to determine the voltage drop across each resistor, one
column at a time:

REVIEW:

 Components in a series circuit share the same current: I Total = I1 = I2 = . . . In
 The total resistance in a series circuit is equal to the sum of the individual
resistances: RTotal = R 1 + R2 + . . . Rn
 Total voltage in a series circuit is equal to the sum of the individual voltage drops
ETotal = E1+ E2 + . . . En
EECE201: CIRCUIT 1
Module 2 | Page 10
 Flexible Learning A.Y. 2020-2021
DISTANCE EDUCATION COURSE GUIDE USING OBTL DESIGN v1

3.1 Parallel Circuit Configuration

Now, let’s look at the other type of circuit, a parallel configuration:

Again, we have three resistors, but this time they form more than one continuous path
for current to flow. There’s one path from 1 to 2 to 7 to 8 and back to 1 again. There’s
another from 1 to 2 to 3 to 6 to 7 to 8 and back to 1 again. And then there’s a third path
from 1 to 2 to 3 to 4 to 5 to 6 to 7 to 8 and back to 1 again. Each individual path (through
R1, R2, and R3) is called a branch.

The defining characteristic of a parallel circuit is that all components are connected
between the same set of electrically common points. Looking at the schematic diagram,
we see that points 1, 2, 3, and 4 are all electrically common. So are points 8, 7, 6, and
5. Note that all resistors, as well as the battery, are connected between these two sets
of points.

We’ll outline the three principles you should understand regarding parallel circuits:

1. Voltage: Voltage is equal across all components in a parallel circuit.

2. Current: The total circuit current is equal to the sum of the individual branch
currents.
3. Resistance: Individual resistances diminish to equal a smaller total resistance
rather than add to make the total.

Let’s take a look at some examples of parallel circuits that demonstrate these principles.

We’ll start with a parallel circuit consisting of three resistors and a single battery:

Voltage in Parallel Circuits

The first principle to understand about parallel circuits is that the voltage is equal
across all components in the circuit. This is because there are only two sets of
EECE201: CIRCUIT 1
Module 2 | Page 11
 Flexible Learning A.Y. 2020-2021
DISTANCE EDUCATION COURSE GUIDE USING OBTL DESIGN v1

electrically common points in a parallel circuit, and the voltage measured between sets
of common points must always be the same at any given time.

Therefore, in the above circuit, the voltage across R 1 is equal to the voltage across
R2 which is equal to the voltage across R 3 which is equal to the voltage across the
battery.

This equality of voltages can be represented in another table for our starting values:

Ohm’s Law Applications for Simple Parallel Circuits

Just as in the case of series circuits, the same caveat for Ohm’s Law applies: values for
voltage, current, and resistance must be in the same context in order for the
calculations to work correctly.

However, in the above example circuit, we can immediately apply Ohm’s Law to each
resistor to find its current because we know the voltage across each resistor (9 volts)
and the resistance of each resistor:

At this point, we still don’t know what the total current or total resistance for this parallel
circuit is, so we can’t apply Ohm’s Law to the rightmost (“Total”) column. However, if we

EECE201: CIRCUIT 1
Module 2 | Page 12
 Flexible Learning A.Y. 2020-2021
DISTANCE EDUCATION COURSE GUIDE USING OBTL DESIGN v1

think carefully about what is happening, it should become apparent that the total current
must equal the sum of all individual resistor (“branch”) currents:

As the total current exits the positive (+) battery terminal at point 1 and travels through
the circuit, some of the flow splits off at point 2 to go through R 1, some more splits off at
point 3 to go through R 2, and the remainder goes through R 3. Like a river branching into
several smaller streams, the combined flow rates of all streams must equal the flow rate
of the whole river.

The same thing is encountered where the currents through R 1, R2, and R 3 join to flow
back to the negative terminal of the battery (-) toward point 8: the flow of current from
point 7 to point 8 must equal the sum of the (branch) currents through R 1, R2, and R3.

This is the second principle of parallel circuits: the total circuit current is equal to the
sum of the individual branch currents.

Using this principle, we can fill in the IT spot on our table with the sum of I R1, IR2, and IR3:

How to Calculate Total Resistance in Parallel Circuits

Finally, applying Ohm’s Law to the rightmost (“Total”) column, we can calculate the total
circuit resistance:

EECE201: CIRCUIT 1
Module 2 | Page 13
 Flexible Learning A.Y. 2020-2021
DISTANCE EDUCATION COURSE GUIDE USING OBTL DESIGN v1

The Equation for Resistance in Parallel Circuits

Please note something very important here. The total circuit resistance is only 625
Ω: less than any one of the individual resistors. In the series circuit, where the total
resistance was the sum of the individual resistances, the total was bound to
be greater than any one of the resistors individually.

Here in the parallel circuit, however, the opposite is true: we say that the  individual
resistances diminish rather than add to make the total.

This principle completes our triad of “rules” for parallel circuits, just as series circuits
were found to have three rules for voltage, current, and resistance.

Mathematically, the relationship between total resistance and individual resistances in a

parallel circuit looks like this:

Three Rules of Parallel Circuits

In summary, a parallel circuit is defined as one where all components are connected
between the same set of electrically common points. Another way of saying this is that
all components are connected across each other’s terminals. From this definition, three
rules of parallel circuits follow:

 All components share the same voltage.

 Resistances diminish to equal a smaller, total resistance.
 Branch currents add to equal a larger, total current.

Just as in the case of series circuits, all of these rules find root in the definition of a
parallel circuit. If you understand that definition fully, then the rules are nothing more
than footnotes to the definition.

REVIEW:

 Components in a parallel circuit share the same voltage: E Total = E1 = E2 = . . . En
 Total resistance in a parallel circuit is less than any of the individual resistances:
RTotal = 1 / (1/R1 + 1/R2+ . . . 1/R n)
 Total current in a parallel circuit is equal to the sum of the individual branch
currents: ITotal = I1 + I2 + . . . In.

EECE201: CIRCUIT 1
Module 2 | Page 14
 Flexible Learning A.Y. 2020-2021
DISTANCE EDUCATION COURSE GUIDE USING OBTL DESIGN v1

Of course, the complexity doesn’t stop at simple series and parallel either! We can have
circuits that are a combination of series and parallel, too.
3.2 Series-Parallel Configuration Circuit

In this circuit, we have two loops for the current to flow through: one from 1 to 2 to 5 to 6
and back to 1 again, and another from 1 to 2 to 3 to 4 to 5 to 6 and back to 1 again.
Notice how both current paths pass through R 1 (from point 1 to point 2). In this
configuration, we’d say that R 2and R3 are in parallel with each other, while R 1 is in
series with the parallel combination of R 2and R3.

Rules regarding Series and Parallel Circuits

With each of these two basic circuit configurations, we have specific sets of rules
describing voltage, current, and resistance relationships.

Series Circuits:

 Voltage drops add to equal total voltage.

 All components share the same (equal) current.
 Resistances add to equal total resistance.

Parallel Circuits:

 All components share the same (equal) voltage.

 Branch currents add to equal total current.
 Resistances diminish to equal total resistance.

Series - Parallel Circuits

However, if circuit components are series-connected in some parts and parallel in

others, we won’t be able to apply a single set of rules to every part of that circuit.
Instead, we will have to identify which parts of that circuit are series and which parts are
parallel, then selectively apply series and parallel rules as necessary to determine what
is happening. Take the following circuit, for instance:

EECE201: CIRCUIT 1
Module 2 | Page 15
 Flexible Learning A.Y. 2020-2021
DISTANCE EDUCATION COURSE GUIDE USING OBTL DESIGN v1

This circuit is neither simple series nor simple parallel. Rather, it contains elements of
both. The current exits the bottom of the battery splits up to travel through R 3 and R 4,
rejoins, then splits up again to travel through R 1 and R 2, then rejoin again to return to
the top of the battery. There exists more than one path for current to travel (not series),
yet there are more than two sets of electrically common points in the circuit (not
parallel).

Because the circuit is a combination of both series and parallel, we cannot apply the
rules for voltage, current, and resistance “across the table” to begin analysis like we
could when the circuits were one way or the other. For instance, if the above circuit
were simple series, we could just add up R 1 through R4 to arrive at a total resistance,
solve for total current, and then solve for all voltage drops. Likewise, if the above circuit
were simple parallel, we could just solve for branch currents, add up branch currents to
figure the total current, and then calculate total resistance from total voltage and total
current. However, this circuit’s solution will be more complex.

The table will still help us manage the different values for series-parallel combination
circuits, but we’ll have to be careful how and where we apply the different rules for
series and parallel. Ohm’s Law, of course, still works just the same for determining
values within a vertical column in the table.

If we are able to identify which parts of the circuit are series and which parts are
parallel, we can analyze it in stages, approaching each part one at a time, using the
appropriate rules to determine the relationships of voltage, current, and resistance. The
rest of this chapter will be devoted to showing you techniques for doing this.

REVIEW:

 The rules of series and parallel circuits must be applied selectively to circuits
containing both types of interconnections.
EECE201: CIRCUIT 1
Module 2 | Page 16
 Flexible Learning A.Y. 2020-2021
DISTANCE EDUCATION COURSE GUIDE USING OBTL DESIGN v1

3.3 Star Delta ( Delta to Wye )Transformation

A resistive network consisting of three impedances can be connected together to form

a Tor “Tee” configuration but the network can also be redrawn to form a Star or Υ type
network as shown below.

T-connected and Equivalent Star Network

As we have already seen, we can redraw the T resistor network above to produce an

electrically equivalent Star or Υ type network. But we can also convert a Pi or π type
resistor network into an electrically equivalent Delta or Δ type network as shown below.

Pi-connected and Equivalent Delta Network

Having now defined exactly what is a Star and Delta connected network it is possible to

transform the Υ into an equivalent Δ circuit and also to convert a Δ into an
equivalent Υcircuit using a the transformation process.

This process allows us to produce a mathematical relationship between the various

resistors giving us a Star Delta Transformation as well as a Delta Star
Transformation.

These circuit transformations allow us to change the three connected resistances (or
impedances) by their equivalents measured between the terminals 1-2, 1-3 or 2-3 for
either a star or delta connected circuit. However, the resulting networks are only

EECE201: CIRCUIT 1
Module 2 | Page 17
 Flexible Learning A.Y. 2020-2021
DISTANCE EDUCATION COURSE GUIDE USING OBTL DESIGN v1

equivalent for voltages and currents external to the star or delta networks, as internally
the voltages and currents are different but each network will consume the same amount
of power and have the same power factor to each other.

Delta Star Transformation

To convert a delta network to an equivalent star network we need to derive a

transformation formula for equating the various resistors to each other between the
various terminals. Consider the circuit below.

Delta to Star Network

Compare the resistances between terminals 1 and 2.

Resistance between the terminals 2 and 3.

Resistance between the terminals 1 and 3.

This now gives us three equations and taking equation 3 from equation 2 gives:

EECE201: CIRCUIT 1
Module 2 | Page 18
 Flexible Learning A.Y. 2020-2021
DISTANCE EDUCATION COURSE GUIDE USING OBTL DESIGN v1

Then, re-writing Equation 1 will give us:

Adding together equation 1 and the result above of equation 3 minus equation 2 gives:

From which gives us the final equation for resistor P as:

Then to summarize a little about the above maths, we can now say that resistor P in a
Star network can be found as Equation 1 plus (Equation 3 minus Equation 2) or  Eq1 +
(Eq3 – Eq2).

Similarly, to find resistor Q in a star network, is equation 2 plus the result of equation 1
minus equation 3 or  Eq2 + (Eq1 – Eq3) and this gives us the transformation of Q as:

EECE201: CIRCUIT 1
Module 2 | Page 19
 Flexible Learning A.Y. 2020-2021
DISTANCE EDUCATION COURSE GUIDE USING OBTL DESIGN v1

and again, to find resistor R in a Star network, is equation 3 plus the result of equation 2
minus equation 1 or  Eq3 + (Eq2 – Eq1) and this gives us the transformation of R as:

When converting a delta network into a star network the denominators of all of the
transformation formulas are the same: A + B + C, and which is the sum of ALL the delta
resistances. Then to convert any delta connected network to an equivalent star network
we can summarized the above transformation equations as:

Delta to Star Transformations Equations

If the three resistors in the delta network are all equal in value then the resultant
resistors in the equivalent star network will be equal to one third the value of the delta
resistors. This gives each resistive branch in the star network a value
of: RSTAR = 1/3*RDELTA which is the same as saying: (RDELTA)/3

Delta – Star Example No1

Convert the following Delta Resistive Network into an equivalent Star Network.

Star Delta Transformation

Star Delta transformation is simply the reverse of above. We have seen that when
converting from a delta network to an equivalent star network that the resistor
connected to one terminal is the product of the two delta resistances connected to the
same terminal, for example resistor P is the product of resistors A and B connected to
terminal 1.

EECE201: CIRCUIT 1
Module 2 | Page 20
 Flexible Learning A.Y. 2020-2021
DISTANCE EDUCATION COURSE GUIDE USING OBTL DESIGN v1

By rewriting the previous formulas a little we can also find the transformation formulas
for converting a resistive star network to an equivalent delta network giving us a way of
producing a star delta transformation as shown below.

Star to Delta Transformation

The value of the resistor on any one side of the delta, Δ network is the sum of all the
two-product combinations of resistors in the star network divide by the star resistor
located “directly opposite” the delta resistor being found. For example, resistor  A is
given as:

with respect to terminal 3 and resistor B is given as:

with respect to terminal 2 with resistor C given as:

with respect to terminal 1.

By dividing out each equation by the value of the denominator we end up with three
separate transformation formulas that can be used to convert any Delta resistive
network into an equivalent star network as given below.

Star Delta Transformation Equations

One final point about converting a star resistive network to an equivalent delta network.
If all the resistors in the star network are all equal in value then the resultant resistors in
EECE201: CIRCUIT 1
Module 2 | Page 21
 Flexible Learning A.Y. 2020-2021
DISTANCE EDUCATION COURSE GUIDE USING OBTL DESIGN v1

the equivalent delta network will be three times the value of the star resistors and equal,
giving:  RDELTA = 3*RSTAR

Star – Delta Example No2

Convert the following Star Resistive Network into an equivalent Delta Network.

Both Star Delta Transformation and Delta Star Transformation allows us to convert

one type of circuit connection into another type in order for us to easily analyse the
circuit. These transformation techniques can be used to good effect for either star or
delta circuits containing resistances or impedances.

Learning Evidence 2 (Assessment Task 2): Quiz (20 points )

1. Figure  below shows resistors wired in a combination of series and parallel. We can

consider 𝑅1 to be the resistance of wires leading to 𝑅2 and 𝑅3. kindly show solutions to
credit points. ( 4 pts )

(a) Find the equivalent resistance of the circuit.

(b) What is the potential drop 𝑉1 across resistor 𝑅1?
(c) Find the current 𝐼2 through resistor 𝑅2.
(d) What power is dissipated by 𝑅2?

EECE201: CIRCUIT 1
Module 2 | Page 22
 Flexible Learning A.Y. 2020-2021
DISTANCE EDUCATION COURSE GUIDE USING OBTL DESIGN v1

2. Complete the table of values for this circuit, kindly show solutions to credit points.
( 16 pts )

EECE201: CIRCUIT 1
Module 2 | Page 23