Machinery's Handbook 27th Edition

Machinery’s
Handbook 27
䊉 M ATHEMATICS
䊉 M ECHANICS & S TRENGTH O F
M ATERIALS
䊉 P ROPERTIES O F M ATERIALS
䊉 D IMENSIONING , G AGING , A ND
M EASURING
䊉 TOOLING A ND TOOLMAKING

䊉 M ACHINING O PERATIONS

䊉 M ANUFACTURING P ROCESSES

䊉 FASTENERS

䊉 T HREADS A ND T HREADING

䊉 G EARS , S PLINES , A ND C AMS

䊉 M ACHINE E LEMENTS

䊉 M EASURING U NITS

䊉 I NDEX

䊉 A DDITIONAL
Click on One of the Topics Above to Start

Copyright 2004, Industrial Press, Inc., New York, NY

 Machinery's Handbook 27th Edition

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Copyright 2004, Industrial Press, Inc., New York, NY

 Machinery's Handbook 27th Edition

A REFERENCE BOOK
FOR THE MECHANICAL ENGINEER, DESIGNER,
MANUFACTURING ENGINEER, DRAFTSMAN,
TOOLMAKER, AND MACHINIST

27th Edition
Machinery’s
Handbook
BY ERIK OBERG, FRANKLIN D. JONES,
HOLBROOK L. HORTON, AND HENRY H. RYFFEL

CHRISTOPHER J. MCCAULEY, EDITOR

RICCARDO M. HEALD, ASSOCIATE EDITOR
MUHAMMED IQBAL HUSSAIN, ASSOCIATE EDITOR

2004
INDUSTRIAL PRESS INC.
NEW YORK

Copyright 2004, Industrial Press, Inc., New York, NY

 Machinery's Handbook 27th Edition

COPYRIGHT
COPYRIGHT 1914, 1924, 1928, 1930, 1931, 1934, 1936, 1937, 1939, 1940, 1941, 1942,
1943, 1944, 1945, 1946, 1948, 1950, 1951, 1952, 1953, 1954, 1955, 1956, 1957,© 1959, ©
1962, © 1964, © 1966, © 1968, © 1971, © 1974, © 1975, © 1977, © 1979, © 1984, © 1988,
© 1992, © 1996, © 1997, © 1998, © 2000, © 2004 by Industrial Press Inc., New York, NY.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Oberg, Erik, 1881—1951

Machinery's Handbook.
2640 p.
Includes index.
I. Mechanical engineering—Handbook, manuals, etc.
I. Jones, Franklin Day, 1879-1967
II. Horton, Holbrook Lynedon, 1907-2001
III. Ryffel, Henry H. I920- IV. Title.
TJ151.0245 2000 621.8'0212 72-622276
ISBN 0-8311-2700-7 (Toolbox Thumb Indexed 11.7 x 17.8 cm)
ISBN 0-8311-2711-2 (Large Print Thumb Indexed 17.8 x 25.4 cm)
ISBN 0-8311-2777-5 (CD-ROM)
ISBN 0-8311-2727-9 (Toolbox Thumb Indexed / CD-ROM Combo 11.7 x 17.8 cm)
ISBN 0-8311-2737-6 (Large Print Thumb Indexed / CD-ROM Combo 17.8 x 25.4 cm)
LC card number 72-622276

INDUSTRIAL PRESS, INC.

200 Madison Avenue
New York, New York 10016-4078

MACHINERY'S HANDBOOK
27th Edition
First Printing

Printed and bound in the United States of America by National Publishing Company, Philadelphia, Pa.
All rights reserved. This book or parts thereof may not be reproduced, stored in a
retrieval system, or transmitted in any form without permission of the publishers.

Copyright 2004, Industrial Press, Inc., New York, NY

 Machinery's Handbook 27th Edition

PREFACE
Machinery's Handbook has served as the principal reference work in metalworking,
design and manufacturing facilities, and in technical schools and colleges throughout the
world, for more than 90 years of continuous publication. Throughout this period, the inten-
tion of the Handbook editors has always been to create a comprehensive and practical tool,
combining the most basic and essential aspects of sophisticated manufacturing practice. A
tool to be used in much the same way that other tools are used, to make and repair products
of high quality, at the lowest cost, and in the shortest time possible.
The essential basics, material that is of proven and everlasting worth, must always be
included if the Handbook is to continue to provide for the needs of the manufacturing com-
munity. But, it remains a difficult task to select suitable material from the almost unlimited
supply of data pertaining to the manufacturing and mechanical engineering fields, and to
provide for the needs of design and production departments in all sizes of manufacturing
plants and workshops, as well as those of job shops, the hobbyist, and students of trade and
technical schools.
The editors rely to a great extent on conversations and written communications with
users of the Handbook for guidance on topics to be introduced, revised, lengthened, short-
ened, or omitted. In response to such suggestions, in recent years material on logarithms,
trigonometry, and sine-bar constants have been restored after numerous requests for these
topics. Also at the request of users, in 1997 the first ever large-print or “desktop” edition of
the Handbook was published, followed in 1998 by the publication of Machinery's Hand-
book CD-ROM including hundreds of additional pages of material restored from earlier
editions. The large-print and CD-ROM editions have since become permanent additions to
the growing family of Machinery's Handbook products.
Regular users of the Handbook will quickly discover some of the many changes embod-
ied in the present edition. One is the combined Mechanics and Strength of Materials sec-
tion, arising out of the two former sections of similar name; another is the Index of
Standards, intended to assist in locating standards information. “Old style” numerals, in
continuous use in the first through twenty-fifth editions, are now used only in the index for
page references, and in cross reference throughout the text. The entire text of this edition,
including all the tables and equations, has been reset, and a great many of the numerous
figures have been redrawn. This edition contains more information than ever before, and
sixty-four additional pages brings the total length of the book to 2704 pages, the longest
Handbook ever.
The 27th edition of the Handbook contains significant format changes and major revi-
sions of existing content, as well as new material on a variety of topics. The detailed tables
of contents located at the beginning of each section have been expanded and fine tuned to
simplify locating your topic; numerous major sections have been extensively reworked
and renovated throughout, including Mathematics, Mechanics and Strength of Materials,
Properties of Materials, Fasteners, Threads and Threading, and Unit Conversions. New
material includes fundamentals of basic math operations, engineering economic analysis,
matrix operations, disc springs, constants for metric sine-bars, additional screw thread data
and information on obscure and historical threads, aerodynamic lubrication, high speed
machining, grinding feeds and speeds, machining econometrics, metalworking fluids, ISO
surface texture, pipe welding, geometric dimensioning and tolerancing, gearing, and
EDM.
Other subjects in the Handbook that are new or have been revised, expanded, or updated
are: analytical geometry, formulas for circular segments, construction of four-arc ellipse,
geometry of rollers on a shaft, mechanisms, additional constants for measuring weight of
piles, Ohm’s law, binary multiples, force on inclined planes, and measurement over pins.
The large-print edition is identical to the traditional toolbox edition, but the size is
increased by a comfortable 140% for easier reading, making it ideal as a desktop reference.
Other than size, there are no differences between the toolbox and large-print editions.
v

Copyright 2004, Industrial Press, Inc., New York, NY

 Machinery's Handbook 27th Edition

PREFACE
The Machinery's Handbook 27 CD-ROM contains the complete contents of the printed
edition, presented in Adobe Acrobat PDF format. This popular and well known format
enables viewing and printing of pages, identical to those of the printed book, rapid search-
ing, and the ability to magnify the view of any page. Navigation aids in the form of thou-
sands of clickable bookmarks, page cross references, and index entries take you instantly
to any page referenced.
The CD contains additional material that is not included in the toolbox or large print edi-
tions, including an extensive index of materials referenced in the Handbook, numerous
useful mathematical tables, sine-bar constants for sine-bars of various lengths, material on
cement and concrete, adhesives and sealants, recipes for coloring and etching metals, forge
shop equipment, silent chain, worm gearing and other material on gears, and other topics.

Also new on the CD are numerous interactive math problems. Solutions are accessed
from the CD by clicking an icon, located in the page margin adjacent to a covered problem,
(see figure shown here). An internet connection is required to use these problems. The list
of interactive math solutions currently available can be found in the Index of Interactive
Equations, starting on page 2689. Additional interactive solutions will be added from time
to time as the need becomes clear.
Those users involved in aspects of machining and grinding will be interested in the topics
Machining Econometrics and Grinding Feeds and Speeds, presented in the Machining sec-
tion. The core of all manufacturing methods start with the cutting edge and the metal
removal process. Improving the control of the machining process is a major component
necessary to achieve a Lean chain of manufacturing events. These sections describe the
means that are necessary to get metal cutting processes under control and how to properly
evaluate the decision making.
A major goal of the editors is to make the Handbook easier to use. The 27th edition of the
Handbook continues to incorporate the timesaving thumb tabs, much requested by users in
the past. The table of contents pages beginning each major section, first introduced for the
25th edition, have proven very useful to readers. Consequently, the number of contents
pages has been increased to several pages each for many of the larger sections, to more
thoroughly reflect the contents of these sections. In the present edition, the Plastics sec-
tion, formerly a separate thumb tab, has been incorporated into the Properties of Materials
section. A major task in assembling this edition has been the expansion and reorganization
of the index. For the first time, most of the many Standards referenced in the Handbook are
now included in a separate Index Of Standards starting on page 2677.
The editors are greatly indebted to readers who call attention to possible errors and
defects in the Handbook, who offer suggestions concerning the omission of some matter
that is considered to be of general value, or who have technical questions concerning the
solution of difficult or troublesome Handbook problems. Such dialog is often invaluable
and helps to identify topics that require additional clarification or are the source of reader
confusion. Queries involving Handbook material usually entail an in depth review of the
topic in question, and may result in the addition of new material to the Handbook intended
to resolve or clarify the issue. The new material on the mass moment of inertia of hollow
circular rings, page 248, and on the effect of temperature on the radius of thin circular
rings, page 405, are good examples.
Our goal is to increase the usefulness of the Handbook to the greatest extent possible. All
criticisms and suggestions about revisions, omissions, or inclusion of new material, and
requests for assistance with manufacturing problems encountered in the shop are always
welcome.
Christopher J. McCauley, Senior Editor
vi

Copyright 2004, Industrial Press, Inc., New York, NY

 TABLE OF CONTENTS
LICENSE AND LIMITED WARRANTY AGREEMENT ii
COPYRIGHT iv
PREFACE v
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ix
MATHEMATICS 1
• NUMBERS, FRACTIONS, AND DECIMALS • ALGEBRA AND
EQUATIONS • GEOMETRY • SOLUTION OF TRIANGLES
• LOGARITHMS • MATRICES • ENGINEERING ECONOMICS
MECHANICS AND STRENGTH OF MATERIALS 138
• MECHANICS • VELOCITY, ACCELERATION, WORK, AND ENERGY
• FLYWHEELS • STRENGTH OF MATERIALS • PROPERTIES OF
BODIES • BEAMS • COLUMNS • PLATES, SHELLS, AND
CYLINDERS • SHAFTS • SPRINGS • DISC SPRINGS • WIRE ROPE,
CHAIN,
ROPE, AND HOOKS
PROPERTIES, TREATMENT, AND TESTING OF MATERIALS 396
• THE ELEMENTS, HEAT, MASS, AND WEIGHT • PROPERTIES OF
WOOD, CERAMICS, PLASTICS, METALS, WATER, AND AIR
• STANDARD STEELS • TOOL STEELS • HARDENING, TEMPERING,
AND ANNEALING • NONFERROUS ALLOYS • PLASTICS
DIMENSIONING, GAGING, AND MEASURING 629
• DRAFTING PRACTICES • ALLOWANCES AND TOLERANCES FOR
FITS • MEASURING INSTRUMENTS AND INSPECTION METHODS
• SURFACE TEXTURE
TOOLING AND TOOLMAKING 746
• CUTTING TOOLS • CEMENTED CARBIDES • FORMING TOOLS
• MILLING CUTTERS • REAMERS • TWIST DRILLS AND
COUNTERBORES • TAPS AND THREADING DIES • STANDARD
TAPERS • ARBORS, CHUCKS, AND SPINDLES • BROACHES AND
BROACHING • FILES AND BURS • TOOL WEAR AND SHARPENING
• JIGS AND FIXTURES
MACHINING OPERATIONS 1005
• CUTTING SPEEDS AND FEEDS • SPEED AND FEED TABLES
• ESTIMATING SPEEDS AND MACHINING POWER • MACHINING
ECONOMETRICS • SCREW MACHINE FEEDS AND SPEEDS
• CUTTING FLUIDS • MACHINING NONFERROUS METALS AND NON-
METALLIC MATERIALS • GRINDING FEEDS AND SPEEDS
• GRINDING AND OTHER ABRASIVE PROCESSES • KNURLS AND
KNURLING • MACHINE TOOL ACCURACY • NUMERICAL
CONTROL • NUMERICAL CONTROL PROGRAMMING • CAD/CAM
MANUFACTURING PROCESSES 1326
• PUNCHES, DIES, AND PRESS WORK • ELECTRICAL DISCHARGE
MACHINING • IRON AND STEEL CASTINGS • SOLDERING AND
BRAZING • WELDING • LASERS • FINISHING OPERATIONS

Each section has a detailed Table of Contents or Index located on the page indicated
vii
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
FASTENERS 1473
• NAILS, SPIKES, AND WOOD SCREWS • RIVETS AND RIVETED
JOINTS • TORQUE AND TENSION IN FASTENERS • INCH
THREADED FASTENERS • METRIC THREADED FASTENERS
• BRITISH FASTENERS • MACHINE SCREWS AND NUTS • CAP AND
SET SCREWS • SELF-THREADING SCREWS • T-SLOTS, BOLTS, AND
NUTS • PINS AND STUDS • RETAINING RINGS • WING NUTS, WING
SCREWS, AND THUMB SCREWS
THREADS AND THREADING 1721
• SCREW THREAD SYSTEMS • UNIFIED SCREW THREADS
• METRIC SCREW THREADS • ACME SCREW THREADS • BUTTRESS
THREADS • WHITWORTH THREADS • PIPE AND HOSE THREADS
• OTHER THREADS • MEASURING SCREW THREADS • TAPPING
AND THREAD CUTTING • THREAD ROLLING • THREAD
GRINDING • THREAD MILLING • SIMPLE, COMPOUND,
DIFFERENTIAL, AND BLOCK INDEXING
GEARS, SPLINES, AND CAMS 2026
• GEARS AND GEARING • HYPOID AND BEVEL GEARING • WORM
GEARING • HELICAL GEARING • OTHER GEAR TYPES • CHECKING
GEAR SIZES • GEAR MATERIALS • SPLINES AND SERRATIONS
• CAMS AND CAM DESIGN
MACHINE ELEMENTS 2214
• PLAIN BEARINGS • BALL, ROLLER, AND NEEDLE BEARINGS
• STANDARD METAL BALLS • LUBRICANTS AND LUBRICATION
• COUPLINGS AND CLUTCHES • FRICTION BRAKES • KEYS AND
KEYSEATS • FLEXIBLE BELTS AND SHEAVES • TRANSMISSION
CHAINS • STANDARDS FOR ELECTRIC MOTORS • ADHESIVES
AND SEALANTS • MOTION CONTROL • O-RINGS • ROLLED STEEL
SECTIONS, WIRE, AND SHEET-METAL GAGES • PIPE AND PIPE
FITTINGS
MEASURING UNITS 2539
• SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS • MEASURING UNITS • U.S.
SYSTEM AND METRIC SYSTEM CONVERSIONS
INDEX 2588
INDEX OF STANDARDS 2677
INDEX OF INTERACTIVE EQUATIONS 2689
INDEX OF MATERIALS 2694
ADDITIONAL ONLY ON THE CD 2741
• MATHEMATICS • CEMENT, CONCRETE, LUTES, ADHESIVES, AND
SEALANTS • SURFACE TREATMENTS FOR METALS
• MANUFACTURING • SYMBOLS FOR DRAFTING • FORGE SHOP
EQUIPMENT • SILENT OR INVERTED TOOTH CHAIN • GEARS
AND GEARING • MISCELLANEOUS TOPICS
NOTES 3057

Each section has a detailed Table of Contents or Index located on the page indicated
viii
 Machinery's Handbook 27th Edition

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The editors would like to acknowledge all those who contributed ideas, suggestions, and
criticisms concerning the Handbook.
Most importantly, we thank the readers who have contacted us with suggestions for new
topics to present in this edition of the Handbook. We are grateful for your continuing con-
structive suggestions and criticisms with regard to Handbook topics and presentation.
Your comments for this edition, as well as past and future ones are invaluable, and well
appreciated.
Special thanks are also extended to current and former members of our staff, the talented
engineers, recent-graduates, who performed much of the fact checking, calculations, art-
work, and standards verification involved in preparing the printed and CD-ROM editions
of the Handbook.
Many thanks to Janet Romano for her great Handbook cover designs. Her printing, pack-
aging, and production expertise are irreplacable, continuing the long tradition of Hand-
book quality and ruggedness.
Many of the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) Standards that deal with
mechanical engineering, extracts from which are included in the Handbook, are published
by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), and we are grateful for their
permission to quote extracts and to update the information contained in the standards,
based on the revisions regularly carried out by the ASME.
ANSI Standards are copyrighted by the publisher. Information regarding current edi-
tions of any of these Standards can be obtained from ASME International, Three Park Ave-
nue, New York, NY 10016, or by contacting the American National Standards Institute,
West 42nd Street, New York, NY 10017, from whom current copies may be purchased.
Additional information concerning Standards nomenclature and other Standards bodies
that may be of interest is located on page 2079.
Several individuals in particular, contributed substantial amounts of time and informa-
tion to this edition.
Mr. David Belforte, for his thorough contribution on lasers.
Manfred K. Brueckner, for his excellent presentation of formulas for circular segments,
and for the material on construction of the four-arc oval.
Dr. Bertil Colding, provided extensive material on grinding speeds, feeds, depths of cut,
and tool life for a wide range of materials. He also provided practical information on
machining econometrics, including tool wear and tool life and machining cost relation-
ships.
Mr. Edward Craig contributed information on welding.
Dr. Edmund Isakov, contributed material on coned disc springs as well as numerous
other suggestions related to hardness scales, material properties, and other topics.
Mr. Sidney Kravitz, a frequent contributor, provided additional data on weight of piles,
excellent proof reading assistance, and many useful comments and suggestions concern-
ing many topics throughout the book.
Mr. Richard Kuzmack, for his contributions on the subject of dividing heads, and addi-
tions to the tables of dividing head indexing movements.
Mr. Robert E. Green, as editor emeritus, contributed much useful, well organized mate-
rial to this edition. He also provided invaluable practical guidance to the editorial staff dur-
ing the Handbook’s compilation.
Finally, Industrial Press is extremely fortunate that Mr. Henry H. Ryffel, author and edi-
tor of Machinery’s Handbook, continues to be deeply involved with the Handbook.
Henry’s ideas, suggestions, and vision are deeply appreciated by everyone who worked on
this book.
ix

Copyright 2004, Industrial Press, Inc., New York, NY

 Machinery's Handbook 27th Edition

Copyright 2004, Industrial Press, Inc., New York, NY