MODULE IN AUTOMOTIVE MECHANICS

TARGET POPULATION

Designed for BIT students who specialize in Automotive Mechanics under the College of
Industrial Technology, and Teacher Education curricula at the NUEVA ECIJA UNIVERSITY
OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, this module was simplified:

OVERVIEW

This module involves interesting topic about automotive. It is primarily

prepared to arouse your interest to read its contents in order to understand fully the
course. It will instill what evolves the real work of a model. Semi –skilled worker and a
Teacher

There are two blocks in this module

Block I – Automotive Hand Tools

Block II – Automotive Power Tools

Objectives

At the end of the course, I am able to:

a. Identify the various types of hand tools;

b. Describe the advantages and disadvantage of each type of hand tools;
c. Select the proper hand tool for the job;
d. Demonstrate skills in using various hand tool;
e. Maintain, repair, or replace damage tools;
f. Demonstrate good craftsmanship in the performance of daily task;
g. Explain and compare the power sources used for power tools;
h. Discuss power tool safety; and
i. Explain how to operate portable power tools.

INSTRUCTION TO THE LEARNER

As the learner you should:

1. undertake the discussion under each block;

2. undertake further readings, activities and projects as suggested;

3. prepare your work sheet assignments or pieces of bond paper for class discussion and
evaluation by the instructor of the class;

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4. take the test every block and check your answer with the key on the last page of the topic
to see how you are facing along. If the results are not satisfactory, undertake further
readings and go over the materials; then take the posttest again; and

5. When you are through with all the learning activities and lessons posttest with
satisfactory results, report to the instructor for long and general posttest.

Pre – Test for Block I

Directions: Match the pictures in Column A with the corresponding tasks in column B and
the tools to be used in Column C. Write your correct answer on the space provided, the first
no. correspond the task and the second no. is corresponding in tool.

Column A Column B Column C

a. measuring ♦ holding tools
1.______

2.______

b. assembling ◄cutting tools

3.______

4.______

c. cutting ▼cleaning tools

5.______

6.______

d. removing ►measuring tools

7.______

8.______

e. cleaning ▲loosening and

9.______ tightening tools

10.______

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Shop Hand Tools

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LESSONS

The major topics are;

1. Use Hand Tools

2. Perform Measuring and Calculations

Use Hand Tools

Plan and prepare for the tasks to be undertaken

Planning is part and parcel of achieving a successful task. Your ability to plan will
enable you to attain your purpose. Many successful automotive entrepreneurs have realized
their success through proper and careful planning. Likewise, aside from planning, you
should also give importance to preparation. Good preparation will boost your confidence
because it means that you are ready to do the task because you have sufficient knowledge
about it. The following are some factors to be considered when you plan and prepare for the
tasks:

1. PLACE. See to it that the place for doing the task is conducive to work, well ventilated,
clean, and has good lighting. A space provided for freedom to move is important. A place
chosen will give your idea on what task is to be done.

2. MATERIALS. Be sure that aside from tools and equipment, necessary materials and
fixtures to be used such as bench work and manual of specifications must be available and
ready for use.

3. WASTE DISPOSAL. Used parts or compound substance such as oil, grease and used
chemical bottles must be disposed in proper storage bin or container. Non-disposal of used
chemical substance invites hazard to environment and poses danger to health.

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4. TOOLS/EQUIPMENT. Tools and equipment must match with the task to be done. You
should be careful enough to choose tools and equipment that are worthy of use. They must
be in good condition so that it can be easily utilized without damaging the parts.

5. SAFETY. Always prioritize safety. Remember that accident is not an excusable incident. It
can be avoided. Always remember the motto “Safety first”.

6. SERVICE PROCEDURE/TASK. Identify what task to perform before identifying materials

and tools to use. The service procedure/task to employ will tell you the corresponding tools
and materials needed. Appropriate tools to use with the task will enhance your ability to
provide a competitive and efficient service.

Removing Installing Adjusting

Cleaning Measuring Repairing

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The following service procedure/tasks will help you identify and select
tools required when performing a job
SERVICE PROCEDURE/ TASKS TOOLS NEEDED
 Adjusting Cutting tools
 Checking Loosening and tightening tools
 Inspecting Measuring tools
 Measuring
 Assembling Loosening and tightening tools
 Installing Marking tools
Measuring tools
 Cleaning Cleaning tools
 Disassembling Cleaning tools
 Removing Loosening and tightening tools
Marking tools
 Reconditioning Cleaning tools
 Repairing Loosening and tightening tools
Marking tools
Measuring tools
 Testing Loosening and tightening tools
Measuring tools

How Much Have You Learned?

SELF-CHECK #1.0

Directions: Match the pictures in Column A with the corresponding tasks in column B and
the tools to be used in Column C. Write your correct answer on the space provided, the first
no. correspond the task and the second no. is corresponding in tool.
Column B Column C

a. measuring ♦ holding tools

1.______

2.______

b. assembling ◄cutting tools

3.______

4.______

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 c. cutting ▼cleaning tools
5.______

6.______

d. removing ►measuring tools

7.______

8.______

e. cleaning ▲loosening and

9.______ tightening tools

10.______

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Preparation and Use of Hand Tools.

When doing any kind of work, tools are needed to have things done. When fixing
furniture, repairing home appliances, or doing simple repair, tools help you make work
easy, with less effort but with efficient result. Without the needed tools, much time is
consumed and more effort is required to accomplish your task.

In order for you to accomplish a task efficiently, you must possess basic knowledge
on how to identify and select tools that are usable, of good quality and free from faults. The
task required calls for the right kind of tools to prepare. Simple jobs usually need simple
tools to use. Heavy jobs need the use of heavy tools. Through constant practice, and simple
observation, you become skillful in selecting the right tool for the job.

In automotive application, it is important that the needed tools are not defective and
must be perfect for the job to finish on time. The use of faulty tools might result in injury
and damage to you and the parts you are working on.

Preparing hand tools to use is easy but requires a lot of practice. Depending on the
level of work to be done, whether it is basic level which involves inspection and checking,
cleaning and simple fixing of parts; the common level for replacing of basic parts such as air
cleaner, fuel filter, hoses; and the core level when performing major tasks such as tune-up,
overhauling and under chassis work.

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The extent of work will give you information to identify and select the size, shape and type
of tools needed to accomplish the task. The following tools for the specific task have
corresponding name of specific tools in performing the task.

Operation of Hand tools

To gain more knowledge about the tools, you must know its basic functions so that you will
be able to identify its use.

I. CLEANING TOOLS A variety of accurate and specific tools and products created and
designed in various colors, materials, mechanisms, shapes, sizes and styles to clean easily,
effectively and efficiently.

1. Scraper is a flat thin sheet of metal with wooden or plastic handle. It is used to scrape
hard to remove dirt or
stubborn grime or plastic
sticker.

2. Steel/Wire brush are thin strips of metal inserted in a wooden or plastic stock. It is used
to remove rust, hard to remove dirt and grime with sweeping action.

3. Utility rag is a fibrous cloth used in cleaning and wiping dirt and dust.

II. BENDING/HOLDING/TWISTING/CRIMPING TOOLS

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 Its purpose is to assemble a bend on a workpiece. holding tool is different but the
common principles between them is that they all secure a piece of material when you’re
working with it.A crimping tool is a device used to conjoin two pieces of metal by
deforming one or both of them to hold each other.

1. Pliers are generally used as all-around tools. They have the capability for bending,
crimping, cutting, holding, stripping and twisting. They are available in various shapes and
sizes. Generally, pliers used for electrical job are insulated, whereas those for mechanical
work are not insulated but sometimes equipped with rubber for gripping.
Pliers are not used as substitute for wrenches.

The kinds of pliers are:

a. Side cutting pliers are tools having a broad, flat, and rough jaw. They have a pair of
nipper-like blades used for cutting and bending wires.

b. Combination pliers are equipped with adjustable opening by means of a slip joint.
It is used for gripping object because of its inner notch and also used for cutting and
bending small wires.

c. Long nosepliers have a needle-nose ends used for holding or picking small object.
They have a razor-like blade on its jaw for stripping, cutting and bending wires.

d. Stripping andcrimping pliers have two-half round edges used to strip electrical
wire and a crimping nose to fold and lock wire connector.

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 e. Vise grip or locking jaw pliers are specially designed pliers used for holding work
pieces together. They have a variety of uses such as inserting a fastener, holding
bolts while tightening or loosening the nut and removing rounded head bolts and
nuts.

f. Machinist pliers have

adjustable and cutting jaws with tooth-edged nose used for holding, bending and
cutting wires.

2. Bench vise is a device for holding and bending pieces of metal. It consists of one fixed
and one movable jaw operated by a clamping action of the screw.

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III. CUTTING TOOLS

` 1. Chisel is a hand tool essentially used for cutting bolts, nuts and rivets. It comes in
different types and sizes. A flat cold chisel is used for general cutting. Special chisels
like a diamond point are used for cutting sharp-bottomed groove and a round-end
chisel for cutting oil grooves.

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2. Electric Drill is a tool for boring holes. It is made of either carbon steel which
requires frequent sharpening or high-speed steel which requires less sharpening.
Electric drill is designed for slow and high-speed drilling. It can be hand operated
for slow drilling or electrically operated portable or heavy-duty machine for high
speed drilling with replaceable drill attachment at the end. Drills come in various
diameter sizes. Electric drill can also be used as a portable grinding machine by
attaching a handy grinder on its end.

3. File is a hard steel tool used for smoothening metal. It comes in various shapes
such as flat, round, half-round, and triangular. It also comes in different fine-to-
coarse cutting edges. A single cut file has a single series of cutting edges parallel to
each other whereas a double-cut file has two sets of cutting edges that cross at an
angle.

4. Hacksaw is an excellent tool for cutting bolts, tubing and light to fairly thick
metal. It has a light frame handle with blade connected to both ends of the frame.
Depending on the type of work to be cut, a hacksaw blade tooth per inch (TPI)
determines the extent of metal to be cut. It comes in 14, 18, 24, 32 teeth per inch.
The lower the number, the lesser the number of TPI and the greater it’s cutting
ability. A special hacksaw such as holesaw is used when boring thin and large
diameter sheet of metal. It is electrically operated by an electric drill.

5. Tin Snip is a scissor shaped tool used for cutting thin sheets of metal.

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IV. DRIVING TOOLS

1. Hammers are generally used for driving or striking work. It comes in various
sizes, weights, and kinds they are as follows:

a. Ball peen hammer is basically used by machinists as in automotive applications. It

has a weighty ball-shaped metal at the end of the handle with flat surface on one
side for striking a chisel or appropriate work and a rounded shaped for riveting or
penning.

b. Brass or plastic-tipped hammers are used for striking soft and delicate part such
as aluminum or plastic to avoid danger of breaking or marring the surface.

2. Puncher is a tool made of steel. It is used to cut or drive out bolt or lock needle
pin out of a hole.

a. Starting punch is a punch with tapered portion used for initially starting a
pin or rivet removal.

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 b. Drift punch or pin punch is used to complete the job of removing the pin.

c. Hole punch is used in cutting a paper gasket in making holes.

V. LOOSENING AND
TIGHTENING TOOLS

1. Wrenches are tools for loosening and tightening of bolts and nuts. It comes in
different forms and number in Metric or in English sizes.

a. Allen wrench is used in a type of screw bolt with a hexagonal hole on the head.

b. Box end wrench is an enclosed end tool used for moderate application for
loosening and tightening bolts and nuts.

c. Combination wrench is a tool with an open-end on one side and box-end on the
opposite side. It has the same size on both ends and used in loosening and
tightening bolts and nuts.

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d. Oil filter wrench is circular-shaped steel with internal tooth and handle. It is
inserted to the oil filter body, tightened as it is turned for removal.

e. Open end wrench is a tool with open end used for light application in loosening
and tightening bolts and nuts.

f. Socket wrench is a tubular-like tool with an enclosed end used for heavy
application for loosening and tightening bolts and nuts.

g. Spark plug wrench is a socket-like wrench intended for removing and installing
spark plugs.

h. Tire wrench is a cross-like or sometimes L-shaped piece of round bar used to

remove the wheels of the vehicle.

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2. Screwdriver is a piece of long metal rod made of hardened steel and tempered at the
tip. It is used to loosen and tighten screws. It usually comes in different sizes and forms
of tips.

a. Allen screwdriver has hexagonal sides at the tip and used for hexagonal slot head
of the screws.
b. Flat screw driver has flat tip at the end and used in a single groove screw.

c. Philips screw driver has

cross-like tip at the end and used in a cross-groove head of the screws.

d. Depending on the kind of application used, a screwdriver can be of special types

such as
e. Stubby screwdriver that has a short shank and handle. It is used for tight space
where a typical screwdriver cannot be used.

f. Offset screwdriver has a shank bent in opposite direction several distance just
before the end of the tip. It is used to loosen and tightened screws in difficult areas.

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VI. MARKING TOOLS

1. Center punch is a tool made of hardened steel with conical tip point on its end. It
is about 3 to 4 in. long in length and used for marking the material before drilling. It
is also used for marking two parts so that after removing, it can be easily replaced
by aligning the marks together.

2. Scriber is a thin steel rod with pointed tip on its end. It is used for marking fine
lines on metal for layout work.

3. Pencil is a thin strip of graphite enclosed in a wooden case and used for making
drawings and marking lines.

VII. MEASURING TOOLS

1. Torque wrench is a special service tool for measuring the twisting force applied
when tightening bolts and nuts.

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 2. Steel rule is a measuring strip of steel available in various lengths in metric and
English system. It is available in 12, 24, 36- and 48-inches size. It is used in linear
measurement of short length or height.

3. Caliper is a tool used in measuring the diameter of a circular work. The Inside
caliper is used in measuring the inside diameter whereas the outside caliper is used
in measuring the outside diameter of an object. The caliper is adjustable. The
Vernier caliper is a good example that is capable to measure both the inside and
outside diameter of an object with accuracy. It can also measure the thickness and
thinness in thousandths of an inch.

4. Metal tape measure is a push and pull, long strip of thin sheet of metal with
corresponding increments in millimeter and inches graduation. It is used for
measuring stock and can be bought in different sizes of length.

5. Feeler gauge is a thin strip of metal with different thickness used to measure or
set gap and clearance between parts of mechanism.

Common faults of hand tools

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A hand tool is the best friend of every serviceman. With it, work becomes easy and efficient.
But if tools are not given careful attention, they will easily give up without maximizing its
usefulness. If this condition continues, it will result in a faulty condition

This faulty condition results from ineffective use which eventually might create the risk of
danger and accident. Common faults of hand tools are usually blamed on manufacturer’s
defect. However, it doesn’t mean that whenever hand tools become faulty or defective, the
manufacturer always carries the responsibility.

 Metal fatigue is one of the usual causes of faulty hand tools especially those
that are made from steel. Like human body that sometimes needs rest, metal
fatigue is developed from overuse of tools. It can also result from too much
imposition of force on tools which is less than its capacity to endure. It will
render the tools unserviceable.

 Wrong habits or attitudes, human error also contributes to faulty hand

tools. Wrong use of tools for the job will create bad effect on the tools. A
screwdriver which is intended for loosening and tightening screws becomes
defective and reduces its usefulness when used like cold chisel.

 Natural tear and wear causes tools to widen or reduce its size. A slack is
noticeable when a box wrench for removing the bolt becomes loose when
the internal sides of the wrench are bigger than the external sides of the
bolt’s head. If used in this condition, both the bolt and the wrench will
develop fault.

 Tools not kept, not maintained, and unused will become rusty. Tools with
jaws become difficult to operate. It will take time cleaning and removing the
corrosion before it becomes functional.

To become more aware of the condition of hand tools, it is good to know some of its specific
faults.
1. Cleaning tools. Wire and fiber brush must be tightly fit and securely intact on its
recess. Frayed brushes indicate overuse. Bristles can easily be removed and may
splatter. They can pose danger to the eyes and skin. Likewise, dirty rags can create
dust and affect the respiratory system.

Frayed brushes

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 2. Bending/ Cutting/ Holding/Twisting tools. Overused, dulled teeth cutting edge
of tools such as hacksaw, tin snip and cutter pliers will reduce time and work
performance. Loose hacksaw blade to frame must be repaired or replaced at once.
Dulled teeth and loose pivot lever of holding tools such as machinist and
combination pliers lessen the grip and reduces its holding power. As a consequence,
it will result in slippage. Pliers‟ teeth and its cutting edge must be reconditioned or
must be replaced.

Mushroom- headed cold chisel can cause danger when driven with a hammer. The driving
force of a hammer may change direction due to the mushroom-like contusion on the head of
the chisel. If this happens, body part is hammered rather than the object itself. Thus, injury
is certain.

Dulled hacksaw teeth

3. Driving tools. A swollen striking edge and loose hammer head handle can create a
verydevastating injury and fatal blow when thehead flies out of its handle and hits a
delicatepart of the body.

4. Loosening and tightening tools. Aslacked wrench or screw driver is a product

of overused or wrong sized tool when forcefully used. Incorrect position of tools or
the person doing the job will create an unbalanced force. When force is applied, the
possibility of accident may happen. There is also a tendency of slippage when the
surrounding sides of the wrench don’t fit squarely with the sides of the bolt or nut
being removed or tightened. Therefore, this kind of fault must be addressed right
away and the wrench or screwdriver be replaced at once.

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 5. Marking tools. A bent and dulled tip of marking tool will not give accurate
marking. A dulled tip creates blurred lines; therefore, interpretation of lines and
dimensions are not precise. This must be corrected at once. Sharpen tools with the
use of an appropriate sharpening gadget.

6. Measuring Tools. A measuring tool must be always kept clean.

Dirty, bent, and creased measuring tools like measuring tape, steel rule, and caliper
will give inaccurate reading if the gradation lines are not readable.

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How Much Have You Learned?

SELF-CHECK #1.1

Direction: Match Column A with Column B. Write the letter of the best answer.

Column A Column B

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1. Hacksaw a. used in marking lines in sheet metal

2. Ball peen hammer b. used in linear measurement of short length

or height
3. Long nose pliers
c. generally used for driving or striking work.
4. Metal tape measure
d. used to complete the job of removing the
5. Open wrench pin

6. Drift punch e. used for holding or picking small object

7. Scriber f. used for cutting pipes, tubing and fairly

thick metal
8. Feeler gauge
g. used for light application of loosening and
9. Steel rule tightening bolts and nuts

10. Screw drivers h. used to measure or set gap and clearance

between parts of mechanism

i. used to loosen and tighten screws

j. used for measuring stock of different sizes

of length

SELF-CHECK #1.2

I. Directions: Group yourselves. Get your set of tools in your group tool box. Identify the
faults of the tools by attaching the “fault slip of paper” Leave a tool without any fault
unmarked or clean. Exchange with another group for evaluation.

1. ________________________ 2. ________________________

3. _______________________ 4. ________________________

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5._______________________ 6. _______________________

7.________________________ 8._______________________

9. _____________________ 10. ______________________

SELF-CHECK #1.3

Directions

Fill-up the corresponding service procedure with the right tools for the job.

Classify the tools by using the Classification Organizer.

1. MARKING TOOLS 2. TIGHTENING AND 2. TIGHTENING AND

LOOSENING TOOLS LOOSENING TOOLS

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 2. TIGHTENING AND 2. TIGHTENING AND
LOOSENING TOOLS LOOSENING TOOLS

HANDTOOLS

6. DRIVING TOOLS 7. BENDING, CRIMPING,

HOLDING, STRIPPING
AND TOOLS

LESSON 2

Perform Measuring and Calculations

OVERVIEW

In this lesson the student must learn and familiarize in different measuring tools for
them to use in the next lesson or activity. It’s also including calculation and application, and
care of measuring tools.

OBJECTIVES

At the end of the lesson, I am able to:

1. select measuring instrument and carry out measurement and calculations.

2. maintain measuring instruments.

SelectingMeasuring Instrument and Performing Measurement and

Calculations
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The need for measuring instruments

Modern measuring instruments evolved in a very fast and changing time. Year after
year, from human to non-human use, new and sophisticated measuring instruments are
innovated.

In automotive application, vehicles are innovated and modified year after year.
Measuring instruments used from engine output testing like dynamometer to engine tune-
up like engine analyzer are used even in small auto shop industry.

With the emerging trends of measuring instruments, the need for accurate data is
very much important. In automotive servicing, the language of competition cannot be
denied. Car owners go to car repair shop with updated gadgets. They thought that repair is
not guessed but really gives a fast movement of digital or analogue reading of the gadget.
Just one flick of a finger is needed to get the job done.

Precision measuring instruments cannot be squarely compared to the one used for
mechanical jobs. Tools for mechanical jobs are heavy and need strong force to operate
whereas precision instruments are light, sensitive, and calibrated to get accurate result. A
slight difference of reading invites occurrence of error.

Essentially, having a simple or sophisticated precision measuring tool is not a fad

anymore but a necessity that must be seriously considered.

Measuring instruments and its application

Very importantly, your knowledge of the different types and applications of

measuring instruments play a vital role in the development of your competency.

Like any other tasks, components to be measured must first be identified before
using any tools. Identification of components will determine the right tools to be used. It
will make your work easier and faster without going back and forth because of wrong
choice of tools. To understand it more, a precision instrument like Vernier caliper is not a
good in getting the diameter of oil filter. But getting the diameter of bearing or thickness of
shim using this kind of precision tool is much better.

In order to be clearer, the following precision instruments/tools basically used in

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automotive application are the following:

A. For Mechanical Use

1. The Vernier and Micrometer calipers are both precision instrument that can
measure even the smallest and tiniest thickness and diameter of an object. Vernier
or micrometer calipers are usually used in measuring the diameter of engine
crankshaft and camshaft journals pistons and valve adjusting shims. These engine
parts need to be measured in a precise way.

Vernier and Micrometers can be bought equipped with digital or analogue reading.
This will lessen the time consumed in analyzing the reading of data because of the
direct data available as you measure the part.

2. Dial gauge is an instrument that measures „thrust‟ or „backlash‟. A backlash is

the result of force that comes from an abnormal clearance or gap between two parts
as in the differential gears. When two parts wear-out, slack is developed and
backlash is the result of it. Dial gauge is also used in getting the clearance of engine
valves. It is more accurate than feeler gauge. The movement of pointer in the dial
gauge determines the amount of backlash being measured

B. For Electrical Use

1. V.O.M. tester is a multi-tester. It is an electrical instrument that measures or tests

the voltage, resistance and current in a circuit. V.O.M. can be digital or analogue.
Digital reading has digitized screen and a direct number of data can be read at once.
Analogue reading has pointer that determines the reading on the screen.

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 When testing for resistance, external power from the source must be disconnected
because V.O.M. tester is equipped with built-in battery as source of power. If
external power source is not disconnected, the tester itself will be damaged. When
testing for voltage, tester is connected across the lines of the circuit. But, when the
current is tested, the tester prod is connected in series of the circuit. A Clamp
ammeter is also available in the market. This kind of tester is clamped in the wire
itself. It measures current in amperes.

2. Megger Tester is a test instrument in finding out grounds and shorts in a motor.
A good example to test is the starter motor. When the starter motor is subjected to a
megger test, a flat, thin piece of metal (like a hacksaw blade) is placed above the
starter motor. When the megger tester is turned „on‟ and starter motor is rotated, a
spot where a hacksaw blade is attracted means that the starter motor is faulty and
need to be repaired or replaced.

3. Engine Analyzer is a compact instrument that tests and measures the following:

3.1 Contact point resistance

3.2 Ignition coil resistance
3.3 Battery voltage
3.4 Ignition current flow
3.5 Engine revolution per minute (RPM)
3.6 Dwell /Cam angle
3.7 Alternator diode

4. Timing/Strobe light is a device that produces stroboscopic effect from ignition

pulses. Ignition timing is achieved by aligning the timing marks on the crankshaft pulley and
timing cover of the engine.

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C. For Pneumatic Use

1. Vacuum gauge is an instrument that measures the atmospheric pressure drawn

by the engine. It is
also used to find out
the air fuel ratio of
the engine.

2. Compression gauge is an instrument that measures the compression pressure of

the engine cylinder.

3. Radiator pressure tester is used to test the cooling system for internal and
external leaks and to make sure that it has the ability to hold pressure.

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D. For Hydraulic Use

1. Fuel pump pressure tester is an instrument that has the capability to check the
pump pressure.

2. Oil pressure gauge is an excellent indicator instrument that determines the

pressure of oil flowing

3. Temperature gauge is an instrument that determines if the engine temperature

is normal or overheating.

Methods of calculation/conversion of units of measurement using mathematical

formula Measurement is the process of finding out the physical quantity in terms of time,
distance, quantity and economy. The word measurement comes from the Latin
wordmensural and the science of measurement is called Metrology.

Early history had no standard of measurement. It was only over time where
peopleagreed and accepted to use it for uniformity and necessity. Later on, a means
ofstandardizing measurement was established to avoid dishonesty and deceit.

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 The era of measurement continued to develop into a more suitable and
scientificway. Later on, methods of calculations were scientifically done as a way of solving
numberproblems and were generally accepted in education, government offices, business
andpersonal used.

There are two widely accepted and recognized used systems of measurement.
TheInternational System (SI) and the English systems. The SI is expressed in metric system
ofmeasurement which is expressed in meter for length or distance and kilogram
formass/weight. Whereas the English system is expressed in inches or mile for
length/distanceand ounce or pounds for mass/weight.

In automobile its systems are also measured. Whether it functions or not, it’s
kineticand static energy can be measured. When the vehicle runs, it is measured by the
distancetravelled in terms of miles (mi) or kilometers (km). When it comes to speed it is
measured bymiles or kilometers per hour. When it comes to engine speed it is expressed in
revolution perminutes (rpm).

Below is a sample Systems of Measurement chart of both English and Metric with
corresponding conversion
MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS

LENGTH
12 inches 1 foot 1 kilometer 1000 meters

36 inches 1 yard 1 hectometer 100 meters

3 feet 1 yard 1 decameter 10 meters

5,280
W EIG feet
HT 1 mile 1 meter 1 meter
27.34 grains 1 dram 1 ton 1,000,000 grams
16.5 feet 1 rod 1 decimeter 0.1 meter
438 grains 1 ounce 1 kilogram 1,000 grams
320 rods 1 mile 1 centimeter 0.01 meter
16 drams 1 ounce 1 hectogram 100 grams
6 feet 1 fathom 1 millimeter 0.001 meter
16 ounces 1 pound 1 dekagram 10 grams

2000 pounds 1 short ton 1 gram 1 gram

2240 pounds 1 long ton 1 decigram 0.1 gram

25 pounds 1 quarter 1 centigram 0.01 gram

4 quarters 1 cwt 1 milligram 0.001 gram

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VOLUME
8 ounces 1 cup 1 hectoliter 100 liters

16 ounces 1 pint 1 decaliter 10 liters

32 ounces 1 quart 1 liter 1 liter

2 cups 1 pint 1 deciliter 0.1 liter

2 pints 1 quart 1 centiliter 0.01 liter

4 quarts 1 gallon 1 milliliter 0.001 liter

8 pints 1 gallon 1000 milliliter 1 liter

AREA
144 sq. inches 1 sq. ft. 100 SQ. millimeters 1 sq. centimeter

9 SQ. feet 1 sq. yard 100 SQ. centimeters 1 sq. decimeter

43, 560 sq. ft. 160 sq. rods 100 SQ. decimeters 1 sq. meter

160 sq. rods 1 acre 10,000 sq. meters 1 hectare

640 acres 1 sq. mile

TEMPERATURE
FAHRENHEIT CELSIUS
32 Degrees F WATER FREEZES O Degrees C
68 Degrees F REASONABLE ROOM 20 Degrees C
TEMPERATURE
98.6 Degrees F NORMAL BODY 37 Degrees C
TEMPERATURE
173 Degrees F ALCOHOL BOILS 78.34 Degrees C

212 Degrees F WATER BOILS 100 Degrees C

An orderly manner and systematic way of calculation is necessary. This can be done
by employing some means of mathematical formula. Having this kind of system will not only
simplify the job of computation but will arrive in a definite and correct answer to the
problem.

Aside from having a chart of conversions, it is a fundamental need that you must
know how to calculate some simple computation of measurements. Although what you need

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can be found in the chart it is still good that you know basic use of mathematical formula in
solving numerical problems.
There will be time that you will be challenged to make computations. Having this
knowledge is an advantage on your part.

To mention are some physics applied in automotive servicing.

A. Temperature – is the degree of the hotness and coldness of a body. It is

expressed in degrees Fahrenheit (0F) or in degrees Celsius (0C) or in SI unit for
temperature is Kelvin (K).

TEMPERATURE CONVERSION TABLE

TO CONVERT EQUATION EXAMPLE
Celsius to Fahrenheit 9 𝑋 0C
0 F = 5 + 32 Convert 500C to 0F
0C to 0 F 9 𝑋 50
0F = 5 0 C + 32=1220F

Fahrenheit to Celsius 5
0 C = 9x 0F – 32 Convert 1220F to 0 C
0 F to 0C 5
0 C =9 x 1220F –32 = 500 C

Celsius to Kelvin K = 0 C + 273 Convert 500 C to K

0 C to K K = 500 C + 273 = 323 K

Kelvin to Celsius 0 C = K – 273 Convert 323 K to 0 C

K to 0 C 0 C = 323 K– 273 = 50 0 C

How Much Have You Learned?

SELF-CHECK #2.1

I. Directions: Select the best answer. Write the letter only. Use your Activity Notebook for
your answers.

1. Standardizing measurement was established to avoid ___________ and deceit.

A. courage C. honesty
B. dishonesty D. tax

2. The era of measurement continued to develop into a more suitable and _________ way.
A. logic C. magic
B. physical D. scientific
3. 12 inches is equivalent to ____ foot.
A. 1 C. 24
B. 12 D. 36
4. When the vehicle runs, it is measured by the distance travelled in terms of mile (mi) or
_________.
A. kilometer (km) C. meter (m)
B. liter (L) D. Yard (yd)

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5. The boiling of water in degrees Fahrenheit is
A. 2000F C. 2140F
B. 2120F D. 2160F

SELF-CHECK #2.2

II. Directions: Fill up the blanks with the tools used for each precision instrument

A. Mechanical use B. Electrical use

1__________________ 1___________________
2__________________ 2___________________
3__________________ 3___________________
4___________________

C. Hydraulic use D. Pneumatic use

1__________________ 1___________________
2__________________ 2___________________
3__________________ 3___________________
4___________________

Maintain measuring instruments

Safe handling procedures and care of measuring instruments

Every property must be taken care with concern. Like a good manage looking for the
welfare of his duty can be compared to a person who is responsible in keeping his personal
belongings. The same is true in handling your tools. Tools, like measuring instruments must
be handled with great caution. Aside from their expensive cost and delicate use, they are
also sensitive. Even a slight accidental bump can affect the calibration and internal parts
especially those that are made of electronic.

To protect your measuring instruments from mishandling, safety procedures must

be followed at all times to ensure freedom from risk of danger and threat of thieves. The
following are basic rules to consider in managing your measuring instruments.

1. Always keep your receipt of purchase. This is one way of ensuring your measuring tools
of their warranty if something happens to your tools. This will give you a good exchange of a
new one if manufacturer’s defect is the cause of the defect.

2. Always follow safety instructions. The safety instructions in owner’s manual will be you
guiding information on what and what not to do with your instruments. This will assure you
of the proper use and step-by-step procedures if calibration is needed.

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 3. Always match the type of job with your instruments. Matching of job with your
instrument is important. Do not use your instrument if it is not intended for tough job.

4. Always handle your measuring instruments safely. Never use your tools to point at
somebody or use for joke or play. Remember, measuring tools are expensive. If they
accidentally fall, they may easily be damaged. Always use the tool holder. Like a careful
lineman, a tool holster is always fastened in his waist to protect the instrument from falling.

REFERENCES

Crouse, William H. and Donald E. Anglin 2002, Automotive Mechanics 10th Edition
USA Mc Grawhill; Inc.
Tom Newton , How Cars WORK
Dave Stribling , Auto Repair & Maintenance
Francisco, Felizardo A.2004, Principles of automotive gas and diesel engine 2nd
edition. Manila National Bookstore, Inc
Halderman, james D. and Herbert E. Ellinger. 2007, Automotive engine Theory and
Servicing 3RD Edition

WEBSITES:

https://www.slideshare.net/kenjoyb/k-to-12-automotive-curriculum
http://www.faqs org/patents/esp/20080,04272

http://www.Shercon.com/service/2006 engine assembly

http://www.Alibaba.Com/engine-assembly
http://www.Prenhall.com
http://www.Automotive Technology
http://www.Free-ed net/Free-ed/mechech/Automotive
Autoshop101.com

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