Definition of Control System

A control system is a system of devices or set of devices, that manages,

commands, directs or regulates the behavior of other devices or systems to
achieve desired results. In other words, the definition of control system can
be rewritten as A control system is a system, which controls other systems. As
the human civilization is being modernized day by day the demand for
automation is increasing accordingly. Automation highly requires control of
devices.

In recent years, control systems plays the main role in the development and
advancement of modern technology and civilization. Practically every aspect of
our day-to-day life is affected less or more by some control system. A bathroom
toilet tank, a refrigerator, an air conditioner, a geezer, an automatic iron, an
automobile all are control system. These systems are also used in industrial
processes for more output. We find control system in quality control of products,
weapons system, transportation systems, power system, space technology,
robotics and many more. The principles of control theory are applicable to both
engineering and nonengineering field.

Feature of Control System

The main feature of control system is, there should be a clear mathematical
relation between input and output of the system. When the relation between
input and output of the system can be represented by a linear proportionality,
the system is called linear control system. Again when the relationship
between input and output cannot be represented by single linear
proportionality, rather the input and output are related by some non-linear
relation, the system is referred to as non-linear control system.
Requirement of Good Control System
Accuracy : Accuracy is the measurement tolerance of the instrument and
defines the limits of the errors made when the instrument is used in normal
operating conditions. Accuracy can be improved by using feedback elements.
To increase accuracy of any control system error detector should be present
in control system.
Sensitivity : The parameters of a control system are always changing with the
change in surrounding conditions, internal disturbance or any other parameters.
This change can be expressed in terms of sensitivity. Any control system should
be insensitive to such parameters but sensitive to input signals only.
Noise : An undesired input signal is known as noise. A good control system
should be able to reduce the noise effect for better performance.

Stability : It is an important characteristic of control system. For the bounded

input signal, the output must be bounded and if the input is zero then output
must be zero then such a control system is said to be a stable system.
Bandwidth : An operating frequency range decides the bandwidth of control
system. Bandwidth should be as large as possible for the frequency response
of good control system.
Speed : It is the time taken by control system to achieve its stable output. A
good control system possesses high speed. The transient period for such
system is very small.
Oscillation : A small numbers of oscillation or constant oscillation of output
tend to system to be stable.
Types of Control Systems
There are various types of control system but all of them are created to
control outputs. The system used for controlling the position, velocity,
acceleration, temperature, pressure, voltage and current etc. are examples of
control systems.
Let us take an example of the simple temperature controller of the room, to clear
the concept. Suppose there is a simple heating element, which is heated up as
long as the electric power supply is switched on. As long as the power supply
switch of the heater is on the temperature of the room rises and after achieving
the desired temperature of the room, the power supply is switched off. Again
due to ambient temperature, the room temperature falls and then manually the
heater element is switched on to achieve the desired room temperature again.
In this way, one can manually control the room temperature at the desired level.
This is an example of manual control system. This system can further be
improved by using timer switching arrangement of the power supply where the
supply to the heating element is switched on and off in a predetermined interval
to achieve desired temperature level of the room. There is another improved
way of controlling the temperature of the room. Here one sensor measures the
difference between actual temperature and desired temperature. If there is any
difference between them, the heating element functions to reduce the difference
and when the difference becomes lower than a predetermined level, the heating
elements stop functioning. Both forms of the system are automatic control
system. In former one, the input of the system is entirely independent of the
output of the system. The temperature of the room (output) increases as long
as the power supply switch is kept on. That means heating element produces
heat as long as the power supply is kept on and final room temperature does
not have any control over the input power supply of the system. This system is
referred as open loop control system. But in the latter case, the heating
elements of the system function, depending upon the difference between,
actual temperature and desired temperature. This difference is called the error
of the system. This error signal is fed back to the system to control the input.
As the input to output path and the error feedback path create a closed loop,
this type of control system is referred to as closed loop control system.
Hence, there are two main types of control system. They are as follow
1. Open loop control system
2. Closed loop control system
Open Loop Control System
A control system in which the control action is totally independent of output of
the system then it is called open loop control system. Manual control
system is also an open loop control system. Fig - 1 shows the block diagram
of open loop control system in which process output is totally independent of
controller action.

Practical Examples of Open Loop Control System

1. Electric Hand Drier - Hot air (output) comes out as long as you keep your
hand under the machine, irrespective of how much your hand is dried.
2. Automatic Washing Machine - This machine runs according to the pre-set
time irrespective of washing is completed or not.
3. Bread Toaster - This machine runs as per adjusted time irrespective of
toasting is completed or not.
4. Automatic Tea/Coffee Maker - These machines also function for pre
adjusted time only.
5. Timer Based Clothes Drier - This machine dries wet clothes for pre-
adjusted time, it does not matter how much the clothes are dried.
6. Light Switch - Lamps glow whenever light switch is on irrespective of light
is required or not.
7. Volume on Stereo System - Volume is adjusted manually irrespective of
output volume level.
Advantages of Open Loop Control System
1. Simple in construction and design.
2. Economical.
3. Easy to maintain.
4. Generally stable.
5. Convenient to use as output is difficult to measure.
Disadvantages of Open Loop Control System
1. They are inaccurate.
2. They are unreliable.
3. Any change in output cannot be corrected automatically.
Closed Loop Control System
Control system in which the output has an effect on the input quantity in such
a manner that the input quantity will adjust itself based on the output
generated is called closed loop control system. Open loop control system
can be converted in to closed loop control system by providing a feedback.
This feedback automatically makes the suitable changes in the output due to
external disturbance. In this way closed loop control system is called
automatic control system. Figure below shows the block diagram of closed
loop control system in which feedback is taken from output and fed in to input.

Practical Examples of Closed Loop Control System

1. Automatic Electric Iron - Heating elements are controlled by output
temperature of the iron.
2. Servo Voltage Stabilizer - Voltage controller operates depending upon
output voltage of the system.
3. Water Level Controller - Input water is controlled by water level of the
reservoir.
4. Missile Launched and Auto Tracked by Radar - The direction of missile
is controlled by comparing the target and position of the missile.
5. An Air Conditioner - An air conditioner functions depending upon the
temperature of the room.
6. Cooling System in Car - It operates depending upon the temperature which
it controls.
Advantages of Closed Loop Control System
1. Closed loop control systems are more accurate even in the presence of non-
linearity.
2. Highly accurate as any error arising is corrected due to presence of feedback
signal.
3. Bandwidth range is large.
4. Facilitates automation.
5. The sensitivity of system may be made small to make system more stable.
6. This system is less affected by noise.
Disadvantages of Closed Loop Control System
1. They are costlier.
2. They are complicated to design.
3. Required more maintenance.
4. Feedback leads to oscillatory response.
5. Overall gain is reduced due to presence of feedback.
6. Stability is the major problem and more care is needed to design a stable
closed loop system.
Comparison of Closed Loop And Open Loop Control System

Feedback Loop of Control System

A feedback is a common and powerful tool when designing a control system.
Feedback loop is the tool which take the system output into consideration and
enables the system to adjust its performance to meet a desired result of
system. In any control system, the output is affected due to change in
environmental condition or any kind of disturbance. So one signal is taken
from the output and is fed back to the input. This signal is compared with a
reference input and the error signal is generated. This error signal is applied
to controller and output is corrected. Such a system is called feedback
system. The figure below shows the block diagram of a feedback system.

When the
feedback signal is positive then system called positive feedback system. For
positive feedback system, the error signal is the addition of reference input
signal and a feedback signal. When the feedback signal is negative then the
system is called negative feedback system. For negative feedback system,
the error signal is given by the difference of reference input signal and the
feedback signal.
Effect of Feedback
Refer figure beside, which represents feedback system where R = Input signal
E = Error signal G = Forward path gain H = Feedback C = Output signal B =

Feedback signal
1. Error between system input and system output is reduced.
2. System gain is reduced by a factor 1/(1±GH).
3. Improvement in sensitivity.
4. Stability may be affected.
5. Improve the speed of response.