Presentation on basics a of Control system

Index:
 Introduction.
 What is a system?
 What is a control system?
 Types of control system: Open loop and closed loop system.
 Concept of feed back.
 Differences between open loop and closed loop system.
 Example for open loop control system.
 Example for closed loop control system.
 PID controller.
 Comparison between MWPS and PID.

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Introduction:
At enerzi and ziforce, we are building different types of systems, both
software and hardware. Systems to generate microwave for heating
applications, systems for monitoring and controlling different parameters
like power, temperature, current, voltage etc. In a system there will be many
sub systems for doing specific tasks.
We should know basics of a system, what are the types of a system?
what type of systems are we building? what functions do these systems do?
etc, so that we can bring improvements in these systems.
System:
System is a group of independent but interrelated elements meant for
doing a task.
In general, every thing we see in our day to day life can be a system.
A simple system like knife, system for cutting, or a complex system like
human body to perform any complex work are the examples.
A fan along with a regulator is a best example for a system. In a fan
system meant for blowing air, has elements like a regulator for setting the
required speed, a motor to rotate the fins, and fins to blow the air. But if
these independent interrelated components considered as whole, work to
blow air.
Control system:
A control system is an interconnection of components connected in
such a manner as to command, direct or regulate itself or another system.

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 Consider the human body. A human body is an interconnection of
hands, legs, eyes etc, which may command itself or some other human body
to do some work.
Types of control system:
Open loop system:

An open-loop system, also called a non-feedback system, is a type

of controller which computes its input into a system using only the
current state.
A characteristic of the open-loop controller is that it does not
use feedback to determine whether its output has achieved the desired goal
of the input or not. This means that the system does not observe the output
of the process that it is controlling.
In the above block diagram, reference input tells the controller that
what out put is required by the user at the system output. Depending on this
reference input, the controller decides what should be the system input to get
the desired system output. Here system output depends completely on
reference input only.

What is feed back?

Feed back is an electrical signal, which is looped back from the output
stage to the controller, so as to calculate the system input to be fed to get the
desired output. By feed back, controller can know what the past state of the

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system output was. Using this feed back signal, the controller calculates the
system error and adjusts the system input to get the accurate system output.
Closed loop system:

A closed-loop system is a type of controller which computes its input

into a system using current state and past state.
A closed loop system continuously observes output of the system and
tries to maintain the desired system output by varying the system input.
From above block diagram, it is clear that the difference between open
loop and closed loop system is the feed back. Here the system input will
depend on both reference input and feed back. Sensor measures the output at
the system output and feeds it back to the controller.
Differences between open loop and closed loop system:
Open loop system Closed loop system

No feed back. Feed back.

Simple system. Complex system.

Output may not be accurate. Accurate output.

Stable system. Output may be unstable.

Low maintenance required. May require more maintenance.

Low system cost. High system cost.

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Example for open loop system:
A sealing fan along with regulator can be a very good example for an
open loop system. Function of the system is to blow the air for cooling with
selectable speed. Here the regulator knob provides the reference input to set
the required amount of blow. The power device along with some electronics
becomes the controller. The AC power fed to the motor becomes the system
input. And the air becomes the system output. Depending upon the knob
position, controller decides the AC power to be fed to the motor. This means
the speed of the motor completely depends upon only on the regulator knob.
The system does not try to check whether the air is being blown or if yes,
what is the amount of air is being blown depending upon the regulator knob
position.
Example for closed loop system:
Microwave power supply being manufactured by EMS is a closed
loop control system.
Details of the control system:
Reference input: Power control knob.
Controller: Pic controller, triac along with extra electronics.
System: Step up transformer, high voltage rectifier, and magnetron.
System input: AC voltage 0 to 220V.
System output: Microwave for heating applications.
Sensor: Current sensor.
Parameter to be controlled: Magnetron anode current.
Magnetron anode current is converted to 0 to 5V voltage which can be
fed to the controller.
For a particular microwave power supply, there is particular
magnetron anode current defined for particular power. Aim of the
microwave power supply is to maintain this current continuously for a set
power.

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Output response of a control system:

Overshoot refers to an output exceeding its final, steady-state value.

In circuit design, the goals of minimizing overshoot and of decreasing rise
time can conflict.
The magnitude of overshoot depends on time through a phenomenon called
damping. Damping reduces the oscillations of the system.
Ringing is unwanted oscillation of a signal.

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Block diagram:

For a particular power set by the user, there will be a particular

magnetron anode current. To achieve this current, a particular amount of
high voltage has to be applied which in turn depends on AC input to be
given to the step up transformer. But for a given high voltage applied to the
magnetron, we can not assure that it will produce a constant required current
because of volatile nature of the magnetron. Magnetron’s load continuously
keeps on varying due to which for a fixed high voltage, current also keeps on
varying. Hence there should be a feed back to monitor the current. There is a
current sensor which measures the current which is fed back to the
controller. Controller then calculates the reference signal using this
measured signal and the power set. Using this error signal, controller then
varies the AC input to change the anode current. This process continues.
In the above explanation, only anode current control has been
explained. But other than this, it is also doing other functions but which are
of less importance to explain.

PID controllers:
PID stands for Proportional, Integral, Derivative. PID is the best
example for a closed loop control system. PIDs can be used to control any
type of processes. Considering the closed loop block diagram, PID can
replace the position of controller in any type of process. These are used
vastly in the industry. These are known for their efficient control.

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Comparison between MWPS and PID:
MWPS PID
MIMO system SISO system
Control algorithm is simple Complex
Unique Can be used with any process
Less efficient More efficient

Can a PID be used in MWPS for better control?

Yes, PID can be used in the place of controller of MWPS as PIDs can
be used with any type of processes. But as PID is a SISO system, the main
function of anode current control can be assigned to PID and other functions
can be done using a dedicated controller. As the controller in MWPS is less
efficient, our system can be made more efficient by using PID.

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